For example, the second sentence of Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Zhou Shu" uses the words "wind and smoke see no Tianjin" to connect Qin and Shu, which are thousands of miles apart. Seeing Shuchuan from Chang 'an, the line of sight is obscured by misty wind and rain, which indirectly shows the sentimental feeling of parting.
2, considerate relief
Take the poem above as an example. After the poet expressed his sadness in the second sentence, the emotional tone changed immediately in the next triple. The author comforted his friend that this difference is only the difference between guests and guests. As long as there is a connection between us, even if we are far away from Qianshan, aren't we like close neighbors? This poem is extremely comforting and becomes a chicken soup with a warm and lonely heart.
Take care of your kind wishes for the road ahead
Wang Wei's poem "Send Two Ambassadors to Anxi" also has a general feeling of farewell. However, because my friend's "going west to Yangguan" is a feat, there is no sadness in the poem, but the imagination of "going west to Yangguan for no reason" contains the sincere wishes of the poet's friends.
4. Worries about a difficult future
Meng Haoran fell in love with the scenery in the third sentence of his poem "Send Du fourteen times to the south of the Yangtze River". As soon as my friend set out, he thought of "where to stop sailing in the sunset" The river is slender, where should the sail stop? In his farewell, the poet expressed his concern about his friend's difficult future.
5. Confessions of Chen Xinzhi
Some farewell poems often express their feelings by saying goodbye. Such as Wang Changling's "Lotus Inn and Xin Jian Parting". The last two sentences of the poem: "Luoyang relatives and friends ask each other, and there is a piece of ice in the jade pot." Then, besides saying goodbye to sentimentality, I will find another way to express my noble character, my arrogant and strong character, and farewell can kill two birds with one stone.
Step 6 actively encourage
Appreciate poetry, know people and discuss the world. The poems of poets in the early Tang Dynasty are always full of positive and optimistic spirit. Chen Ziang's poem "Send David to the Army" was written with friends in the bustling imperial city. There was always some disappointment in each other's hearts, but this emotion was only lightly taken, and the poet immediately turned this disappointment into the responsibility of serving the country. The whole poem ends with two sentences: "Don't stay on the mountain, staying in Han will make great achievements". The author encourages friends to make contributions beyond the Great Wall, not only to leave behind the achievements of Han generals on Ran Yanshan, but also to have brilliant military achievements of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty. The whole poem is in one go, full of positive and enterprising pride.
7. Sorrow and yearning in all directions.
Zheng Gu's Farewell to Friends in Huaishang is different from other farewell poems. This is a farewell to each other. Friends crossed the river south to Xiaoxiang, while they went north to Chang 'an. The last sentence of the poem, "Xiang Jun Xiaoxiang and I Qin Xiang", seems only to illustrate their respective trips. In fact, in simple words, it shows infinite sadness in all directions and deep yearning in different ways between North and South.
It can be seen that the emotion of farewell poems is often not single. In addition to expressing feelings of farewell and nostalgia, it often entrusts the poet's personal experience, shows the poet's temperament and quality, or highlights the style of the times. When analyzing the thoughts and feelings of poetry, we must learn to think from multiple angles and levels, and we must not miss all the details.
Second, common images
In the long course of China's classical poetry, many traditional images have been formed, and their meanings are basically fixed. If we are familiar with these images, it will be of great help to appreciate poetry. There are some common images in farewell poems:
(a) custom images:
1, willow (fold willow to send you)
It originated from The Book of Songs Xiaoya Cai Wei, "I was absent in the past, Liu Yiyi; Today, I think it's raining. " The ancients liked to fold willows to bid farewell, which means to bid farewell to homesickness. The custom of breaking willows to bid farewell came into being in the Han Dynasty for three reasons: First, inseparable willow leaves dancing with the wind, much like the separation between people, inseparable and messy. Second, "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic, so folding the willow to bid farewell means retaining, saying goodbye and giving up. Third, willow branches have the habit of being born everywhere, giving gifts to each other and wishing friends a smooth and prosperous life in a foreign land.
2, wine (drink farewell wine)
"Ask the world, who cares about parting? What's in the cup? " (Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong") The ancients often gave a farewell dinner when they were leaving. In addition to resolving their worries, wine was full of deep blessings. There are countless poems that associate wine with parting. For example, Wang Wei's "Wei Cheng Qu" advises you to drink more and leave Yangguan for no reason, and Bai Juyi's "Drinking without joy, leaving without joy, being broad and bright" all use wine to express your feelings of parting. Therefore, many parting poems are full of strong wine fragrance, full of affection and friendship.
