Yi Shunding, a modern poet, made great achievements in the creation of landscape poems, which was then called a prosperous time. His landscape poems are rich in content, which not only shows the objective beauty of natural landscapes in many aspects, but also reflects the poet's subjective feelings. Style, system, language, etc. Showing the characteristics of diversification. Yi Shunding's landscape poems are rich in content and diverse in artistic techniques, which are rare for others. Yi is a master of landscape poetry.
[Keywords:] Yi Shunding; Landscape poetry; Aesthetic type; Type of delegation; change
Abstract: Yi Shunding is a master of China's modern landscape poetry creation. His landscape poems are rich in content, which not only depicts the beauty of nature from different angles, but also expresses his subjective feelings. In addition, his works are diverse in style, form and language. In a word, he surpassed his contemporaries with rich content and various artistic expressions, and established his position as a master among landscape poets.
Keywords: Yi Shunding; Landscape poetry; Aesthetics; Emotional; Make a difference
one
Yi Shunding (1858? 1920), born in Longyang, Hunan (now Hanshou), is a famous poet in modern times. When you were young, you were regarded as? A prodigy? As an adult, I was trapped in the house many times, but I had no choice but to enter the officialdom as a donor. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, he risked his life to cross the sea several times, trying to protect Taiwan Province Province, but in vain. Since then, he has worked in Hunan, Guangxi and Guangdong for nearly 20 years. He returned to Beijing after the Revolution of 1911 and worked for Yuan Shikai. He lingered in the opera house and sang with his friends every day. 1920 died.
Yi Shunding is one of the main representatives of the Tang Poetry School in the middle and late modern times, but his poetry style is diverse and he did not try his best in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. His poetic theory also emphasizes originality. Even if hundreds of thousands of songs can't be written, why copy them? ? What is the reason for the masterpiece Four Souls? Are you confident that this episode is unprecedented and will never come again? With what? Destroy it? Wang Kaiyun and Zengxiang Fan, two poets, argued with each other and were convinced by each other. The original intention is new, but it always seems inhuman? Poetry ("Qin House Picking Poetry") is proud. In addition, it is also an important poetic proposition of Yi to use allusion accurately and color skillfully.
Yi Shunding? He wrote more than 10,000 poems and published 72 volumes of poems in his life? (Wang Senran's Biography of Mr. Yi Shunding), about 30 copies, but most of them have been lost. There are less than 3,000 Yi poems (preface to the collection of poems in the House of Qin Dynasty), among which the most important and distinctive is the travel notes of mountains and rivers. He calls himself? He wrote more than thousands of poems in his life, mainly sightseeing, especially landscape poems? (Appendix II of Poems of the House of Qin) Nearly one third of the landscape works in Yi poetry have been preserved to this day. Yi Shunding not only traveled in Wan Li, but also traveled with his father when he was young. In his youth, he traveled back and forth between the capital and his father's ever-changing office and his own office, and did not travel almost every year. In addition to the northeast and northwest regions, China has left his footprints almost everywhere. Where's it? Have a good time? (Appendix 2 of Poems of the House of Qin), so everywhere I go, I will climb famous mountains, win water and sing praises among mountains and rivers, leaving many excellent landscapes. Yi's landscape poetry creation can be divided into two periods, before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and before and after his 50 years in Guangdong, with the first period being the most. In addition to Qin Zhilou's poems about traveling to the mountains, there are Shu Zhou poems, poems and Lu Yu poems. Lingnan collection, the supplement of Lingnan collection and Yongdong collection; There are also a considerable number of landscape poems in the collections of Ding and Wu, Wu Peng's poems, Dunshui Poems, Bashan Poems and Guangzhou Poems, and there are also scattered landscape poems in other poetry collections.
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Yi Shunding grew up in modern China from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement to the early Republic of China. National peril and social unrest always shake the poet's heart and leave a mark on his creation. Therefore, Yi's landscape poems, on the one hand, inherit the tradition of classical landscape poems, describe landscapes and express the beauty of nature; On the other hand, he consciously adopted the paradigm of modern landscape poetry initiated by Gong Zizhen [1] to express the poet's political feelings and other things in the landscape. Emotion. ?
