Du Fu is a great realistic poet in the history of China literature. His poems profoundly reflect the social outlook of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, with rich social content, distinctive color of the times and strong political tendency. His poems are full of passionate feelings of loving the motherland and the people and lofty spirit of self-sacrifice, so they are recognized as "the history of poetry" by later generations, and poets are honored as "poets".
Enjoy 1
In the spring of the second year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (759), six hundred thousand troops from nine provinces including Guo Ziyi surrounded Yecheng Anqingxu. Due to the disunity of command, the whole army was defeated by Shi Siming reinforcements. In order to supplement the troops, the Tang Dynasty forcibly arrested people from Luoyang West to Tongguan as soldiers, and the people were miserable. At this time, Du Fu is returning to Huazhou from Luoyang via Tongguan. From what I saw and heard along the way, I wrote "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Li Shihao is one of the three officials. The theme of the whole poem is to expose the brutality of officials and reflect the sufferings of the people through the image description of "officials arresting people at night"
The first four sentences can be regarded as the first paragraph. The first sentence "cast stone ditch village at dusk", come straight to the point and tell the story directly. The words "dusk", "vote" and "village" need to be pondered, so don't let them go easily. In feudal society, due to social disorder and desolate journey, tourists "stay while there is still time", not to mention in the era of war and disaster! Du Fu, on the other hand, hurried to a small village for the night at dusk. This unusual scene is very enlightening. It is conceivable that he either didn't dare to go this way at all; Or the nearby towns are empty and have nowhere to rest; Or ..... In short, a few words not only pointed out the time and place of stay, but also told the whole story about the panic, restlessness and everything out of the normal track, which provided a typical environment for the performance of tragedy. Pu Qilong pointed out that this poem "A tiger catches people" ("Reading Du Xin Jie") is not only about "arresting people at the official night", but also about the environment of the first sentence. The sentence "arresting people at the night of being an official" is the outline of the whole article, and the following plots all come from here. Saying "arresting people" instead of "recruiting soldiers", "counting soldiers" and "recruiting soldiers" is exposed and criticized in the truthful description. Coupled with the word "night", the meaning is even richer. First, it shows that the government's "arresting people" often happens, and people hide or resist during the day and cannot "catch" them; Second, it shows that the means of "arresting people" by county officials is vicious, and they make a sudden attack at night when the people have fallen asleep. At the same time, the poet threw himself into Shihao Village at dusk. Several hours have passed from dusk to night, and of course he has fallen asleep by this time. So he didn't take part in the later activities, but heard them through the door. The phrase "the old man crosses the wall and the old woman goes out" shows that the people have suffered from Ding for a long time and have no peace day and night; Even in the middle of the night, I still fidgeted. As soon as I heard the noise outside the door, I knew that the county officials had come to "arrest people" again. The old man immediately fled over the wall, and the old woman opened the door to deal with it.
These sixteen sentences can be regarded as the second paragraph, from "why do officials get angry when they shout" to "it is better to prepare for cooking in the morning" "History is called a what anger! Why do women cry! " In two sentences, the sharp contradiction between "official" and "female" is summarized extremely incisively and vividly, and written vividly. A "shout", a "cry", an "anger" and a "bitterness" form a strong contrast; The two adverbials "Yihe" add more emotional color, effectively rendering the savage momentum of the county official like a wolf, and creating an atmosphere of grief and indignation for the old woman's complaint below. The two sides of the contradiction have a master-slave and causal relationship. "Why do women cry" is forced by "why do officials cry and get angry". Below, the poet no longer writes "official call", but writes "women cry" and "official call" to see himself. "Listen to your wife first" is a link between the preceding and the following. That "listening" is the poet's "listening" and that "delivering a speech" is the old woman's "bitter cry" in response to the county magistrate's "angry cry". Thirteen poems with the content of "making a speech" have changed their rhymes many times, with obvious turning points, suggesting that county officials "shouted angrily" and pressed the topic many times. When reading these thirteen poems, don't think that the "old woman" said them all at once, while the county officials are all ears. In fact, "Why are officials angry?" Why do women cry? "Not only at the beginning of the activity, but also until the end of the activity. It is the first turning point from "three people guarding Yecheng" to "the dead are gone". As you can imagine, this is the first time that county officials have forced questions and complaints. Before this, the poet once wrote about the county officials catching tigers and arresting people with the phrase "officials catch people at night". When the old woman went out to see it, she jumped in. The thief looked everywhere, but couldn't find a man. She closed her eyes. Then he shouted, "Where are all the men in your family? Hand it over! The old woman sobbed and said, "All three sons are soldiers guarding Yecheng. One son just wrote that the other two sons are dead! ..... "Tears, I'm afraid the county officials don't believe me, and I have to take out letters to show them. In short, "the living drag out an ignoble existence, and the dead are long gone!" "The situation is sympathetic enough. She hopes to win the sympathy of county officials and be lenient. Unexpectedly, the county magistrate was angry again: "Is there no one else in your family? Hand it over! " She had to complain about this: "There is no one in the room, only the nursing children." These two sentences may not be said at once, because there is an obvious contradiction between "no one" and the following answer. The reasonable explanation is: the old woman said first: "There is no one at home!" " "At this time, the little grandson hiding somewhere in his daughter-in-law's arms was scared to cry by the roar, but it didn't help to cover his mouth. So the county magistrate seized the handle and threatened: "How dare you lie! Isn't there a child crying? " The old woman had no choice but to say, "There is only one grandson! Still eating milk, very small! " "Who eats milk? There must be a mother! Don't hand her over! " What the old lady was worried about finally happened! She had to bite the bullet and explain: "The grandson had a mother, and her husband died in Yecheng, and he didn't remarry because he had to nurse. Pity her rags, how can she meet people! Do me a favor! " ("Grandma didn't go, the skirt didn't end", and some notebooks read "Grandma is not easy to get out, and the official didn't end the skirt", which shows that the county official wants her to come out. ) but the county collectors still refused to stop. The old lady was afraid that her widowed daughter-in-law would be caught and starve her grandson, so she had to come forward: "Although the old lady is weak, please come back at night. I'm in a hurry to wait in the river, and I have to prepare breakfast. " The old woman's "speech" ended here, indicating that the county official reluctantly agreed and stopped "roaring".