(2) Time image:
3. Words expressing dusk often appear in farewell poems at dusk, such as Sunset, Sunset, Sunset, Dusk Snow and Twilight Bell. It's not that poets like to say goodbye in the evening, but that the sadness of parting is in harmony with the sense of vastness in the twilight. Moreover, in the evening, the club will return to the forest with the birds, and the fish will sink to the bottom of the pool. For the wanderers who are far away from home, it will remind them of their separation.
The moon is also a common image in farewell poems. Moonlight gives people a hazy, blurred and desolate feeling, which is consistent with the deep and long, euphemistic and sad parting. Moreover, the moon contains the symbolic meaning of homesickness and homesickness, so the ancients often used the moon to express their feelings. Through the contrast of the moon, the abstract parting is more touching.
(3) Spatial image:
5. The pavilion is located beside the ancient post road, Shili Pavilion and Wuli Pavilion. When seeing relatives and friends off, there is always wine in the pavilion, so the pavilion has become an image to express the feelings of parting. For example, Li Bai's "Bodhisattva Man" "Where is the return journey? The pavilion is shorter than the pavilion, and Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling" is "cold and sad, and the pavilion is late."
6. Nanpu Nanpu is more common in the farewell poems of the southern waterway, and it has become a common image in the farewell poems, which has a lot to do with Qu Yuan's famous sentence "Send a beauty to Nanpu". It is more common in farewell poems in Tang and Song Dynasties, which makes it not a farewell poem, but also a farewell poem, and like pavilions, it has become synonymous with farewell places in Tang Dynasty.
Besides, chilling, sunshine, ancient road, west wind, spring grass and tears are all images related to parting.
Third, common expressions
The thoughts and feelings of poetry are always expressed by means of expression, and the common expression methods of farewell poems mainly include the following:
1, direct lyric
For example, in Gao Shi's "Seeing Dongda", "Mo Chou doesn't know the way forward, and everyone in the world knows you?" Express your feelings in two sentences, "borrow someone else's cup and water your own block", and express your confidence and strength although you are not proud.
2. Love is in the scene, and the scene is harmonious.
Poetry pays attention to implication, expressing emotions is often full of twists and turns, and often adopts the method of combining scenes. This technique is the most commonly used and typical in farewell poems. For example, in Liu Yong's poem "Lin Yuling", the sentence "I miss it, and it is thousands of miles away, and the evening is heavy." On the surface, what I wrote was a misty and confused road, which is Xiu Yuan. In fact, what I want to express is the idea of leaving sadness, and the feelings in the scene are implicit. The objective image that a poet touches and hurts his feelings is nothing more than the afterglow of the sunset, the flowing water flowing through the waves, the river wind painting the rain, the flat sand rolling, the clouds crossing the Qinling Mountains and the road bypassing the Shushan Mountains. Once these images enter the poem with the author's feelings of parting, they become "humanized nature" and constitute a desolate, sad, empty and profound aesthetic scene. For example, Wei's "Give the Twilight Rain" focuses on misty rain, dusk, heavy sails, late birds, Haimen and Pu Shu, which are intertwined to form a heavy and gloomy atmosphere when leaving, expressing the sad feelings of leaving.
3. Imaginary association (combination of reality and reality)
Farewell poems not only blend scenes, but also often use the combination of imagination and association. For example, the third part of Liu Changqing's Farewell to Yan Shiyuan wrote: "The sun shines on the river, and the grass is green in Wan Li, Hunan." The poet sailed away from the sunset in front of him, thinking that the place where Yan Shiyuan listened should be Cao Qing, Wan Li. This is a combination of reality and fiction, which broadens the artistic conception of the poem and fully shows the poet's feelings of parting and missing his friends. Farewell poems are often inferred on the basis of the author's feelings, generally imagining the loneliness of friends in travel after leaving, and the sad mood in this lonely environment. More importantly, I expressed my nostalgia and concern for my friends. For example, Wang Changling's "See Weier" "Remember that Jun is far away in Xiaoxiang Moon, listening to apes' dreams and sorrows. "Imagine a friend disembarking in Xiaoxiang after leaving," worried that he could not hear the ape clearly ",and even dreamed that he could not sleep at night because of loneliness, so as to double the sadness of leaving and show his deep concern for his friend. In addition, there is Wang Wei's "Send Wei to Comment on Things", "I know that the Han Dynasty has made a small pass, and I am worried about seeing the lonely city." "Who is willing to go with you tonight, only loneliness and loneliness. "All in this way.