(A) commissioned landscape poetry
Entrust personal feelings to mountains and rivers, write? Have my place? , is the main paradigm of Yi Shunding's landscape poems. In Lushan Poetry Biography, Yi Shunding said? Full of vicissitudes and hardships, I know that I am pinned between mountains and rivers because of my life experience. ,? Chen Junbo strictly contrasted the landscape poems in the late Wei Dynasty, saying that he could create his own school. I wonder if Wei's poems are all within the landscape, and whether Yu's poems are still outside the landscape? (Appendix to Poems of the House of the Qin Dynasty). Nostalgia, homesickness and seclusion are sometimes expressed in his landscape poems when he is worried about his country and hurts his country. These works? Focus on spirit? (Wang Senran's Biography of Mr. Yi Shunding), expressing feelings in the Mo landscape can be called? Delegation type? Landscape poetry.
1。 political emotion
Yi Shunding was born in an official family, and his father Yi Shen Pei's Confucianism deeply influenced him. In the face of declining rivers and mountains, he made a decision when he was young? Looking at China with a sword, vowing to sweep away the evil spirit? (Collection of Poems in the House of Qin, Volume IV) (Note: See Yi Shunding and Wang Biao proofreading Collection of Poems in the House of Qin (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004). If the source of the following poems is the same as this book, only the number of volumes is indicated. Ambition, the landscape works left on the way to Beijing, will be full of politics. Written in Guangxu nine years (1883), "Crossing the Flood" (Volume 4) wrote:
The sand flies up and down like a shuttle, and the Hutuo River is in front of the horse. Obviously, I suddenly disappeared during the day, while Huang Yun wavered? I've been wandering around all my life, and it's hard to determine the strange smell here. Korea's family is in a terrible situation, thinking about prancing. The success of a hero is a matter of faith, but the will of God reveals the truth. Men are good at serving their country, and China is scarred. Annenser shortened the bottom and explained the evil pool and camel.
Hutuo River Wonderland stirs the immortal hero in the poet's chest? Weird? Although I have traveled across the ocean and suffered hardships in order to display my life ambitions, how can a seven-foot man stand by and cringe when the land of China is devastated? The work expresses the heroic feelings of the poet regardless of success or failure, regardless of difficulties and dangers, going forward bravely and serving the country with blood. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), he wrote a long ballad, Crossing the Yellow River to Make Songs (volume 1), which showed his keen concern for the current situation and people's livelihood. Poetry banishes mythical images, such as Qing Qiu, Qiu Cui and Chang 'e, which are written in? Snowflakes hit the awning, the window thickness? The harsh environment has experienced a thrilling environment. The Tiangong Dragon Palace is parallel to the pen, with a large space, magnificent spirit and full of fantasy colors. At the end of the article, the poet imagined? Riding Kirin and Jade Emperor backwards? Situation:
I can't afford to cry even if I am crazy. I hope I am sincere. In recent years, there have been frequent floods in the north, south and north of the Yangtze River. The hungry have no food and the cold have no clothes, all of which are my emperor's sons. Hu Weifa turned a deaf ear to the high arch in the palace, leaving old boys wandering in the ravine to die? Constantly strive for self-improvement, be good and help the holy court, and pay attention to your words.
