It is recommended that you review according to this year's college entrance examination syllabus. As long as you memorize it according to the requirements of the syllabus, there should be no problem.
2008 National College Entrance Examination Syllabus (Key Points)
Science Comprehensive
Ⅰ. Nature of the Examination
The National Unified Examination for General College Admissions is a selective examination taken by qualified high school graduates and candidates with equivalent academic abilities. College entrance examination schools select candidates based on their scores, determined enrollment plans, and comprehensive evaluation of moral, intellectual, and physical qualities. Therefore, the college entrance examination should have high reliability, validity, necessary discrimination and appropriate difficulty.
Ⅱ． Exam content
Based on the cultural quality requirements of ordinary colleges and universities for freshmen, with reference to the "Full-time Ordinary Senior High School Syllabus" promulgated by the Ministry of Education, and taking into account the actual teaching practices of middle schools, the following examination content is formulated.
1. Biology
Note: The content of the biology test remains the same as last year and has not changed, so it will not be excerpted.
2. Chemistry
The chemistry test questions are designed to test candidates’ mastery of the basic knowledge and basic skills of middle school chemistry and their observation, experimental, thinking and self-study abilities. Ability; the test questions should also test the candidate's ability to initially apply the chemical knowledge they have learned to observe and analyze various chemical-related issues in life, production and society.
(1) Ability requirements
1. Observation ability
Ability to observe experimental phenomena, physical objects, models, graphics, charts, as well as in nature, production and life The ability to observe chemical phenomena, acquire relevant perceptual knowledge and impressions, and conduct preliminary processing and memory of this perceptual knowledge.
2. Experimental ability
(1) The ability to use correct basic operations of chemical experiments to complete the prescribed "student experiments". (2) The ability to observe and record experimental phenomena, process experimental data and analyze experimental results, and draw correct conclusions. (3) Ability to initially handle safety issues during the experiment. (4) Ability to identify and draw typical experimental equipment diagrams. (5) Ability to design or evaluate simple experimental plans according to the requirements of experimental questions.
3. Thinking ability
(1) Be able to understand and comprehend the contents that should be mastered in middle school chemistry. Organize knowledge points into a network, store them in an orderly manner, and have the ability to accurately retell, reproduce, and identify. (2) Be able to decompose chemical problems and find the key to the solution. The ability to use one's own stored knowledge to decompose, transfer, transform, and reorganize them to solve problems. (3) Be able to abstractly summarize and logically integrate chemical information (including actual things, experimental phenomena, data and various information, tips and hints) into rules according to the problem setting situation, and be able to use this rule to conduct reasoning (convergence and divergent) creative ability. (4) Have certain spatial imagination ability for the microstructure of particles such as atoms and molecules. (5) The ability to select and evaluate solutions to problems through analysis and synthesis, comparison and demonstration. (6) The ability to abstract chemical problems into mathematical problems, and use mathematical tools to solve chemical problems through calculation and reasoning (combined with chemical knowledge).
4. Self-study ability
(1) The ability to quickly accept new information given in test questions. (2) The ability to combine new information given in test questions with relevant knowledge learned in class to solve problems. (3) The ability to apply new information based on analysis and evaluation.
These four ability categories actually overlap. One test question can test multiple abilities or multiple levels of an ability.
(2) Exam scope and requirements
In order to facilitate the examination, the knowledge content requirements of each part of the college entrance examination chemistry are divided into three levels from low to high: understanding, understanding ( master), comprehensive application. Generally, high-level requirements include low-level requirements. The meanings are:
Understand: Have a preliminary understanding of the chemical knowledge learned, and be able to correctly recite, reproduce, identify or use it directly.
Understanding (mastery): Understand the meaning of the chemical knowledge learned and its applicable conditions, and be able to correctly judge, explain and explain relevant chemical phenomena and problems, that is, not only "know what it is", but also "know what it is" So."
Comprehensive application: On the basis of understanding the essential differences and internal connections of each part of the chemical knowledge learned, use the knowledge mastered to perform necessary analysis, analogy or calculation, and explain and demonstrate some specific chemical problems.
Basic knowledge and skills of chemistry mainly include five aspects: basic concepts and theories of chemistry, elements of common elements and their important compounds, basics of organic chemistry, chemical experiments and chemical calculations.
