Du Fu
I've always heard that Dongting Lake,
Now I finally climbed the tower.
My east is Wu, and my south is Chu.
I can see the endless floating of heaven and earth.
But my relatives and friends didn't give me news,
I am old and sick, and I am alone with my boat.
There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall.
How can I not cry by the railing? .
Appreciation of Du Fu's Poetry
In the spring of the third year of Dali (768), Du Fu wandered from Chengdu to Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Sichuan Province), then left East Sichuan, passing through Jiangling, Gongan and other places in Hubei, and moved to Yuezhou (now Yueyang City) in winter.
Climbing Yueyang Tower is the masterpiece of this issue.
This is a five-character poem. The first couplet is a set of strict sentences.
Yueyang Tower has a long-standing reputation. Du Fu "smelled" his name, but did not see it. Today, he not only saw it, but also "went up". That kind of joy can't help pouring into the poem. "Yesterday's news" shows that he longed for and yearned for a long time, and "Today's news" points out the joy of his desire. Generally speaking, there is no need to object to the first link of the five laws. The reason why poets use antithetical sentences is through this rigorous antithesis that they strongly contrast their own past lives and emphasize the joy of climbing stairs. Structurally speaking, this couplet cuts into the topic of poetry, resulting in the whole story about scenery and emotion.
Climbing Yueyang Tower is to enjoy the magnificent scenery of Dongting. Parallel couplets are closely linked to the "top" of the first couplet, and what you see after going upstairs is written. Dongting Lake is full of weather and infinite scenery, and the poet captures the most remarkable and typical feature of Dongting Lake-magnificence to describe it. The word "Huan" was written forcefully by the poet, as if the vast area of Wu Chu was torn by the waves of Dongting Lake, showing the majestic momentum of Dongting Lake. The word "floating" has a very obvious sense of dynamic. In the poet's pen, Dongting almost contains the whole world and dominates their ups and downs. The sun, the moon and the stars all rise and fall with the fluctuation of the lake, and a magnificent picture is presented to the readers.
These two poems, which describe the weather in Dongting, have become the swan song of the ages, and have impressed poets and poetry critics of all ages. In the Song Dynasty, Liu said, "The atmospheric pressure of one hundred generations is the absolute power of five words" (Yang Lun's Du Shi Jing Quan). In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyuan thought that these two sentences "made a grand view, and later poets could not be caught off guard" (Du Yi, Volume 10). The admiration for these two sentences can be described as extreme. Meng Haoran once described the magnificence of Dongting Lake with the poem "Clouds, Dreams and Fogs Around Yueyang". Shen Deqian, a poetic theorist in the Qing Dynasty, compared these two poems and said, "Meng Xiangyang actually wrote Dongting in three or four languages, but only in an imaginative way."
(Collection of Tang Poems, Volume 10) points out the difference between the two couplets in "reality" and "emptiness". Meng Haoran's poem is that he only writes about the scenery of Dongting Lake to express his personal desire to cross the river without a boat, and he wants to be an official without being introduced, but he can't help but be limited to his personal gains and losses.
Du Fu wrote not only from Dongting Lake to Jiangnan, but also from Jiangnan to heaven, earth, sun and moon. Describe Dongting Lake from this extremely broad perspective, and show the magnificent atmosphere of Dongting Lake from a larger spatial scope. This is of course related to Du Fu's embrace. Throughout his life, "worrying about the people's livelihood and cherishing the country" (Yang Lun's Complete Preface of Du's Classic) always takes the safety of the people and the fate of the country to heart. Therefore, in his eyes, he is not just a Dongting, but the whole of Wu Chu, even Gan Kun; He not only has himself in mind, but also the people of the world. This makes his two poems more imposing and earth-shattering than Meng Haoran's. Therefore, Xiqing's poetics says that "greatness is different from other schools", but don't swallow a few clouds and dreams in Shaoling's chest.
Next, the poet turned from the scenery of the first four sentences to the lyricism of the last four sentences. Friends and relatives are separated, and the old sick boat is the companion. One is "nothing" and the other is "loneliness". Emotional color is particularly strong, and the words are very accurate. At this time, Du Fu, who was 57 years old, was seriously ill, lost and helpless, and the evening scene was bleak. In the vast world, the poet feels lonely, and it is even more heartbreaking to think of the long road of life and all kinds of hardships he has experienced. This period includes the poet's painful memories of the past. Huang Sheng said: "The scenery is so vast, the self-narration is so lonely, and the poetic realm is wide and narrow, and each is different" (Pu Qilong's Reading Du Xin Jie, Volume III), which points out the ups and downs of the poet's mood and the poet's clever expression. With this sharp contrast between broadness and narrowness, the poet described his bumpy experience more prominently. As Pu Qilong said, "not wide is narrow and not bitter, narrow is narrow, and the wider the realm, the more empty it is", which plays a role in setting each other off. This couplet, from scenery description to lyricism, from seeing to feeling, from broad to narrow, from the joy of boarding a ship to the desolation of life experience, is rigorous in structure, changing layer by layer and deepening step by step, showing Du Fu's skillful poetic expression skills.