In the face of the suffering Li people, young poets are saddened by the incumbent's indifference to the people's sufferings, and even more saddened by Xun Liang's failure to help the court save the people from fire and water. Did you answer the poet's question? Smile and say "Sir, don't rest". What's the point? what's up Jade emperor? The poet was filled with indignation and finally gave a deep cry, expressing deep sympathy for the people and resentment against the incumbent. This poem contains current events and people's feelings in the landscape and imaginary world. The real scene of the Yellow River is endless and full of dangers, which is integrated with the imaginary realm of the immortals in the sky and the Dragon Palace at sea. The viciousness of the natural scene and the darkness of the real society set each other off. Subjective feelings and objective scenes are integrated, vivid and broad, which not only has the legacy of Li Bai's singing, but also won the essence of Du Fu's feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
It is worth noting that most of Yi Shunding's poems, which are full of political color and eager to pay attention to people's livelihood, were written in the middle and young age. At that time, although the poet suffered many setbacks in scientific research and many twists and turns in his career, his heroic spirit of saving the country still existed. After struggling to protect Taiwan, Yi Shunding gradually became disheartened. The passionate enthusiasm for serving the country was replaced by the hopeless grief and indignation for saving the country. Traveling in rivers and lakes with wine for ten years, selling all your ambitions, is not free. (From Shashi to Jingzhou, volume 12) is a portrayal of the poet's mood in the latter half of his life.
2。 Travel and think about love.
In order to realize his ambition of saving the world and helping the people, Yi Shunding spent most of his life running around. He spent many years on horseback, wandering between mountains and rivers, so there are many masterpieces that show the pain of wandering, such as Snow in front of the Yellow Cattle Temple, Sleeping at Night with Huai Pu and Six Answers. These works are good at integrating the poet's subjective feelings into the objective environment, setting off feelings with scenery, and have strong artistic appeal. Spend the night in Huaipu (Volume 9):
At night, the boat plays the flute and the water flows eastward. Being close to Huangmei is even more worrying. Thousands of miles away, the canopy is raining, and a week is full of fire. The wind and flowers are connected with the Yangtze River in March, and the smoke sails are alone in Chuzhou. This scene is just a picture, and the teenager is still a little white.
In the rainy season in Huangmei, the poet made a touching recitation of the wandering wanderer's endless worries with the midnight flute, the rain in Huangmei, the boundless sky and the fire of a star.
? Wan Li resigned from home, so the mountain soul dream is always sour? (Crossing the Yellow River is a matter of writing (volume 10), which condenses homesickness in the landscape and runs through Yi Shunding's creation. Crossing the Lake in Huarong, Nanshan and Sleeping in the Sand in Winter are all excellent works. Such as Huarong Road Crossing the Lake (Volume 9):
The old country has a long way to go east, and Chu Kezhou is full of Mulan. Spring water should be born quickly, and good mountains should be seen alone. Looking at people far away, I feel sad. I miss my feathers when I travel. Looking back at the old country for 300 miles, I don't know how many smoke mountains are separated.
Facing the spring water, it is like painting a good mountain. The poet is not interested in enjoying it, because he is alone in a foreign land and can't stop thinking. This poem contrasts the melancholy of hometown with the beauty of spring. Happy to write a funeral? , the more eager; Neck joint and Liu Yong? I can't bear to climb to the top of the mountain to see my hometown. It's hard to think. ("Klang Ganzhou") has the same effect. However, Yi's homesick works are a blend of scenes, that is, sadness and scenery, and water * * * melts. The Soul of the South, written by Guan Yu's Four Ballads and Ten Deaths in Rhymes (Part I) (Volume 10), is a typical poem:
What is the intention of running away from home? The ship made waves. Where is Lingdingyang's distant home? Sizitai shed a lot of tears. Qing Qian came here, and the desolate south bucket saw him alone. The wind and the sea are really hooligans, arousing dragons and harmony songs.
This poem was written on the way across the sea to protect Taiwan Province. At that time, the poet was still at his mother's funeral, and the country and family were hard to worry about. The depth of feelings can be imagined; Also in the wind and sea, the boat is far away, and desolation flows between the lines. The work shows the homesickness under the background of national disaster, and it is more and more painful.
3。 Hermit's feelings
Since ancient times, mountains and rivers have had an indissoluble bond with seclusion. In his youth, many of Yi Shunding's works expressed his yearning for mountains and rivers, among which Boat in the Gorge and Three Caves in the Gorge are the representative works of this period. "Looking at the boat in the gorge" (Volume 5) cloud:
The bow is not crowded with green clouds, and the window of the ship is always right. Cliff red leaves, trees as white as clouds. Cliff and river, flying springs fight for the road. If you have to move to the mountains, you will be willing to smell the voice of apes.