Basic concepts and theories of chemistry
l. Composition, properties and classification of substances
(1) Understand the molecules, atoms, ions, elements, etc. of substances The meaning of the concept; a preliminary understanding of the definition of atomic groups. (2) Understand the differences and connections between physical changes and chemical changes.
(3) Understand the concepts of mixtures and pure substances, elements and compounds, metals and non-metals. (4) Understand the concept of allotropes. (5) Understand the concepts of acids, bases, salts, and oxides and their interrelationships.
2. Chemical terminology
(1) Memorize and correctly write the names, symbols, and ion symbols of common elements. (2) Be familiar with the valence of common elements. Able to correctly write chemical formulas (molecular formulas) based on valence, and judge valence based on chemical formulas. (3) Master the expression methods of electronic formulas, atomic structure diagrams, molecular formulas, structural formulas and simplified structural formulas. (4) Understand the meaning of the law of conservation of mass. Understand the meaning of thermochemical equations. Able to correctly write chemical equations, thermochemical equations, ionization equations, ionic equations, and electrode reaction equations.
3. Commonly used measurements in chemistry
(1) Understand the definitions of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass.
(2) Understand the units of quantity of substances - mole (mol), molar mass (g?mol-1), and gas molar volume (L?mol-1). Understand the quantity concentration of substances (mol·L-1) and Avogadro's constant. Understand the relationship between the amount of matter, the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) and the volume of gas (under standard conditions).
4. Chemical reactions and energy
(1) Master the four basic types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, substitution, and metathesis.
(2) Understand redox reactions and understand concepts such as oxidants and reducing agents. Master the common reactions between important oxidants and reducing agents. Able to judge the direction and number of electron transfer in redox reactions and balance reaction equations.
(3) Understand the energy changes in chemical reactions, concepts such as endothermic reaction, exothermic reaction, reaction heat, combustion heat, and neutralization heat. Get a preliminary understanding of the development of new energy sources.
5. Solution
(1) Understand the meaning of solution.
(2) Understand the composition of the solution and the concept of the mass fraction of the solute in the solution.
(3) Understand the concepts of saturated solution and unsaturated solution. Understand the concept of solubility. Understand the effect of temperature on solubility and solubility curves.
(4) Preliminarily understand the concepts of crystallization, crystal water, crystal hydrate, weathering, and deliquescence.
(5) Understand the concept of colloids and their important properties and applications.
6. Structure of matter
(1) Understand the structure of atoms and the concept of isotopes. Understand the atomic number, nuclear charge, number of protons, number of neutrons, number of electrons outside the nucleus, and the relationship between mass number, number of protons, and number of neutrons.
(2) Take the elements of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd periods as examples to understand the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus.
(3) Understand the meaning of ionic bonds and ***valent bonds. Understand polar and nonpolar bonds. Learn about polar and non-polar molecules. Understand intermolecular forces. A preliminary understanding of hydrogen bonding.
(4) Understand several types of crystals (ionic crystals, atomic crystals, molecular crystals, metal crystals) and their properties.
7. Periodic Law of Elements and Periodic Table
(1) Master the essence of the periodic law of elements, understand the structure (period, group) and its application of the periodic table of elements (long form) . (2) Taking the third period as an example, master the relationship between the gradient of element properties (such as atomic radius, valence, elemental and compound properties) and the atomic structure in the same period; take the IA and VIIA groups as an example, master the same subject The relationship between the gradient of properties of elements within a group and their atomic structure.
8. Chemical reaction rate, chemical equilibrium
(1) Understand the concept of chemical reaction rate, the expression method of reaction rate, and understand external conditions (concentration, temperature, pressure, catalyst, etc. ) on the reaction rate. (2) Understand the reversibility of chemical reactions. Understand the meaning of chemical equilibrium and its connection to reaction rates. (3) Understand the meaning of Le Chatelier's principle. Understand the effects of concentration, temperature, pressure and other conditions on the movement of chemical equilibrium. (4) Taking the industrial production of synthetic ammonia as an example, understand the conditions of industrial production from the perspectives of chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium.