4. Figurative rhetoric
In order to concretize abstract emotions, poets especially favor metaphors in their poems, and metaphors are more common in farewell poems because they are good at using scenery to create an atmosphere of sadness and parting. Liu Qian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote the word "Liu Zaoqing Lu Meipo": Pan-chrysanthemum washes cups and blows plum blossoms far away, all in the capital. If we don't get together, we will be alone in the clouds and duckweed on the water. How can we teach people not to get hurt? Feel a few degrees, the soul flies and dreams are shocked. Acacia after night, dust goes with the horse, and the moon goes with the boat. This poem mainly uses figurative rhetoric when expressing feelings. In the last film, the metaphor of "a lonely goose on the cloud and a duckweed on the water" is used to express the feeling of loneliness and the pain of parting. The following film also shows that his heart will always follow his friend Lu Meipo's horse like flying dust, and follow Lu Meipo's boat everywhere like the bright moon to express his thoughts and feelings of parting.
5. Contrast:
Instead of writing about people's sense of separation directly, it is set off by writing about the meaning that things are hurt in their eyes, which means, "Why can people be embarrassed when things are like this?" This way of writing can deepen the theme and be full of charm. For example, Rong Hong's "Pavilion on the Home Lake" expresses people's feelings by writing the parting words of wicker vines and orioles. Du Mu's "Two Farewells" (the second part) "The wax torch becomes discouraged and tears are shed on others until dawn." Tears shed all night are sad for the departure of the hero and heroine, which shows the poet's sincere feelings that he can't bear to be separated.
Four. Style characteristic
Stylistically, farewell poems can be divided into two categories: sentimental and heroic.
The reasons for ancient people's travel can be roughly divided into rushing to the exam, going to the embassy, moving (official tour), recruiting soldiers, going to the countryside, and retiring. Due to the rugged roads and backward means of transportation, it has been inseparable for many years. The ancients paid more attention to parting, or folded willows to bid farewell, or put wine on a farewell trip, or sent poems to each other, full of warm words and deep friendship. Most of these poems are touching and full of sentimental sentiment. Such as Liu Yong's Yulin Order, Liu Yong's Farewell, Song's Farewell to Du and Liu Zongyuan's Farewell to Dreams.
Parting is not all sadness, such as Wang Bo's Farewell to Ren Shuchuan in Du Shaofu, which washes away the sad and sour state of parting, with an open artistic conception and bright colors; Chen Ziang's "Send David to the Army" did not fall into the cliche of love, bitterness and sadness. It focuses on the overall situation and expresses the author's generous ambition and enterprising spirit. His feelings are wild and passionate, and his heroic spirit is pressing. In addition, there is Gao Shi's "Don't Move Big" to express my best wishes to my friends; "Send Li to the Western Expedition" is full of pride and passion.
To appreciate the style of farewell poems, we should know people and discuss the world and observe the poetic sentiment. For example, Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is optimistic and enterprising, open-minded, generous and even a little wild. Therefore, his farewell poems, such as Farewell to Friends, are characterized by broad scenes, deep feelings, open-minded and no sentimental feelings.
(1) Based on sadness: often express the feelings of reluctance and sadness caused by the parting between friends, as well as the worries about the future of friends and the expectation of reunion. This kind of poetry is often sentimental, lingering, implicit and intriguing.
Example: 1, send Du Shisi to Jiangnan.
Bai Juyi
Jason Wu, as a hometown connected with water, it is slim for you to go to Chunjiang.
Where the sails sail at sunset, the horizon breaks people's intestines.
The first two sentences describe the immediate prospect: the spring river is misty and rainy. "Vaguely" writes the scenery clearly, which is actually the loss in the poet's heart and the loss when the poet bids farewell to his friends.
In the third sentence, the poet is worried that the sails will not be able to find a place to park, which shows the poet's ardent concern for his friends. At the same time, guessing the whereabouts shows that people who send letters are chasing friends eastward, showing their feelings of parting. The last sentence uses "interrupting other people's intestines" to directly express their feelings. Enhance the feeling of bidding farewell to the peak.