The poem shows the scenery seen in Zhouxingxia: the detached Yun Lan on the mountain, the dense white fog on the mountain, the red-core green trees between the cliffs and the splashing spring flow are intertwined into a colorful, ethereal and elegant three-dimensional picture scroll, and the poet can't help but have the idea of moving home. The whole poem combines audio and video, dynamic and static contrast, bright colors and picturesque beauty.
Although young Yi Shunding yearns for the mountains, he doesn't really want to live in seclusion. At that time, the poet was full of ambition and wanted to show his talents and serve the country. Therefore, Xiangshan still has an appointment to move, and it is a shame to recruit people every year. ("Xiangmeizi Family's Spring Tour in Rongshan", Volume 2). However, after five trials, it is difficult for the donated officials to make a difference, and their ambition to actively join the WTO has been worn away little by little. In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), the Qinzhi Building was built in Lushan Mountain and named after itself. Living dead? , as a couplet cloud:? Build three towers, five houses, wash stone pillows and talk forever; Plant thousands of orchids and hundreds of plums. Playing the piano is easy to read all your life. ? The previous Song of Returning to Lushan Mountain (Volume 9) fully shows the poet's mood when his official career is frustrated:
Whoo-hoo! Life can't go through five mountains. It's not a good blessing. Ann added poetry to the old bundle with the ox waist. You can't read thousands of books all your life, but you are not a genius. Why not draw a new sign with phoenix tail? I'm worried that vagrancy will damage Zhu Yan, and I'm afraid I'll become bald. Why don't you go to the Triassic spring in Liang Shi to kill Maokuanglu and collect herbs from Wuchangfeng? Write a book behind closed doors, then enjoy it, and make the world independent and immortal. When people can't see, but see the incense burner smoking purple?
Poetry and poetry are in harmony, and the momentum is flying. Li Bai's poems are used in many places to make them more attractive, and the meaning of seclusion flows between the lines. However, what is the poet's name at this time? Hermit? It was his complaint when his career was frustrated. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he took an active part in the national salvation movement, which showed that his heart of saving the world was not extinguished, but he just didn't have a chance to display it. However, Yi Shunding's political enthusiasm was completely extinguished by his desperate failure to protect Taiwan and his insignificant career as a local official for more than ten years. Written at the age of 57, from Laoshan to Liushutai (volume 19) was released after depicting the beautiful scenery in the mountains. Sitting in China's hands, heroes are only old and foggy? Sigh. Poets in their twilight years no longer have the politics of the past, and no longer care about the turbulent situation. Although he is in the officialdom, he is only thinking about Mi and Liang, which is the deep ideological reason why Yi Shunding spent all his later years in the opera house, indulging in poetry, wine and songs. What is the source of hermit thought in landscape poems? Admire? Arrive? Have to? Arrive? Conscious? Yi Shunding's changing process reflects the changing track of Yi Shunding's political thought all his life.
4。 homesickness
Yi Shunding's landscape poems also contain a large number of works of nostalgia, that is, integrating nostalgia into the landscape, praising ancient sages and people, commenting on historical events, and expressing the poet's deep thinking about history and reality. The addition of historical figures and events not only endows the landscape with strong cultural charm, but also expands the temporal and spatial scope of poetry expression, making the poetic landscape vast and unique in artistic charm. Such works include Dao Zhong Zuo, Tiger Hill, Qiantang Miscellaneous Feeling, Deng Xiang Lu Feng Zuo, Su Guan and so on. Such as "Zhao Yan Road Works" (Volume 4):
Sitting on a dragon's back is a Taihang, and it has seen all the vicissitudes of life for thousands of years. The clouds are even purple, and the Hunhe River in sunshine is particularly yellow. See the painting and reward Zhibo, Wang Zhao, Jingucheng, Kong Wen. Don't laugh at the broken hat, which only increases silence and arrogance.