9. Electrolyte solution
(1) Understand the concepts of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes. (2) Understand the concept of ionic reactions. (3) Understand the concept of ionization equilibrium of electrolytes. (4) Understand concepts such as water ionization and solution pH. (5) Understand the principles of neutralization titration of strong acids and strong bases. (6) Understand the principles of salt hydrolysis. Understand the acidity and alkalinity of salt solutions. (7) Understand the principle of primary battery. A preliminary understanding of chemical power sources. Understand chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion and general anti-corrosion methods. 8) Understand the principles of electrolysis. Understand the principles of copper electrolytic refining, copper plating, and chlor-alkali industrial reactions.
Elements of common elements and their important compounds
Understand the relationship between the periodicity of electron arrangement outside the nucleus of elements and the gradual change of element properties. Focus on mastering the positions of typical metals and typical non-metals in the periodic table and their relationships with their properties.
Learn about other common metal and non-metal elements and their compounds.
1. Group IA and IIA elements?—Typical metals (1) Understand the physical properties of metallic sodium and master the chemical properties of sodium and magnesium. (2) Understand the similarity and variability of group IA and IIA elements (elements and compounds) from the electron configuration outside the nucleus of the atom. (3) Take sodium hydroxide as an example to understand the properties and uses of important bases. Learn about the important compounds of sodium.
2. Halogen elements - typical non-metals (1) Take chlorine as an example to understand the physical and chemical properties of halogen elements. (2) Understand the similarity and variability of halogen elements (elements, compounds) from the electron configuration outside the nucleus of the atom. (3) Master the chemical properties of chlorine and understand the properties and uses of several important halogen-containing compounds.
3. Other common non-metallic elements (such as: H, O, S, N, P, C, Si)
(1) Understand the simple substances and some of these elements Properties of oxides and hydrides.
(2) Take Na2O2 as an example to understand the properties of peroxide.
(3) Master the chemical properties of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
(4) Take sulfuric acid as an example to understand the determination of chemical reaction principles in chemical production. Preliminarily understand the rational utilization of raw materials and energy, "three wastes treatment" and environmental protection, as well as comprehensive economic benefits in the production process.
(5) Understand the properties and uses of common salts.
(6) Have a preliminary understanding of the basic properties of common chemical fertilizers.
(7) Understand the atmospheric pollution caused by sulfur, nitrogen and carbon oxides and their prevention and control.
(8) Preliminarily understand the impact of chlorofluorocarbons, phosphorus-containing detergents and dust on the environment and human health.
(9) Have a preliminary understanding of the basic principles of domestic water purification and sewage treatment.
4. Other common metals (such as Fe, Al)
(1) Understand the properties of metals and the general principles of metal smelting. Get an initial understanding of metal recycling and resource conservation.
(2) Master the chemical properties of Fe and Al.
(3) Understand the activity sequence of common metals.
(4) Take the mutual conversion of Fe (Ⅱ) and Fe (Ⅲ) as an example to understand the redox properties of variable-price metal elements.
(5) Understand the important compounds of aluminum.
(6) Have a preliminary understanding of the concept of alloys.
5. Understand the properties and uses of common inorganic compounds in life and production.
6. Comprehensive application of the above parts of knowledge.
Basics of Organic Chemistry
1. Understand the essential reasons for the large number of organic compounds and the ubiquity of isomerism.
2. Understand concepts such as groups, functional groups, isomers, and homologues. Be able to identify the order and manner of connection of various atoms, groups and functional groups in structural formulas (simple structural formulas). Able to identify homologues and enumerate isomers. Understand the naming principles of alkanes.
3. Take some typical hydrocarbon compounds as examples to understand the basic carbon framework structure of organic compounds. Master the properties and main chemical reactions of various carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds in various types of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic alkynes).
4. Take some typical hydrocarbon derivatives (ethanol, ethyl bromide, phenol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, fatty acids, glycerolipids, polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones, amino acids, etc.) as examples , understand the role of functional groups in compounds. Master the properties and main chemical reactions of each main functional group.
5. Understand the concepts of petrochemical industry, agricultural and sideline product chemical industry, comprehensive utilization of resources, pollution and environmental protection.