At the end of the poem, the poet jumped from the narrow to the wide, from the individual to the country. The ten-year Anshi Rebellion has caused great losses to the country and people. Since then, foreigners have invaded, and the people have been in trouble. How can a poet not worry? In August this year, Tubo invaded, the capital was under martial law, troops were stationed in border areas, and wars were frequent. In June of the same year, the military forces in Youzhou made Zhu and others insurrection, killed my envoy Li Huaixian, claimed to stay behind, and forced the court to recognize him. This is the historical fact that there are wars and mountains to the north of this wall.
Thought of here, the poet couldn't help crying. In these tears, there are thoughts of relatives and friends, sadness of loneliness in old age, anxiety about the future of the country, and self-mourning for the country that cannot serve. In the last link, the poet expanded from the individual to the country. The word "there are wars and mountains to the north of this wall" shows that the poet has a country of Li nationality in his heart, and his mind is extremely broad, which complements the vast and magnificent weather of Dongting Lake. Liuzaoqing Yueyang Tower
Dai Fugu
The sleeve sword flies.
Dongting grass, autumn water deep.
On Yueyang Tower, sparkling, almost covered.
You don't have to bring wine on board.
Ask who poured the wine?
Change the world, junshan a little, since ancient times.
Appreciation of Dai Fugu's Ci
Dai Fugu was down and out all his life, wandering the rivers and lakes, and everywhere he went, he often sang songs. He is far away from the officialdom, has a relatively free mind and detached feelings, and does not need greed, so his heart has more space to accommodate the strange mountains and rivers of the motherland, and always remembers the great cause of resisting Jin Xingguo. When he boarded the plane, his patriotic pride was born. This work of climbing Yueyang Tower is like this.
According to the Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty, Lv Dongbin tasted Yueyang Tower after drinking and left a poem saying, "The green snake in the sleeve (refers to the sword) is bold and unrestrained. Yueyang three people don't know, and the waves fly to Dongting Lake. " Dai Fugu is a wanderer from north to south, and he has a kind of heroism, which is similar to the temperament expressed in Lv Dongbin's poems. Let me borrow it here to express my feelings about traveling to Dongting. From the beginning, I set up an image of a wandering poet, which is very different from those who sing and dance lightly. "Dongting grass, autumn water deep", grass, lake name, is a part of Dongting Lake. Dongting Lake, 800 miles long, is famous for its vast Wang Yang. Here, the author only uses the word "deep" to briefly summarize its characteristics. At this time, the weather is more open. In addition, the word "autumn" in the sentence not only indicates the season of climbing stairs, but also paves the way for the following "autumn flowers fall" and "changing the world", and also sets off the author's desolate mind.
"All over the sky" still writes about Dongting: "autumn water is deep" is meaningful, which shows that it is vast, cooperative and affectionate. "On Yueyang Tower, you can put on your lapels quickly", creating an independent building and letting the wind blow open the image of a poet and patriot. The reason of "nature" and "falling into the air" is not only because of the wind, but also because of the infection of late autumn water and boundless waves. Generally speaking, the style of the last paragraph has brought escape, and the author's pleasure of going upstairs has been fully exerted here.
At the beginning of the next film, the poet's pen turned sharply, and the meaning of "fast" suddenly fluctuated: "No need to bring wine aboard. Ask if there is any wine, who will pour it. The reason why you don't bring wine is that no one will pour it. Calm down and feel infinite loneliness and sadness.
This movie is really a turning point. Looking at the whole word, the first one is about beautiful scenery, and the second one is about the exclamation of prosperity and waste. The emotions of the two films are different. However, these two sentences turn naturally and achieve the purpose of "enlightening others", which can be regarded as the masterpiece of "the most talented person" and "changing the world, improving the mountain a little, from ancient times to the present", revealing the theme. Dai Fugu lived in the late Southern Song Dynasty, when there was no hope of recovering the northern territory and the local public security situation in the south was in turmoil. Therefore, in the face of "a little bit" of Junshan, which has been unmoved since ancient times, the poet will inevitably think of the trampled "huge" China. However, the rulers at that time lived on, or barely lived. Who can drink the author's wine?
It can be seen that the word "no wine" above contains infinite feelings, and the word "changing the world" here is really the key point of the whole article: because only "the world" is what the author really cares about, and it is precisely because of this word "change" that the author associates the beautiful scenery with the fate of the country, and then feels sad about things. Many poets in the Southern Song Dynasty were influenced by Xin Qiji. Dai Fugu said in the poem "Looking at the South of the Yangtze River" that "the style of lyrics and songs has the style of Jiaxuan", which shows that he also intends to learn from Jiaxuan. But his study is not imitation, and he has no real experience of Jia Xuan's participation in the anti-gold struggle. However, he has been in the lower class for a long time and has gone through many vicissitudes, so he has a particularly strong demand for resisting Jin Fuxing, which makes him close to Jia Xuan in aesthetic experience, and often expresses his feelings in the present and the present, such as "making the world a little better, making the mountains a little better, from ancient times to the present", but it is only a natural display of aesthetic realm, not a blunt imitation.