The poem describes the magnificent scenery of Taihang Mountain under the reflection of clouds and sunshine, and the first couplet points out that Taihang Mountain has read for thousands of years. "Bound the Neck and Nostalgia" quotes the historical events of Zhi Bo's guest appearance in the Warring States Period, that is, Jade let Tuntan avenge Zhi Bo, and Yan Zhaowang's daughter bought a horse bone as a sage, which shows that there are no romantic figures in history, only Taihang Mountain is quiet and boundless. The whole poem puts Taihang Mountain in a vast time and space background, expressing the feelings of short-lived personnel and eternal natural landscape in historical recollection. Deng Luxiang's "Phoenix" (Volume 7) misses Li Bai and Bai Juyi in the situation of dense clouds and waterfalls on the incense burner peak, and sublimates the beauty of incense burner with nostalgia. "Tiger Hill" (Volume 4) evokes the poet's memory of wuyue's hegemony, Zhen Niang and Yu Zi because of the historic sites in front of him, and expresses his deep thinking on historical life.
Yi's nostalgic landscape poems reflect his profound cultural implication and profound historical thinking. Walking on Wan Li Road and studying in thousands of books are enough to invent each other? (Appendix II of Poems of the House of Qin Dynasty) is inseparable from cultural accomplishment.
In addition, Yi Shunding also expresses frustration in his landscape poems, and also uses landscapes to record friendship and affection, such as "Recalling Meng Village" and "The Other Side of the Lake", which do not account for a large proportion, so I won't elaborate.
(B) the aesthetic of landscape poetry
Yi Shunding's aesthetic landscape poetry is an objective description of landscape, aiming at expressing different aesthetic characteristics of natural landscape and expressing the poet's aesthetic pleasure. This kind of poetry has diverse systems, different styles and remarkable achievements. Among them, the most famous is the Lushan Poetry Record written by Yi at the age of 36. Zhang Zhidong especially praised and commented:? This collection of poems is magnificent and unique, such as the golden wings of a dragon, dazzling and profound in thought. The so-called true dharma, miraculous. Some songs are similar to Du Fu, Han Fu and Fu Su. Compared with the author's previous poetic ideas, it is beyond the ideal, and I believe there are only more than ten thousand people! ? (Appendix II of Poems of the House of the Qin Dynasty) Thirty-two Rhymes of Lushan Poems, Walking in the Rain, Longtan in Qingyuxia and Stone Songs of Seven Immortals are particularly famous. Walking in the Rain (Volume 9) depicts the unique scenery of Lushan Mountain in the rain: under the baptism of rain, Lushan Mountain changed its former quietness. The leaves shook the sky and the rocks roared. Whether a hundred or not and a thousand thunder, against forests and valleys? Leaves, streams, rocks, and forest valleys all glow with the vitality of Xiong Bojian's momentum through Tianshui. The poem expresses the momentum of Lushan mountain flying in the rain with sound, and its heroic spirit is compelling. "Jade Gorge Longtan" (Volume 9) describes the water of Lushan Mountain;
When the cliff is surrounded by the sky, it turns to vomit the male waterfall. Lingshan is pregnant with the true source, and the gold paste comes out of its abdomen. Clouds come from the air, and the potential is many miles. Italy is too familiar with the HarmonyOS system to be forced? The ground is deep and the clouds are rolling, and it is dusk to Zhao Xu. If you smell apes, drink water?
The poem starts with the hidden danger of Qingyu Gorge and the majestic waterfall on the upper part of Longtan, which sets off the deep and magnificent atmosphere of Longtan. For example, the waterfall with clouds hanging for nine days and the Longtan water potential with twists and turns for several miles are uneven, forming a three-dimensional landscape picture; ? Italian suspicion? The imagination of the two sentences can be described as magnificent and unique, giving Longtan humanity, which is really the finishing touch; Longtan in the second half, from modeling to sound, is carved with meticulous brushwork, calm and wonderful, as if with the help of God. Does the end of the article express the beauty of the poet's mountains and rivers? It's hard to be satisfied when you are old? Friendship. The whole poem is full of ups and downs, which has a profound and clever effect. Is Zhang Zhidong sincere? Can you call it a grand view? , not outrageous.