6. Understand the properties and uses of common organic compounds in life and production.
7. Take glucose as an example to understand the basic composition and structure, main properties and uses of sugars.
8. Understand the basic composition and structure, main properties and uses of proteins.
9. Preliminarily understand the main properties and uses of the main varieties of important synthetic materials. Understand the simple principles of producing polymer compounds from monomers through polymerization reactions.
10. Master the main types of organic reactions through the chemical reactions of the above types of compounds.
11. Comprehensively apply the different properties of various compounds to distinguish, identify, separate, purify or deduce the simplified structural formula of unknown substances. Combine chemical reactions of multiple compounds to synthesize products with specified structural formulas.
Chemistry Experiment
1. Understand the main purposes and usage methods of commonly used instruments in chemical experiments.
2. Able to draw and identify typical experimental equipment diagrams.
3. Master the basic operations of chemical experiments. Understand the prevention and treatment methods of general laboratory accidents.
4. Master the laboratory preparation methods of common gases (including reagents, instruments, reaction principles and collection methods).
5. Use chemical knowledge comprehensively to separate, purify and identify common substances (including gaseous substances and inorganic ions).
6. Observe, record, analyze or process data based on experimental phenomena to draw correct conclusions.
7. Design and evaluate experimental plans according to the requirements of experimental questions.
8. Comprehensive application of the above knowledge and skills.
Chemical calculations
1. Master the calculations related to relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and determination of molecular formulas.
2. Master the calculation of the amount of relevant substances.
3. Master the calculation of gas molar volume.
4. Master the calculation of solution concentration (mass fraction of solute in solution and amount concentration of substance).
5. Master the calculation using chemical reaction equations.
6. Master the simple calculations about solution pH, hydrogen ion concentration, and hydroxide ion concentration.
7. Master simple calculations about the heat of combustion.
8. Comprehensive application of the above types of chemical calculations.
3. Physics
(1) Ability requirements
The college entrance examination puts the assessment of ability in the first place. It is necessary to identify the level of candidates' abilities by assessing knowledge and its application, but certain knowledge should not be simply mapped to certain abilities.
At present, the abilities to be assessed in the physics subject of the college entrance examination mainly include the following aspects:
1. Understanding ability
Understand the exact meaning of physical concepts and physical laws , understand the applicable conditions of physical laws and their application in simple situations; be able to clearly understand the expression forms of concepts and laws (including written expressions and mathematical expressions); be able to identify specious statements about concepts and laws; understand relevant knowledge differences and connections.
2. Reasoning ability
Able to conduct logical reasoning and demonstration on physical problems based on known knowledge, physical facts and conditions, and draw correct conclusions or make correct judgments. And be able to express the reasoning process correctly.
3. Analytical and comprehensive ability
Able to independently conduct detailed analysis of the problems encountered, clarify the physical state, physical process and physical situation, and find out the important factors Acting factors and related conditions; be able to decompose a complex problem into several simpler problems and find out the connections between them; be able to integrate theory with practice and use physical knowledge to comprehensively solve problems encountered.
4. Ability to apply mathematics to deal with physical problems
Be able to list the relationship expressions between physical quantities according to specific problems, perform derivation and solution, and draw physical conclusions based on the results. Necessary Able to use geometric figures and function images to express and analyze.
5. Experimental ability
Be able to independently complete the experiments listed in the "Knowledge Content Table", be able to clarify the purpose of the experiment, understand the experimental principles and methods, be able to control the experimental conditions, and be able to Using instruments, you can observe and analyze experimental phenomena, record and process experimental data, and draw conclusions. Be able to flexibly use the physical theories, experimental methods and experimental instruments that have been learned to solve problems.
(2) Examination scope and requirements
The knowledge to be tested in physics is divided into five parts according to the subject content: mechanics, heat, electromagnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear physics.
The required degree of mastery of each part of the knowledge content is marked with Roman numerals I and II in the "Knowledge Content Table".
Ⅰ. Know the content and meaning of the listed knowledge, and be able to identify and use them directly in relevant problems.
Ⅱ. Understand the exact meaning of the listed knowledge and its connection with other knowledge, be able to describe and explain it, and use it in the process of analysis, synthesis, reasoning and judgment of practical problems.