2. Send Shen Zifu to Wang Wei in Jiangdong
The ferries of the Willow River are scattered, and the boatman shakes his oars and sails in.
Only lovesickness is like spring scenery, and Jiangnan Jiangbei will send you home.
Note: teacher, boatman.
The opening of the poem goes directly to the topic and explains the farewell place. Crossing the river ferry, willows are harmonious. This is not only the immediate scene, but also the deep affection for friends. The ferry, which was very lively just now, suddenly became deserted. Only the poet himself stood there, watching his friends drift away. One or two sentences fully expressed the poet's feelings of parting.
Three or four sentences are about scenery, the main idea is that I miss you in my heart, like this ubiquitous spring, and I have been accompanying you from Jiangnan to Jiangbei to send you back to Jiangdong.
The author expresses his feelings in the scene, compares the endless spring scenery in front of him to the endless lovesickness in his heart, externalizes the intangible feelings into a sensible image, and blends the feelings with the scenery, thus producing touching artistic charm and ingenious thinking.
(2) Expressing broad-minded or heroic feelings:
This kind of poem does not deliberately exaggerate the sadness of parting, but makes the other person's feelings open-minded and novel.
1, bid farewell to Wei Qi
In the morning, I heard the wanderer singing a farewell song. Last night, you crossed the Yellow River.
People who are most worried are afraid to hear the swan song, and lonely travelers are in the silence of mountains and clouds.
In the morning of Tongguan, the cold was urged to approach the capital, and the sound of changing lanes in late autumn reached a later evening.
Please don't think Chang 'an is a place of enjoyment, lest you waste precious time.
At the beginning of the song, "Sing a farewell song to the wanderer", first talk about Wei Wan's departure, and then point out the scene of the night before with "crossing the river at the beginning of the frost last night", "crossing the river at the beginning", personifying the frost and writing the bleak atmosphere in late autumn. The word "worry" was naturally introduced. "And the cry of the wild goose is my sad heart" is the croak of the wild goose, which floats from the end of the sky and makes people feel sad. Those who are full of melancholy, of course, are even worse. This is Li Jie using his own feelings to understand each other.
The poet made a deep speculation about travelers in five or six sentences: from Luoyang to the west, we have to pass through the ancient Hangu Pass and Tongguan Pass. In the cool autumn and September, the plants and trees are swaying and bleak, marking the arrival of cold weather. "How long can capital satisfy you, and months and years have passed in vain?" It is purely the tone of the elders, giving Wei Wan a cordial charge. He earnestly warned Wei Wan that although Chang 'an is a "land of amusement", it is not something that ordinary people can enjoy. Don't kill precious time easily, but seize the opportunity to achieve something. It can be said that it is earnest.
2. Send David to Chen Ziang to join the army.
The Huns are still alive and Jiang Wei rejoined the army.
No, no, three rivers, chasing six counties.
The wild goose mountain crosses the north, and the fox inserts the cloud.
Don't let it go to the top, but stay in Korea and you will succeed.
This poem does not belong to the general farewell poem, it lingers in a sad and sad mode. On the whole, it encourages the explorers to make contributions and expresses the author's generous ambition.
One or two sentences implicitly use the allusion of Huo Qubing, the enemy of Wei Zhen and a general in title of generals in ancient times in the Han Dynasty, "The Huns are not extinct, and there is no place to live", which clearly describes the urgent military affairs in the border areas and David's feat of joining the army to defend his country. I also expressed my pride in taking the world as my responsibility.
Three or four sentences are: in the bustling imperial city, apart from friends, there is always some disappointment in each other's hearts; However, they are duty-bound to serve the country, and they meet hand in hand: they want to gallop on the battlefield like Zhao Chongguo, a famous Han Dynasty star who is known as the hero of six counties, and make meritorious deeds by killing the enemy. Although these two sentences have a sense of melancholy, they are magnificent in spirit.
There are five or six sentences about where David went to join the army. A word "horizontal" describes the importance of the geographical location of Yanmen Mountain; The word "Jie" vividly describes the rigor of flying fox jam. The importance of geographical location and the steepness of the mountain pass show that David's trip is of great responsibility. This paved the way for the end of the sentence.
At the end, the author encourages his friends again, hoping that he will be famous beyond the Great Wall, not only leaving the achievements of Han generals on Yanran Mountain, but also having the brilliant exploits of my soldiers in the Tang Dynasty. This semantically echoes the first two sentences.
