Six common description techniques
Describing scenery is one of the common contents in ancient poetry. By describing scenery, the author can exaggerate the atmosphere, express emotions, deepen the center, and promote the plot. develop. When we appreciate poetry, in addition to understanding the literal semantics and improving our ideological quality and aesthetic emotions, we must also pay attention to the form and technique of the poet's use of language to describe the scenery. The description techniques are mainly divided into frontal description and side description. There are six common description appreciation angles in the college entrance examination:
(1) Side description - foil
For example, Wang Mian of the Yuan Dynasty "White Plum": This body is in the ice and snow forest, not like peaches and plums mixed with fragrant dust. Suddenly, a breeze blew up overnight, spreading the wind across the universe.
This poem highlights the characteristics of plum blossoms that are cold-resistant, noble, and herald spring. It mainly uses the techniques of foil and contrast. foil is a method of describing A to make B appear more prominent. Set off and contrast. For example, in "Dreamwalking Tianmu Yin Farewell", "The rooftop is 18,000 feet long, and I want to fall to the southeast." The height of the rooftop is used to reflect the height of Tianmu. In "Pipa Xing", it is written that the moon in the river "only sees the river." "Heart Autumn and White Moon" set off the fascinating sound of the pipa, and "Farewell in the vast river soaked in the moon" set off the character's desolate mood. In "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi", "Wan Lai is alive" is used to contrast "the courtyard steps are silent".
(2) Various rhetorical techniques
For example, Xin Qiji's "Moyu'er": Chunxi moved from Hubei to Hunan, and his fellow official Wang Zhengzhi built a small wine pavilion for Endowment.
How many more storms can be eliminated? In a hurry, spring returns. Cherish the spring and fear that the flowers will bloom early, not to mention the countless red flowers. When spring comes, I see that there is no way back for the fragrant grass at the end of the world. Resenting the spring is silent. Even though I am only diligent, I paint the cobwebs on the eaves and fly catkins all over the place.
As for the long-term affairs, the wedding date was planned correctly but wrongly, and some people were jealous of her. Even if you spend thousands of gold to buy a gift like a gift, who will complain about this feeling? Don't dance. If you don't see me, the jade rings and flying swallows will be dust! Idle sorrow is the most painful. Don't go and lean on the dangerous railing. The setting sun is setting, and the smoke and willows are breaking your heart.
At the end of the poem, the main rhetorical methods used by the author in the process of borrowing scenery to express emotions are questions and comparisons. The rhetorical techniques used in poetry generally have the same rhetorical functions as in other literary styles. Students should be good at discovering rhetorical devices and explaining their functions. For example, metaphor is more vivid (like a spring breeze coming overnight, and thousands of pear trees are blooming.); metaphor is to personify things (birds are nostalgic for the old forest, and fish in the pond are thinking about the old abyss.); rhetorical questions are to emphasize (if two feelings last forever) (How can it be day and night?); exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight (the white hair is three thousand feet long, and the fate is as long as a man); the duality is to enhance the musical beauty of the poem, to condense the expression, to express the hearty emotion, and to enhance the external appearance of the poem. The beauty of the form (the endless falling trees rustling, the endless Yangtze River rolling in); in ancient poetry, metonymy, synaesthesia, etc. are common rhetorical techniques, and students should pay attention to them. Pay special attention to the difference between metaphor and analogy (metaphor focuses on the similarity between different things, and analogy focuses on turning ruthlessness into emotion). Metonymy is to replace a thing with something related to it, such as a part instead of a whole (a sail can replace a boat, Yu Lin Soldier), the difference between duality and contrast (contrast is mainly the opposite or relative meaning of content, regardless of structural form; duality is mainly symmetry in structural form, requiring an equal number of words and the same or similar structure), and also pay attention to a variety of Comprehensive cross-use of rhetorical techniques.
(3) Positive description - combination of movement and stillness
For example, Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling in the Dark Autumn": After the new rain in the empty mountains, the weather comes late in autumn. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring flows over the rocks. The bamboo noises return to Huan Nu, and the lotus moves off the fishing boat. The spring fragrance rests at will, and the king and grandson can stay.
The chin couplet describes the bright moon in the sky and the green pines like a canopy, which is a description of a quiet scene. The mountain spring is clear and flowing over the rocks, which is a description of a moving scene. The mountain spring has sufficient water after the rain, and the flow increases. It flows over the rocks, making a gurgling sound, which contrasts the stillness with movement and reflects the tranquility of the mountain. When describing scenery, poets pay great attention to the contrast between dynamic and static scenery. They can combine dynamic and static, or they can use static to describe movement, use movement to describe stillness, and use movement to contrast stillness. The combination of movement and stillness is often related to foil. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" and "Looking at the waterfall hanging in front of the river from a distance" wrote the first image of seeing the waterfall from a distance, like a huge white chain hanging in the mountain, and the word "hanging" turned into movement and stillness. Another example is Wang Wei's "Birdsong Stream": "People are idle, osmanthus flowers are falling, and the night is quiet in the spring mountain sky. The moonrise scares the birds, and they sing in the spring stream." The falling flowers, moonrise, and birdsong highlight the tranquility of the spring stream. Wang In "Entering Ruoye Stream" written by Ji Ji, "The noisy forest becomes quieter, and the singing of birds makes the mountain more secluded." It also uses sound to describe stillness, and uses movement to contrast stillness. "The silver snake dances on the mountain, and the original wax figure" uses movement to describe stillness.
