What is the standard of antithesis between couplets of eight metrical poems and four necklaces?
order
There are four, eight and more than eight regular poems. They are quatrains, five laws and seven laws, and exclusive laws. Divided into five words and seven words, six words are rare and generally not included.
In the five laws and seven laws, eight sentences are grouped in pairs, namely, head connection, parallel connection, neck connection and tail connection. The antithesis of couplets (parallel couplets and neck couplets) is required in the standard May 7th Law. As for the changes such as stealing spring style, I won't discuss it here.
Strict standards are easy to remember, pay attention to relative levels and levels, and relative parts of speech.
But the two couplets in the middle are not easy to write. Remember two words: change.
First of all, look at the change from the syntactic structure.
Many people who chat in the old street can write poems, so let's not talk about the standard of confrontation, let's talk about the changes that should be paid attention to.
1 to avoid duplication
Let's first look at an early five-character poem: "Poetry of a Crane in the Middle of Banqiao";
It's far from the fog, so I can only fly around alone. Very simple, very simple.
Lonely and scared, I stayed in Yupu, and I fell into the river. Flat and light, flat and light.
Things are confused with water, and the heart is surrounded by clouds. Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Who knows that a person is hard and the river is lonely. Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Most people don't notice these five laws. The author is not from the Tang Dynasty, or even the Sui Dynasty, but Liang Jianwen's Emperor Xiao Gang (503-55 1), the emperor of the Southern Dynasties.
These five laws are the earliest ones that Laojie has ever seen. But the emperor poet noticed the change of the middle couplet very early. Let's look at the couplets in the middle:
Lonely and frightened-stay in Yupu, catch up-go downhill-Jiang Yan.
Confused-there is water in the east and water in the west, confused in my heart-surrounded by clouds.
Parallel connection is 2- 1-2 structure, and neck connection is 2-3 structure.
It can be compared with Wang Wei's Tang poems, such as "Send Zhao Taishou to Daizhou for Green Words".
Celestial officials move stars, and China people turn green. Wan Li sang Diao Dou, and the three armies came out of Jingxing. Forget to say goodbye to Phoenix, serve the country, and go to the Dragon Court. Do you learn from scholars? You are an antique in the window.
In this poem by Wang Wei, the couplet in the middle is 2 12 structure.
Wanli-Ming-Diao Dou, Three Armies-Out-Jingxing.
Forget your body-resign-phoenix que, serve the country-take-massage.
Chinese couplets should pay attention to the different syntactic structures and try not to be identical. Many of Wang Wei's Five Laws avoid this point, such as Wang Wei's Education from the King of Qi to Yang.
In the poor living room where Yang Xiong was studying and writing in the Western Han Dynasty, Huai Nan Wang Liu An passed by with wine. Only to find that the birds' songs have changed, they have been sitting for too long, and even there are more flowers on the ground.
Walking through the winding forest path, the candlelight shines, and then suddenly becomes clear when you walk out of sight. I always visit the city early in the morning, the city gate has not been opened, and the road has not been done, so I am accompanied by carnival.
The middle binary numbers are 2-2- 1 and 2- 1-2 respectively:
Apricot orchids-songbirds-changeable, sedentary-fallen flowers-more.
Turn around-back-silver candle, Lin Kai-Ke Sanyu.
However, this couplet is similar to the neck couplet, which is not a major poetic disease and does not violate the five-law standard.
In addition, the similarity in five-character metrical poems is hard to avoid because of the small number of words, but the similarity in seven-character metrical poems should be avoided as much as possible.
Second, pay attention to four heads and cross your hands.
Sipingtou 1
Siping tou means that the first two words have the same structure. For example, Liu Zongyuan's Seven Laws "Climb Liuzhou Tower, Send Zhang Ting, Seal Four States" has two couplets in the middle:
Frightening wind-chaotic lotus water, dense rain-obliquely invaded the wall of Ficus pumila. Mountain trees-covering thousands of miles, rivers-bend like nine ileums.
The first two words are nouns, which is also a small problem. Its fundamental principle is still the word "change".
Sipingtou refers not only to the middle two sentences, but also to some eight poems. When writing a poem, you only need to pay attention to the avoidance of the middle couplet, and the whole poem will not suffer from this disease.
2. Cross your hands and repeat your meaning
Poetry is short, try to avoid similarities and make more changes in form and content. For example, in the content of the upper and lower couplets, there is also the problem of "crossing hands" to be avoided.
Song Wenzhi's poem "First Arriving in Huangmei" wrote:
It's already on the way to late spring when I meet cold food immediately. Poor Jiang, I can't see Luo Qiao people. The Arctic cherishes the sage, and Nanwa is the vassal. In the old garden, wicker is new day and night.
Ji Yun's "mistakes in the publication of Yingkui Law" commented: "On the way, immediately, in late spring, cold food, it is not easy to cross hands." Although this example is not in Zhonglian, the whole poem should be avoided.