(3) Special farewell poems: Although this kind of poems are called farewell poems, they mainly express their heartfelt feelings.
Wang Changling broke up with Xin Jian at Furong Inn.
Misty rain enveloped Wu's day overnight; Send you in the morning, lonely and sad in Chushan!
Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith!
Note: ① The original name of Furong Building is Northwest Building, and the site is in the northwest of Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu).
(2) Wang Changling was banished to Lingnan in the 27th year of Kaiyuan because of his informality, and this poem was written during this period.
Explanation:
"Cold and rainy nights enter Wulianjiang", misty rain hangs over Wu's river surface, weaving an endless network of worries. Rainy nights add to the bleakness of autumn, and also render the gloomy atmosphere of parting. That chill not only filled the misty rain of the whole river, but also filled the hearts of two people who had left. The word "Lian" and the word "Jin" write endless rain.
In the early morning, it was dawn, and Xin gradually wanted to board the boat and return to the north. Looking at the distant mountains north of the Yangtze River, the poet felt lonely when he thought that pedestrians would soon disappear outside the Chushan Mountain.
"If relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, there is a piece of ice heart in the jade pot." The poet held out a crystal clear and pure ice heart from the crystal clear empty jade pot to comfort his friends. Here, the poet describes himself with a glittering and translucent jade pot with a heart of ice, which is based on his true understanding and mutual trust of Luoyang poets' relatives and friends, and can better express his deep affection for Luoyang relatives and friends than any words of lovesickness. This is not only a contempt for slander, but also a self-praise for one's own white and flawless quality, and it also creates a lonely and proud self-image, which is far more meaningful than ordinary farewell poems.
Five thematic trends:
(1) directly expresses the feeling of parting. For example, Su Shi's Send the Son to the Khitan, Yuan Haowen's Farewell to Daughter, and Huang Jingren's Farewell to Mother, etc. , express the feelings of relatives leaving; Li Bai's "To Wang Lun", "Farewell to Du Shu" and Wu's "Farewell to Friends" are all about friendship.
(2) Exhale or clear the heart by poetry. This kind of poems are often written by poets in times of difficulties and hardships, and there are often many excellent works of insight. For example, Wang Changling, a "natural talent", has never been used by Wang. Although he was unlucky, his career was bumpy and he was repeatedly relegated, he was ambitious and still wanted to make contributions: "Being above the rivers and seas, the clouds are deeper than Beijing. Doing business and riding horses. " ("Don't be Liu Wei")
(3) Emphasize persuasion, encouragement and comfort. For example, Wang Wei's Letter to Zizhou Ambassador Li and Mei's Dongcheng Yunjian Machayuan, etc. There is an obvious tendency of "a gentleman speaks with words" in the exhortation. In Gao Shi's Biedongda, "Mochow has no bosom friend in the future, and everyone in the world doesn't know a gentleman" is "bosom friend, strong in spirit" (Yin Kunji He Yue Ying Ling). Because it is a bosom friend, it is simple and straightforward to speak, and because of parting, it is with hope that confidence and strength are poured into comfort.
(4) comprehensiveness, including feelings of parting, feelings of fate in life, or meaning of comfort and warning. This kind of farewell poems is rich in connotation, and the key points are not obvious. For example, Xie Tiao's "A New Pavilion Farewell to Fan Lingling Cloud" skillfully blends feelings of parting, comfort and inner hope: "Don't worry about my disappointment, it is a shame to drop out of school. Guangping listens to books, and Maoling will see it. All my troubles are gone, and the river is full of troubles. "
Emotionally, these poems, or "holding hands and staring with tears, speechless and choking" ("Yulinling" by Liu Yong), have a strong sense of sadness, which means extremely sad and makes people cry; Or wash away the sad and sour state, blow the hero's horn, ripple with passion and permeate Changhong, such as Chen Ziang's "Send David to the Army"; Or use beautiful words to outline a beautiful artistic conception and create a relaxed atmosphere, which makes people relaxed and happy, such as "an old friend said goodbye to the West Yellow Crane Tower and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March." Lonely sails are far away from the sky, and the sky only flows along the Yangtze River "(Li Bai's Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou); Or lament the noise of the world, pursue the ethereal quietness of the forest, and admire the quietness of the monks, full of Zen and so on.