You Hengshan's "Watching the Waterfall in Zhuling Cave" (volume 1 1) won with a strange and magnificent imagination. The poem about Hengshan Waterfall, the first sentence? Urgent thunder? 、? Qunlong? 、? Is it broken? 、? Fly? Words like "this word" set the tone for the whole poem. The picture of the dragon girl choosing a mate, the treasure of the dragon king's makeup, Jiao Ren's tears and the hanging sea water are compared to waterfalls, where the characters in myths and legends gather at the pen to expel themselves, and the loom is alone, wanting to fall from the sky; ? Want to save the earth from disaster? It also draws readers into social life from natural scenery, which is also true and illusory, staggered in time and space, dazzling; The second half of the poem describes the beauty of red smoke and green fog in the mountain stream and the beauty of seven flowers and Yao grass, and expresses the poet's desire to learn Taoism until his death [2].
Yi Shunding is good at expressing the majestic beauty of mountains and rivers with the style of songs. There are a lot of neat five-seven-character songs in the early stage, but the total amount of landscape poems in the later stage is less than that in the early stage, but the proportion is greatly increased, and the sentence pattern is flexible and changeable, showing the advantages of long songs, so Cheng Gan called it? Poems written at the end of the year are full of anecdotes and cymbals, such as scattered flowers, handy; For example, the Yellow River in Wan Li, where sediment flows side by side? (Appendix II of Poems of the House of Qin). The Song of Baishuimen Waterfall View, The Song of Little Lark Sutongsi in Rain and The Song of Rock and Rock are all excellent structures. Take the Song of Su Tiantong Temple in the Rain (volume 14) as an example to see one thing:
On the sixth day of May, Huanglong came out in the rain. On the tenth day of June, I entered the sky in the rain. I suspect that the child's rain comes from Luofu Peak, otherwise why did it follow me for more than 30 days and thousands of miles? Look, Tiantong Waterfall is Luofu Waterfall, and Tiantong Pine is Luofu Pine. There are 100 hibiscus plants in Tiantong Peak, which are 433 green hibiscus plants in Luofu. The west cloud nurtures the king's lock, and the east cloud seals the child. Yesong Ye Yun Waterfall became a white dragon. The dragon of cloud is horizontal, and the dragon of pine waterfall is vertical. Electricity is like a snake, rain is like a peak, thunder is like a drum, and water is like a drum. However, I saw the mountains surging and the cliffs soaring. When the mountain collapses, I should bear it properly? The mountain has bathed me and washed away the dust in the world, which is worth 1000 minutes.
Leaf name is Yi Shunding? Good pen, like to be unconstrained style, can't help it? (Appendix 3 of Poems of the House of Qin), this poem is an example. The poem Wang Yang is wanton, with thousands of rocks and valleys, surging and flying. Waterfalls, pine peaks and clouds in the mountains are intertwined with lightning and rain, forming a magnificent and turbulent picture, with both sound and shape. The soaring momentum and vigorous vitality of Tiantongshan are in sight; The expression of aesthetic pleasure objectively sets off the beauty of nature, and at the same time shows the poet's heroism and feelings of getting rid of vulgar dust; The integration of syntax, prose and Chu ci sentences is convenient for poets to express their wild feelings. What kind of works? Is it true that there is no difference between great boldness of vision and fine structure? (Appendix III of Poems of the House of Qin).