Cross your hands is the expression of repetition, which appears in the upper and lower couplet. Some meanings are repetitive, and up and down links may not appear, so avoid them. For example, a short message from Li Bai to Meng Haoran:
Master, I cheer you from the bottom of my heart. Your fame has risen to the sky. In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now whitehead.
Drunk moon, sage of dreams, bewitched by flowers, you turned a deaf ear to the emperor. Gaoshan, how I long to reach you, that's all.
The importance of giving up hats and chariots in rosy youth was fascinated by flowers, and you turned a deaf ear to the emperor. Pay attention to the repetition of these two sentences.
Third, look at the changes of the scene poetically.
Just now, the crossing of hands and poetic repetition actually refer to poetic changes, but it is different from this paragraph.
This paragraph refers to the arrangement of the scene
1, only write scenery
Let's appreciate Du Fu's "Re-titled Zheng Dongting":
Huating is green, and autumn is chaotic. Rocky mountain trees collapse, clear ripples drag water clothes. Purple scales jump to the shore, and the pale falcon protects the nest. Looking for a way at dusk, the remnant clouds fly beside the horse.
We can find that the second couplet in the middle is a pure landscape writing:
Rocky mountain trees collapse, clear ripples drag water clothes.
Purple scales jump to the shore, and the pale falcon protects the nest.
Zhong Erlian has many rhyming poems that simply describe scenery, but we should pay attention to the lyricism of the whole poem. For example, the word "seeking" in "Seeking the Road to the West" describes the mood of pedestrians.
2, only talk about
In Li Shangyin's "Bei Tie", the middle couplet did not write scenes, but wrote four allusions:
Apes and birds hesitate, and the storm protects your fortress. You are the owner of the brush, a wise general, but your emperor, defeated, rode a prison car. The wind music is endless, but it is not as lucky as the two Shu generals who died in battle. Although a temple was built for you in your birthplace, Fu Liang was still angry.
The second couplet in the middle quoted four allusions:
You are the owner of the brush, a wise general, but your emperor, defeated, rode a prison car. Simple discussion
The wind music is endless, but it is not as lucky as the two Shu generals who died in battle. Simple discussion
It is more difficult to write a poem about it than to write a poem about the scenery.
It is not difficult to write, but it is difficult to write well. Many people often say that the style of veteran cadres is difficult to write.
Li Shangyin used several allusions to enrich the ideological content of this kind of argumentative poems, which is one of the solutions.
3. One scene and one feeling
Let's take a look at Du Fu's Five Laws, Li Jianzhai:
Grandfather Wang Sungui has a strong sense of family. Open the golden peacock on the screen and embroider hibiscus flowers on the mattress. There are also beautiful women who eat Pisces and see the smell. The house is crowded, and the son-in-law is near Lapras.
There are changes in the middle couplets.
Open the golden peacock on the screen and embroider hibiscus flowers on the mattress. Simple landscape writing.
There are also beautiful women who eat Pisces and see the smell. There is discussion, and the discussion is also lyrical.
This is a more regular arrangement. The two couplets each perform their duties, one writing about scenery and the other writing about feelings. It is usually after the couplets have written the scenery that the necklace begins to write the feelings.
4. Mixing of scenes
Although all kinds of scenery words are love stories, the two couplets in the middle should be changed as much as possible. Generally, it is better to write a scene together and express your feelings.
There is also a more common phenomenon that all scenes are written, such as Liu Zongyuan's "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States"
On the tower at the end of this town, the wilderness began, and our desire reached as far as the ocean or the sky. The hibiscus flowers beside the moat are swaying in the sudden wind, and the oblique rain is beating the vines on the wall.
We can't see anything beyond 300 miles, except vague Woods and mountains, and there are nine rivers winding in our stomachs. * * * Come to Baiyue tattoo, don't even want a letter, let's keep in touch with home.
The second couplet simply wrote the scenery:
The hibiscus flowers beside the moat are swaying in the sudden wind, and the oblique rain is beating the vines on the wall.
The third scene is written like this:
We can't see anything beyond 300 miles, except vague Woods and mountains, and there are nine rivers winding in our stomachs.
Shanshu River is a landscape, stretching thousands of miles, like nine ileums. They are lyrical.
For example, Liang Jianwen's poem "Banqiao Shangzhou Central Crane":
Confused-there is water in the east and water in the west, confused in my heart-surrounded by clouds.
Surrounded by water and clouds, it is to write scenery, plus confusion and infatuation is lyrical.
A poem about scenery may not have a fixed position.
However, in the middle of couplets, if there are scenes, we must pay attention to the changes of couplets, preferably the distance, height, size and density.
5. Love in the scene
For example, Du Fu's "Re-focus on Zheng Dongting" mentioned earlier said that the scene is affectionate. Let's look at a more obvious example. Xu Hun's Seven Laws "Jinling Nostalgia";
Decadent music "Flowers in the Back Garden of Yushu" came together with Chen's fate; The lookout party in Jingyang Palace was filled with empty space. The cemetery trees in the cemetery cover the graves of many officials in previous dynasties; High and low young crops filled the palaces of the Six Dynasties.
