Also called "expression". Various concrete expression methods used by writers and artists in their creation. In literary creation, there are narration, description, fiction, contrast, exaggeration, satire, lyricism, discussion and comparison.
Means of artistic expression
One of the formal elements of a work of art is also called expression. Refers to the various specific means of expression used by artists in the process of artistic creation to shape artistic images and express aesthetic feelings. In the long-term artistic practice, human beings have created and accumulated rich artistic techniques. Common artistic techniques include narration, description, lyricism, discussion, explanation, dialogue, metaphor, exaggeration, symbol, deformation, contrast, rendering, contrast, bedding, suggestion, pun, personification, parallelism and so on. There is a close dialectical relationship between artistic techniques and content, and there are also many dialectical relationships between artistic techniques, whose function is to make the content of artistic works fully and perfectly expressed. With the development of artistic creation, artistic techniques are constantly enriched and updated. The application of artistic techniques must obey the expression of specific artistic content and adapt to the aesthetic ability of the appreciator. The proper use of artistic techniques can enhance the artistic expression and artistic appeal of artistic works. In artistic creation, various artistic techniques are generally used interactively and are restricted by schools, that is, different schools emphasize artistic techniques. Whether the artistic techniques are used properly, skillfully, harmoniously and skillfully is one of the important signs to measure the artistic level of a work. Artistic techniques have a historical heritage, and different nationalities can also learn from each other.
The artistic techniques of poetry appreciation can be divided into the following three types:
Means of expression, means of expression, rhetorical devices.
Rhetoric and expression are two noun terms often mentioned in junior middle school Chinese: they are very different. Rhetoric is to modify words and phrases and use various methods to make the language express accurately, vividly and forcefully, and the emotion is sincere, strong and fascinating. The common rhetorical methods in junior middle school texts are metaphor, personification, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions, comparison, metonymy, repetition and irony. Expression is also called expression method, and its connotation includes five aspects: narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism.
1, expression:
Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; There are two ways to express feelings: direct and indirect. ) Express one's mind directly, express one's feelings through the scenery, express one's feelings in the scenery, blend the scenes, live together, set off the feelings with the scenery, and melt the scenery with the feelings. All the words in the scenery are love words.
2. Rhetoric:
Metaphor, metonymy, personification, duality, exaggeration, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, foil, repetition, irony, intertextuality, overlap, and polite refusal.
3. Expression skills:
Fu Bi Xing, Rendering, Contrast, Setting off/Contrast, Application, Reality, Movement, Frontal, Desire Suppression, Pointing Surface, Symbol, Association, Imagination, Interest, Allusions, Line Drawing, Blank Art.
Fu: Straight to the point.
Bi: Metaphor.
Xing: When you are excited, talk about something else first. Draw the description of the thing to be described by other things.
Contrast: this is a technique in Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of an object, making the object stand out obviously. Used in poetry creation, refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, so that what is needed is obviously prominent. It can be the contrast between people, for example, in Qin Luofu, the amazing beauty of Qin Luofu is set off by the reactions of the walkers and teenagers, or it can be the contrast between things, such as "cicadas make the forest quieter, the palace hill more secluded", "monks knock on the moon door" and "birds sing at the full moon". More things are compared with people, such as writing the moon in the river three times in Pipa, which compares the beautiful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively.
Association and imagination: mostly adopted by romantic poets. For example, Li Bai often integrates reality with dreams, fairyland, nature with human society. His "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is full of poems that let go of thoughts, and the poet's imagination is like a wild imagination. The dreamland and fairyland depicted by him are the bright and beautiful ideal world he yearns for. "I don't know the moon when I am young, but I cry white." "I am worried about the bright moon, and I will go to the west at night." "I sing. The moon encourages me and I dance around "is a clever combination of whimsy and natural truth."
Citation: that is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only refine the language of poetry, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. Such as Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Happiness"? There are five successful allusions in Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong and so on. With the help of these historical facts, the poet expressed his thoughts and feelings implicitly, naturally and fully.
Symbol: this is a rhetorical device that compares one thing with another that is essentially different. Used in poetry is also called Bi Xing. This technique is often used in poetry to achieve the artistic effect of vivid image and turning reality into emptiness. For example, Zhu Qingyu's "To Secretary Zhang on the Eve of the Examination" in the Tang Dynasty skillfully used the bride's nervous and hopeful psychology before meeting her in-laws, and wrote her nervous and hopeful mentality before the examination. He Zhangzhi's "Liu Fu": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " When the new leaves sprouted in spring, the poet suddenly had a whim in a surprise. It was Miss Chun who fiddled with spiritual scissors with her dexterous hands and cut out thin leaves! Metaphor makes description virtual, image more dynamic and emotion more intense. If this concrete image runs through the whole story, it is a symbol. For example, Li Bai often places his ideals and symbolizes his talents with magnificent and extraordinary things, such as Dapeng, Tianma, Xiong Jian and mountains and rivers. I like to choose noble and beautiful things, such as bright moon, phoenix, pine and cypress, beauty and so on. , to symbolize the integrity of the newspaper; He often chooses the events of people who were destroyed and imprisoned to compare his experience and situation.