Yi Shunding has many works that express the beauty of mountains and rivers with five or seven words and long songs, which is inseparable from his personality. He is brilliant, heroic and free and easy, and is respected by the world? A wizard? Strange people? This kind of dripping and unrestrained, magnificent and uninhibited works is precisely his uninhibited and elegant personality portrayal; But he was born in troubled times, and his career encountered many difficulties. He is full of patriotic enthusiasm and nowhere to stretch, so his poems still have a strange and strange atmosphere in the release of men.
Yi's landscape poems are also gentle and sincere. For example, Work in the Mountains (Volume 9):
Heavy rain poured down over Gaodong, and the sound of running water was gratifying. Fireworks are out of the empty forest, and thousands of trees are green. Dogs bark outside Chai Men and chickens crow inside the bamboo fence. Looking at Nanshan in the corner, Yun Qi is at ease. When you meet a farmer, you meet a village owner. It's either Wangchuan Village or Chaisangli.
Poems describing the scenery in the mountains after the rain are poetic, but natural and smooth, without a stiff feeling. At the end of the article, Wang Chuanzhuang and Chai Sangli pointed out the purpose of Xanadu, which just reflected Yi Shunding. No word is without origin, no word is strange in usage, and no word is slightly confused? Qin zhilou's poetic theory. This poem is simple and unpretentious, and has a charm of Wei and Jin Dynasties. Another example is "Zhu Linguan" (Volume 12), which describes the carefree feeling of boating through Chung Shan Man in the smoke. The boat flowed out of Shan Ye like a leaf? The style is light and handsome, and the realm is far away. Return from the Temple under the Moon (volume 14) is quite close to Tang Yin. The stream sounds out of the pine forest, and the pottery sends the guests back. Tonight, the blue sky is like water, and the moon is in the sky. ? Melodious and smooth, beautiful and natural; ? Is the wind and waves seeing visitors off? Sentences have a unique spirit and are quite emotional. Others like? Mountain firewood picks up tung, cliff Buddha keeps lotus? There is a fragrant flower cave on the cliff across the Xianghe River (Volume 12). The pool is far away, and the county flowers are deep. (Freshwater North Shore State Learning Hall (volume 12),? The trees are as loose as a picture, and the water in every village is like a harp? (A trip to Wang Yu Temple in Lingfeng (Volume 14),? Red is the sunset and green willows, and the autumn soul turns into a beauty? Sentences such as "Ten Books of Searching the Sea" (volume 18) are vivid, picturesque and unique, whether they are quiet, broad-minded, clear or beautiful. Most of these beautiful, natural, graceful and peaceful works appear in Yi Shunding's later landscape poems, and their artistic skills have been greatly improved compared with similar works in the previous period, which is of course related to the poet's continuous accumulation of creative experience and his idea of getting colder and calmer after middle age.
In addition, some of Yi's works depict the scenery seen in dreams or paintings, rather than the real landscape he experienced personally, which can be called fictional landscape poems, such as Butterfly Catching in Autumn Mountain, Two Paintings on Runfu House, Poem of Sleeping in the Mountain at Night, Three Waterfalls and so on. Such as "Two Inscriptions by Runfu" and "Yunlin Tingquan" (volume 1 1) cloud:
The setting sun is yellow under Feilai Peak, and the grass is fragrant in early spring. The red leaves are more than enough for a tea stove, and the moss is inch by inch. When I am away from dust, I have a quiet ear. In the future, lakes and mountains will be put under control, and the old spring will be restored.
Poetry is written for painting, but it is no different from the real mountain scenery in front of readers. The first four sentences describe the scenery, and the first sentence presents a broad background; ? Red leaves? In these two sentences, the brightly colored images are selected for further rendering. The red leaves are the stove and the moss is the bed, which also shows the chic and noble feelings of the people in the painting. This connection is ingenious and colorful, which embodies Yi's pursuit of poetic aesthetics. The last four sentences express their thoughts and opinions and their desire to return to the mountains in 2008. The poem "Night Dream Back to the Mountain" (Volume 3) records the night view when I dream of entering the autumn mountain. Smoke and white clouds are exhausted, and the bright moon begins. Scattered dark green, cool purple flowers? Although it is a dream, the scenery is quite real. Yi Shunding's another fictional landscape poem is unique, which is easy to replace others when visiting the mountains without poems. The poem depicts the scenery of Hengshan Mountain in the rain with memories and imagination. The sound and appearance coexist, and the combination of distance and distance is really touching.
three
Yi's landscape poetry system is diverse, rich in content, unique in art, and touching. The following only discusses its most obvious feature, namely the diversity of artistic techniques.
