Manzoni
Manzoni (Alessandro Manzoni, 1785-1873), Italian writer, poet, and playwright. Born into a noble family in Milan, Manzoni was influenced by Enlightenment ideas from an early age.
He went to live in Paris in 1805 and was influenced by progressive philosophical trends and romantic literature. His historical novel "The Betrothed" is the most important Romantic work in Italy and laid the foundation for the development of Italian historical novels.
Chinese name: Manzoni
Foreign name: Alessandro Manzoni
Nationality: Italian
Birthplace: Milan
< p>Date of birth: March 7, 1785Date of death: 1873
Occupation: Writer, poet, playwright
Main achievements: Praising France The bourgeois revolution, praising the victory of freedom over autocracy
Representative works: "Count Carmagnola", "The Engaged Couple"
Life of the characters
1785 Born on March 7 in a noble family in Milan, his maternal grandfather Beccaria was a famous Enlightenment thinker. Manzoni was influenced by Enlightenment ideas from an early age. In 1805, he went to live in Paris and was influenced by progressive philosophical trends and romantic literature. His historical novel "The Betrothed" is the most important Romantic work in Italy and laid the foundation for the development of Italian historical novels.
In 1805, he went to live in Paris, where he communicated extensively with people in the ideological and cultural circles, and absorbed valuable ideological nourishment from European progressive philosophical trends and French romantic literature. In 1808, he married the religious Enriqueta. Two years later he converted to Christianity and returned to Italy.
Early works are mainly poems. At the age of 16, he wrote his first poem, "The Triumph of Freedom," praising the French bourgeois revolution and lashing out at feudal autocracy. The Declaration of Rimini called on all patriots to unite and fight for Italy's revival. "March 1812" was composed in 1821 and eulogized the heroes who died in the Carbonari uprising. However, it was not published until the Milan uprising broke out in 1848, and it immediately became a war hymn to inspire the insurrectionists. A collection of 5 poems called "Hymns", which promotes that Christianity can bestow lofty ideals, justice and equality on mankind.
Social Evaluation
The era when Manzoni lived and created was the dark period when Italy was enslaved by Austria and separatist by the feudal monarchs. It was a period of national rejuvenation for national independence, unity and freedom. The movement takes on a new upsurge. Romantic writers used historical themes to draw parallels between the past and the present, praising patriotism and calling on the people to fight for the liberation of the motherland. Manzoni's creations embody the characteristics of Italian Romanticism. At the same time, they integrate bourgeois democratic ideas with the doctrines of equality and fraternity preached by Christianity, in an attempt to resolve national and social contradictions. He is an important representative of Italian romantic literature in the 19th century.
Personal Achievements
Manzoni's early works were mainly poetry. The lyric poem "The Triumph of Liberty" published when he was 16 years old, uses symbolic techniques to praise the French bourgeois revolution and praise the victory of freedom over autocracy. The poem "Declaration of Rimini" (1815) calls on all patriots to unite and fight for the revival of Italy. "March 1821" (1821) praises the soldiers who died in the Carbonari uprising. The five "Hymns" (1812~1822) preach that Christianity can bestow lofty ideals, justice and equality on mankind. "The Fifth of May" (1821) was written to mourn the death of Napoleon and reveals a mysterious view of destiny.
Personal work
"The Count of Carmagnola"
The historical tragedy "The Count of Carmagnola" (1816~1820) is based on the 15th century Venice Real events that happened during the war with Milan are used as the material. It describes that Carmagnola, who was born as a peasant, repeatedly made military exploits and was promoted to commander-in-chief, but in the end he became a victim of the political conspiracy of the feudal monarch. The author points out that the internal strife among feudal monarchs was the root cause of disaster for the Italian nation. Adelzi (1822) drew on the invasion of Lombardy by Frank King Charlemagne in the 8th century, condemning alien rule and pointing out that enslaved people cannot expect freedom from the invaders. Both tragedies also promoted Christian teachings.
"The Engaged Couple"
The historical novel "The Engaged Couple" (1821～1823) is the most important Romantic work in Italy. It describes the rural youth Renzo and Renzo under Spanish rule in the 17th century. Luzia's experience is used to express the tragic situation of the Italian people under Austrian enslavement in the first half of the 19th century.
Rural textile workers Renzo and Lucia fell in love with each other, were engaged for life, and were about to hold a wedding. Rodrigo, the church leader of the local village, wanted to occupy Lucia. He used various means to prevent their wedding. It was done. Renzo was forced to flee to a foreign land. Lucia, accompanied by her mother Anise, was introduced and quietly came to the monastery in Monza to take refuge. Don Rodrigo was unwilling to give up and hurriedly sent his men to the mountain stronghold. He kidnapped Lucia in an attempt to force her to submit. The village leader regretted his past sinful life, and was moved by Lucia's extremely pure and noble character. He finally repented and changed his ways. He escorted Lucia After arriving in Milan, Lucia made a vow to the Virgin that she would never marry again. Later, Renzo found Lucia. With the support and persuasion of the priest, Lucia finally agreed to Renzo's request and released her vow to the Virgin Mary. With their vows, a pair of lovers finally get married. Through the ups and downs of a pair of young men and women, the novel reflects the tragic situation of the entire Italian people amid internal and external troubles. It bravely touches on the most acute issue of fighting for national independence, unity and freedom. The requirements of the times make this historical novel full of patriotic passion and of extraordinary practical significance.
The novel criticizes foreign invaders and feudal aristocrats and raises the issue of Italian independence and freedom, which is of great practical significance. . However, the novel promotes the idea of ??relying on Christianity to achieve human self-improvement and that gods will benefit people, which shows that the weak Italian bourgeoisie is trying to use moral influence to reach a compromise with the feudal aristocracy and the church. "The Betrothed" laid the foundation for the development of Italian historical novels. Under its influence, many excellent historical novels expressing the ideals of the National Revival Movement were produced.