Although there are only four sentences in the last paragraph, it takes care of the beginning, involves all the characters, and writes the ending of the event and the author's feelings. "The night is silent, like crying and choking." Explain that the old woman has been taken away and the daughter-in-law is crying in a low voice. The word "night is long" reflects the long process of the old woman crying repeatedly and the county officials bullying in every way. On the one hand, the word "Ruwen" shows that the daughter-in-law was sobbing because her husband was killed and her mother-in-law was "caught", on the other hand, it also shows that the poet listened attentively and couldn't sleep all night. "Tomorrow is the day to climb the future and be alone with the elderly" is the whole article, which contains infinite affection in the narrative. Imagine that the old man and the old woman were greeted when they checked into the hotel last night, but after one night, the old woman was arrested and the daughter-in-law was sobbing, so she had to say goodbye to the old man who had escaped. What is the mood of the old man? How does a poet feel? It leaves readers with room for imagination.
Qiu said in Detailed Notes on Du Shaoling Collection: "The ancients had brothers, and only one person was sent to join the army. Today, all the able-bodied men have been driven away. They are old and weak. There is a cloud in the poem: three people guard, two people die, Sun Fangru, daughter-in-law has no skirt, Weng climbs over the wall, and women walk at night. In a family, father and son, brothers, grandparents and granddaughters are so cruel, which makes people miserable! At that time, Tang Zuo was also in danger! " That is to say, "the people are the foundation of the country". If the people are made like this, the throne of the ruler will be in jeopardy. In the face of all this, the poet Du Fu did not beautify the reality, but truthfully exposed the political darkness and issued a cry of "arresting people at night", which deserves high praise.
In artistic expression, the most outstanding point of this poem is refined. Lu Shiyong praised: "How long! What a simple statement! " That's what I said. The whole sentence narrative, no lyric words, no argument words; But in fact, the author skillfully expressed his feelings through narration and made comments, with clear love and hate and clear tendency. The combination of praise and criticism in narrative not only saves a lot of pen and ink, but also has no sense of concept. The poem also uses the expression of Tibetan questions and answers. "Collectors call what anger! Why do women cry! " After summing up the two sides of the contradiction, I concentrated on writing "woman" instead of "official", but the violence and violence of "official" were hidden in the old woman's speech and the turning point of the event. Poets are also good at tailoring, and there are endless meanings in the narrative. The first sentence was about staying overnight, and immediately turned to the theme of "arresting people at the night of being an official". For another example, it only wrote "the old man climbed over the wall and walked", but did not write when he would come back; Only wrote "I am sobbing", not who is crying; Only write the old lady's "official night please return", not whether she was taken away; However, the narrative and lyrical "farewell to the old man" begins and ends with care, telling readers that the old man has returned home and the old woman has been taken away; Then, the young widow who was afraid to make any noise with tears in her eyes was naturally nursing her child. It is precisely because the poet's pen and ink are concise and refined that the whole poem 120 words reflect the contradictions and conflicts in life with amazing breadth and depth, which is very valuable. (Huo) According to
Appreciate II
In the autumn of 758 AD, Du Fu was convicted of saving houses and moved to Huazhou. In late winter, he returned to Luoyang. At this point, An Lushan was killed by his son An Qingxu, An Qingxu defeated Luoyang and retreated to Yecheng (now Anyang County, Henan Province), surrounded by 600,000 troops led by General Tang and others. However, the fatuous Su Zong, afraid that our era was too powerful, ignored the marshal and only sent a eunuch Yu Chaoen who didn't understand military affairs as a temporary army, leaving 600,000 troops in a state of distraction. Shi Siming had the opportunity to rescue Yecheng from Weizhou (now east of daming county, Hebei). In March 759, the two armies fought in Anyang, and Tang Jun was defeated. In order to supplement the army, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty forced the people to join the army, causing people's hardship and anxiety. Du Fu left Luoyang at this time and returned to Huazhou, where he wrote his famous poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Li Shihao is one of the three officials. Through "arresting people", the poem reveals the unreasonable system of officials' violent withdrawal, reflects the profound disasters suffered by the people, and shows the poet's strong thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and loving the people.