First of all, the aesthetic characteristics are diversified. Master has been wandering in the mountains and rivers all the year round, and most of the landscapes in various situations have been experienced by him. His poems often render and arrange mountains and rivers in a specific environmental atmosphere, with various natural images such as wind and rain, lightning, flying snow and moonlit night as the foil, showing the beauty of natural mountains and rivers in all directions and in many aspects. Scenery in some cases, such as stormy waves, snowy nights, thunderstorm mountains, clouds on mountains, mountains and seas, night mountains, moon mountains, etc. It exudes a strange brilliance in Yi's magnificent poems and writings, and is called "Yi's" in the world. The tour is fantastic and magnificent, unparalleled in the world? (Appendix 3 of Poems of the House of Qin) is not an empty talk. In the aspect of expressing the multiple aesthetic characteristics of landscape, Yi's achievements are beyond the reach of other landscape poets.
Secondly, artistic styles are diversified. Easy? Poetry in my life changes repeatedly? (Appendix III of Poems of the House of the Qin Dynasty) His landscape poems are either magnificent, gloomy, wanton, gorgeous or simple. Whether it's ancient or modern, whether it's simple or Chinese, can't it be bound by one idea? (Appendix 1 of Poems of the House of the Qin Dynasty), showing a variety of artistic styles. Yi Shunding absorbed the cultural background of the previous generation and adopted the attitude of asking for help from many teachers and not sticking to any corner. Everyone has studied his poems from poetic prose to Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, and they are all similar, so their styles are different. Because of his emphasis on originality, although some of his works still have traces of imitating predecessors, most of his poems can integrate the strengths of various schools and cast their own big words.
Third, the system is diversified. Yi Shunding's landscape poems, from five-seven-character quatrains to five-seven-character regular poems, from five-seven-character ancient poems to miscellaneous poems, are systematic in length and omnipresent; In addition, some works also adopt the style of Chu Ci, such as "Danxi Grass", while "Three Gorges Ci" and other works completely adopt the folk song system. And easy to be good at setting styles according to the scenery. He often chooses the system of poetry according to the characteristics of the scenery he paints. For example, writing majestic mountains and rivers and seas uses five or seven words of long sentences and ancient customs, while writing local small scenes in the form of quatrains and metrical poems, which can properly express the characteristics of mountains and rivers.
Finally, the language style is diversified. In addition to five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, Yi's landscape poems also have four words (such as Lou Shi, Volume 9) and nine words (such as Overnight, Volume 3). Yi also mixed the sentence patterns of prose, the syntax of Chu Ci and the language of folk songs into landscape poems, which made them shine brilliantly. The adoption of new syntax and new style has conveyed to some extent? Poetry revolution? Breathe.
Yi Shunding's landscape poems are considerable in number, large in creation scale, comprehensive in content and diverse in style, and have high aesthetic value. Some poems, such as Sitting Alone on a Moonlit Night in Tiantai Mountain (volume 14), are suspected of playing games, but they are flawed. Yi Shunding is well known not only in modern times, but also in the whole history of ancient landscape poetry, but it has been ignored by researchers. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the profound implication and aesthetic style of his landscape poetry, evaluate its value and establish its position in the history of landscape poetry.
[References]
[1] Wang Yingzhi. On Gong Zizhen's Landscape Poems and Quasi-Landscape Poems [J]. Literary Heritage, 2004 (4): 1 19? 127。
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[2] Yi Shunding. Poetry of the House of Qin [M]. Wang Biao, correct it. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004: 679.