(4) Positive description - combination of virtual and real
For example, Liu Yong's "Yulin Ling": the chilling cicadas are sad, it is late in the pavilion, and the shower has begun to stop. There is no trace of drinking in the tent of the capital, where the nostalgia is, the orchid boat destroys the hair. Holding hands and looking into tearful eyes, they were speechless and choked. Thoughts go thousands of miles away, the sky is vast and the mist is heavy at dusk. Since ancient times, sentimental feelings have hurt parting, and even more so, they can’t bear to be left out in the Qingqiu Festival. Where will I wake up tonight, on the bank of willows and the waning moon in the morning breeze. After so many years, it should be a good time and good scenery. Even if there are thousands of customs, who can tell them?
In the poem "Where are you sober tonight, the dawn wind is waning on the willow bank" imagines the scene after farewell: a boat leaves the shore, the poet wakes up from a drunken dream, only to see the wisps of the willows blowing in the morning breeze, A waning moon hangs high on the willow branches, imagining the desolate scene after farewell multiplied by the heart-breaking sorrow before my eyes. In poetry, "real" refers to the real images, real events, and real situations existing in the objective world, while "virtual" refers to imaginary scenes.
The two are interconnected, penetrate and transform each other, and can achieve the realm of virtuality and reality, enrich the images in the poem, open up the artistic conception in the poem, and provide readers with a broad aesthetic space.
For example, Li Bai's "Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Farewell" "The sun and the moon shine on the gold and silver platform", "Ni is the clothes and the wind is the horse", "Tiger drums and harp, Luan returns to the carriage", "The Immortal Man" "The line is like hemp" is the beautiful fairyland imagined in imagination. Ouyang Xiu's "Traveling on the Shasha": "The plum blossoms in the waiting hall are withered, the willows on the creeks and bridges are thin, the grass is fragrant and the wind is warm and the bridles are shaking. The sorrow of separation gradually becomes infinite, and the distance is endless like spring water. Every inch of the soft intestine is full of pink tears, and the building is high and there is no danger. "Lan Yi. Wherever the plains are, there are spring mountains, and the pedestrians are outside the spring mountains." The painting is realistic, reflecting the sadness of the "walkers" through the early spring scene. The lower column is real and empty, and the "walker" imagines the sad scene of his wife leaning on the railing and looking into the distance, missing the "walker", thus vividly expressing the sadness of separation. In Li Yu's "Poppy Poppies", "the carved jade balustrades should still be there, but the beauty has changed." The "jade balustrades" and "the motherland" are the sceneries in memories. The virtual scene in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slowness" is "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze", while the real scene is "all the green shepherds and wheat", and the prosperity of the past shows the decline of the present. Imagination is the key to virtual writing, and virtuality serves reality.
(5) Positive description - color rendering
For example, Du Fu's "Quatrains": Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascends to the blue sky. The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the Xiling Mountains, and the door is docked with ships thousands of miles away from Dongwu.
The author highlights the newly sprouted willow branches, the pairs of orioles, the free egrets and the clear blue sky. The four bright colors are fresh and bright, forming a gorgeous picture. . The rendering of color can convey happy emotions, and can also reflect the sentimentality of returning home, such as another poem "Quatrain" by Du Fu, "The green birds on the river are more than white, and the blue flowers on the mountains are about to burn. This spring has passed again, when is the year of return?" "The strong colors and heavy ink exaggerate the pleasant scenery, with green mountains, red flowers, white bird feathers, and green waves. The scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye, but it is a preparation for writing the text to evoke the sadness of wandering." Bai Juyi's "Recalling the South of the Yangtze River" "The sunrise on the river is as red as the fire, and the spring on the river is as green as blue" is to recall the beauty of the south of the Yangtze River by using the red sun reflecting the flowers against the water; "Goose, goose, goose" by Luo Binwang "The white feathers float on the green water, and the anthurium stirs the clear waves." Cold and warm, distinct and harmonious, under the blue sky and white clouds, beside the green grassy water and the crystal clear pond, "white hair" and "green water" compare in beauty, "anthurium" and "clear waves" Fighting for victory, what a gorgeous picture, how full of childlike interest and life-like atmosphere. It can be said that things are as they are now.
(6) Positive description - change of observation angle
For example, Du Mu's "Mountain Travel": The stone path on the cold mountain in the distance is slanted, and there are people living in the white clouds. Stop and sit in the maple forest at night, the leaves are as red as the flowers in February due to frost.
The first two sentences describe the distant scenery of Qiu Mountain. The first sentence describes the lofty scenery of autumn mountains and expresses the poet's courage to climb. The second sentence describes a specific scene in the autumn mountains. Several families are vaguely visible under the sky with floating white clouds. The last two sentences describe the close-up view of the autumn mountains. The sentence "frost leaves are as red as February flowers" is full of vitality, bright and dazzling, fresh and vigorous, and has a vivid image, giving people a sense of beauty that autumn is better than spring. The description should be hierarchical - from far to near or from bottom to top. Su Shi's "Ti Xilinbi" said: "Viewed from the side, it forms a ridge and a side forms a peak, with different heights and distances." Looking at the same scene, the observer is in different directions and angles, looking down, looking up, looking far, and looking close. The visual image will appear in various shapes and changes. Describing from different angles will enable readers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the described scenery and gain a more perfect feeling.
To appreciate descriptions in ancient poetry, you must first understand the common angles of appreciation, mainly multi-angle descriptions - frontal descriptions (relatively simple, not studied here) and side descriptions, movement and movement. Combination, color rendering, point-to-surface combination, virtual reality, changes in viewing angles from near and far, etc. Various techniques may be used interchangeably, such as using movement to contrast stillness, and contrasting colors can also be used as contrast. Secondly, we must be good at exploring the techniques and techniques used by the author to achieve this purpose based on the characteristics of the scenery and characters described in the poem.