The snail spreads Yun Ni's wings, and it rains for a while and clears up for a while; The finless porpoise added fuel to the flames in the river. The night was deep and a cold wind came. The emperors of past dynasties are gone forever, and the luxurious imperial life has disappeared without a trace. Only the surrounding green hills are the same as they were then.
Wang Guowei once said that all scenery words are also love words. This poem can see how the couplets in the middle are made:
The cemetery trees in the cemetery cover the graves of many officials in previous dynasties; High and low young crops filled the palaces of the Six Dynasties.
The snail spreads Yun Ni's wings, and it rains for a while and clears up for a while; The finless porpoise added fuel to the flames in the river. The night was deep and a cold wind came.
Thousand Official Tombs and Six Dynasties Palace, one means more, and the other means ancient.
It rains on sunny days and it is windy at night. One means change, and the other means unchanged.
Combined with other sentences, the change is: Yushu Qu ends with people scattered, Jingyang soldiers empty. Without a hero, luxury is exhausted. The same thing: only green hills are like mountains.
Because "Yushu Qu ended up scattered, Jingyang soldiers were empty." So what we see today is: the Thousand Official Tombs far away from Song Ya, and the Six Dynasties Palace of Xiaomi in Hexi.
Interlocking, the choice and combination of every image (scene) in the middle two links has the poet's emotion behind it.
Fourthly, the standard of couplets in metrical poems.
In fact, the standard of antithesis is not complicated, mainly plain and part of speech.
1, even and flat relative
Poets in the Southern and Northern Dynasties especially liked antithesis. If you look at the works of the great poet Xie Lingyun, you will find that he hopes that the whole poem will not be antithetical. However, the confrontation of that era was often not relative. For example, his famous sentence:
Spring grass grows in the pond and garden willows become songbirds.
Flat and light, flat and light.
After the Yong Ming style of Qi and Liang Dynasties, the poet had the concept of four tones and began to pay attention to the level and level of opposition.
Taking the Five Laws as an example, there are two forms of antithesis:
A, the average level, the average level.
B, even, even.
Pay attention to parallelism, not all words are parallelism.
There are two kinds, one is that the personal position is flat and informal, the middle is flat and flat, and the middle is flat and flat. The middle means flat and informal.
The other is two variants of the sentence.
KATTO, koi fish: The flat lines in the 3rd and 4th words are reversed, but the flat lines in the bottom couplet are still flat lines. For example, Zhao Ding, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, wrote "Ben Guo Chang shows Chueh-min's participation in politics with the rhyme of Han and Xia trees":
Life experience-from now on, send friends and relatives in the sea of clouds-where is the wind? Average average average average average. Send it, right.
Three ends: flat and flat, and the third word is flat and flat and bottom line, which are opposite.
Lonely and scared, I stayed in Yupu, and I fell into the river. Flat and light, flat and light. Sue, yes.
In fact, there are so-called awkward sentences, such as Chinese, Chinese and equality. Let's not talk about it.
2. Part of speech is relative
Simply put, for example, verb to verb, noun to noun, adjective to adjective, quantity to quantity, adverb to adverb.
Disciple-order-walk-general-wave-god-pen, eventually-see-descend-king-walk-pass-car.
In addition, there are subdivided categories in nouns, such as seasons, palaces, people, plants and so on. The same kind is called work pair.
But there are also methods such as borrowing, neighboring and broadening, such as;
Cong Ju cried another day, and she was alone in her hometown.
Chrysanthemums are different from boats; Tomorrow is different for my hometown. Generally speaking, as long as the nouns are right, it is ok.
There are also antitheses of different parts of speech, such as:
Kuang Heng's resistance to fame and fortune is weak, and Liu Xiangchuan's heart has been violated.
Thin, adjective; Violation, verb.
It should also be noted that the head language can be antagonistic, and the requirements for modifiers are not strict:
Calyx clamped the city to control the air, and Furong Xiao Yuan entered the customs.
Clip to small, these two words decorate the city and the garden respectively.
Concluding remarks
The standard of antithesis between parallel prose and neck couplet is very simple, that is, part-of-speech antithesis and even antithesis. But in actual creation, we should not be too restrained.
Relatively speaking, there are some positions and some words that need not be opposed. The change of case mentioned just now is also common in Chinese couplets.
As far as the opposition between parts of speech and categories is concerned, don't fall into the trap of working pair. If we carefully observe the masterpieces of the ancients, we will find that many excellent antitheses are lenient.
For the creators of metrical poems, only by learning how to use tolerance can we really get started.
Laojie taste
Look at the lyrics 1 19 to see the difference between the bent sentence and the bent body in Tang poetry from Wang's first lyrics.
What is there to learn about writing this song "Cowherd Going Back to Crouching Cow and Piccolo Playing Village Night"?