The whole poem can be divided into three paragraphs.
The first paragraph, from surrendering to "the old woman went out to see", explained the environment in which things happened and was a prelude to "arresting people". The poem begins with two paragraphs describing the environment and events: "At dusk, officials arrested people at night". Twilight reflects the turmoil in troubled times and people's anxiety. As soon as it gets dark, they dare not go on their way. They need to find a place to stay. The word "village" expresses years of panic and confusion. Pedestrians are afraid to take the main road, so they have to find a path and rest in a deserted village. However, even such a deserted place has not been spared by the government. The word "night" reveals the fierce and cunning of the government in arresting people, knowing that they can't catch people during the day, only at night. War-torn people have long had the experience of this turbulent society, knowing that knocking at the door in the middle of the night will definitely arrest people again, so "the old man walks over the wall and the old woman goes out to watch."
In the second paragraph, from "why do officials get angry when they shout" to "it is better to prepare for cooking in the morning", write the story of arresting people. The first two sentences vividly summarize the brutality of the official and the grief of the old woman by comparing "the call of the official" and "the cry of the woman". The combination of two "ones and ones" adds emotional color, reflecting the boarders' hatred for the government and sympathy for the old woman. The sentence "Speak first, then listen to the woman" is a link between the preceding and the following, which runs through "I am sobbing and choking", that is, the tenant heard the old woman crying in the room and answered the angry cries of the officials. These twelve sentences were not uttered by the old woman in one breath, but were answered again and again by the official call. Let's talk about the experience of three men joining the army, two men dying in battle and the affection of the old woman. Both sons died for their country, and the other had to send a letter home. Such a family, three sons have given up, not letting go, still pushing in anger, which shows that it is fierce and hateful. "The living drag out an ignoble existence, and the dead are long gone." The two words are infinitely sour, expressing the disappointment and sadness that goes on day by day. On the second floor, from "no one in the house" to "no skirt in and out", it is written about the poor life of only orphans and widows at home. The people paid such a heavy price for this war. Shouldn't the only surviving wife be spared? What's more, orphans and widows in the family are in rags. Shouldn't the people be angry and resistant to this tragic reality? The third layer, from "the old woman is weak" to "it is better to prepare for cooking in the morning", describes the old woman's determination to sacrifice her life in order to save the family. The old woman couldn't cope with all kinds of complaints, but the police officers forced her to hand over the people. Call the daughter-in-law The little grandson will starve to death. Hand over his wife. There can't be men at home, so the old woman decided to lay down her life to join the army. For the ruling class, it is undoubtedly a bitter irony and angry accusation, even such a "weak" "old woman" has not been spared. The third paragraph, from "silence at night for a long time" to "being alone with the old man", shows the result of the matter and is the end. This silence means that the old woman has been taken away by the police. "Crying and choking" is the cry of her daughter-in-law. The daughter-in-law who went in and out without a skirt died, her husband died, her children were young, her father-in-law was not at home, her mother-in-law was taken away, and her family was ruined. The vivid use of the word "Ruwen" shows us that the tenant is concerned about the fate of his host family, and it can also be inferred that he was so angry and excited that he didn't sleep a wink at night. The last sentence of "being alone with the old man" is rich in meaning, which echoes the first sentence of yesterday's poem "throwing stones at the village at dusk". At that time, I was living in a hotel and an old man and an old woman came out to meet me. Now that the old woman has been taken away and the daughter-in-law has no dress, it is inconvenient to go in and out. Only the old man who just slipped home came out to see me off. The poet's mood can be imagined.
The Stone of the Trencher is an outstanding realistic narrative poem, and its most remarkable artistic feature is that it contains praise and criticism in the narrative. This poem 120 words tells a complete story, without lyric words or comments, but it expresses feelings and indignation through narration. Secondly, this poem is very concise, comprehensive and expressive. The beginning and end of the poem are very concise, focusing on the middle part, centering on the old lady's complaint, and written in detail. If you only write about accommodation in one sentence at the beginning, immediately turn to the theme of "arresting officials". When I wrote about accommodation, I only said "I was in Shihao Village at dusk", but I didn't write about the scene at that time. Then with the development of the plot, I naturally know that I live in an old woman's house. Another example is to write "the old man walks over the wall", not when he will come back; Just write "please come back at night", not whether she was taken away. However, when I read the phrase "being alone with the old man" at the beginning and end of the whole article, I fully realized that the old woman was taken away after "Christmas Eve" and the old man probably went home after the official departure. The image of the old woman in the poem is mainly accomplished through her complaints, and it is vividly portrayed. Others, such as tenants, police, old people, daughter-in-law, etc. Although there is not much pen and ink, it is very vivid and left a deep impression on people.
Du Fu's poetic style is changeable, but on the whole it can be summarized as depression and frustration. The cadence here refers to the deep meaning of the article, while the cadence refers to the ups and downs of feelings, tone and syllables.
All these have established Du Fu's supreme position as a "poet saint" in China's literary history of more than 3,000 years.