Nong is a native of Guangyuan Prefecture (present-day Jingxi and Tiandong areas in Guangxi), and his father is a local Zhuang leader. Unable to bear the oppression and plunder of the toe-crossing country (now northern Vietnam), and unable to get the protection of Song Ting who blindly accommodated the toe-crossing, he sent troops to resist the toe-crossing, and was later captured and killed.
When Nong Kochi came of age, he inherited his father's footsteps and became the leader of Guangyuan. In order to get rid of the control of toe-crossing, which he hated, he wrote to Song Ting several times and offered huge amounts of gold and tribute, asking to join in. However, the cowardly ruling group at that time, for fear of offending his toes, refused the farmers' sincere request for instructions from their subordinates. Therefore, after many unsuccessful and unbearable requests, IFAD launched this massive uprising, which was unexpected by Song Ting.
Gather people to support righteousness.
Nong Kochi was brilliant since he was a child. He read many poems and became the only scholar in Guangyuan Prefecture.
Nong Gaozhi got great help from Guangdong Jinshi Huang Shimi and made full preparations for this grand event. On the one hand, he found out the actual situation of Yongzhou military defense, on the other hand, he paralyzed the other side and even deliberately showed weakness. He said, "The cave is hungry and the tribe is scattered." (The History of the Song Dynasty) convinced Chen Xun, the magistrate of Yongzhou, that Nong Gao Zhi was weak and was no match for Song Ting, so he was caught off guard.
One day, Nong Gaozhi secretly sent someone to deliberately set fire to his village and said to everyone, "Folks! The property we have accumulated in this life has now been burned out by the sky, and there is no idea of living. We did our best! There is only one way out: rally the troops, hold an uprising, strive to capture Tanzhou City, and then further capture Guangzhou and be king! " (See Notes on the History of Song Dynasty)
Nong Kochi's plan was very successful. With the support of people of all ethnic groups, on the sixth day of April in the fourth year (1052), Nong formed an army of 5,000 people in (now Jingxi) to declare an uprising.
The insurgents were mighty, and they went down to Debao, crossed Tian Yang, and went down to Youjiang to the east. The next day, I arrived at Hengshanzhai (named Hengjiang Village, now Tiandong County) under the jurisdiction of Yongjiang State. The first battle was successful-the village was captured in one fell swoop, killing the whole village, claiming that Rixin and Yongjiang patrolled Gao Shian and Qin Hengzhou patrolled Wu Xiang. The rebels are disciplined and open warehouses everywhere for disaster relief.
Building a "Southern Paradise"
It's rainy in early summer, the river rises, and the warships speed up. Nong led the rebel army down the river, and soon arrived in Xinxu, the western suburb of Tancheng, and fought with the defenders of Yongning County (now Yongning District of Nanning City) led by his father and son. People surrounded, water and food were cut off, and there were no reinforcements. After a short battle, Wu and his son fought to the death.
The insurgents are on the move. They are attacking Yongzhou. Sheriff Chen Xun was very alarmed. So he ordered Wang Ganyou and the prefect to build the gate of the city, and the military attache to guard the Chaotianmen Gate. Kong Dan, who was in charge of joining the army, was sent to report to nearby counties and along the Yangtze River, requesting reinforcements. Song Shi Yao of Maping (now Liujiang County) arrived first, and confronted the peasant army. He lost, and Song himself was beheaded immediately.
On the first day of May, Zhang Li's reinforcements arrived in Yong from Pennsylvania (now Binyang County). Chen Xun was overjoyed and gave a banquet in the city to pay his respects to the army. Ironically, when we heard the news that the city had been breached, everyone was frightened to disgrace-Chen Xun, Zhang Li, Gan You and Chen Fuyao, the magistrate of our province, were captured alive and killed on the spot, and more than a thousand defenders were wiped out.
Less than a month after the agricultural uprising, Yongzhou, an important town in Lingnan, was captured, which quickly laid the foundation for raising righteousness, indicating that the agricultural uprising met the requirements of the people of all ethnic groups in Lingnan Border Region and won the support of the broad masses of the people.
After Nong Gaozhi occupied Yongzhou, he immediately set out to establish the Great South. He completely adopted the official system of China, dressed himself in yellow robes, called himself "Emperor Ren Hui", changed his country name to "Qili", named his mother the empress dowager, and named his eldest son, who was 14 years old, the prince. They are all named as the official names of China. He also ordered the prison to be opened and the prisoners to be pardoned.
The heart of the farmer is high, and the territory of the so-called "Greater South China" he envisioned is not limited to Guangxi. So, just eight days in Yong-the ninth day of May, the peasants held high the banner of "Great South China" and, with the attitude of "benevolent emperor", carried out the eastward expedition and northern expedition according to the established policy.
March eastward
After a short rest, the morale of the rebels was very high and they arrived in Hengzhou (now Hengxian) at one fell swoop. Zhang Xu, the county magistrate, fled the city in fright. On the 12th, the army captured Guizhou (now Guigang), and Li Cong, the year of the year, also fled. Two days later, the rebels arrived in Zhou Xun (now Guiping City), and it was known that soldiers from various towns in the state were urgently dispatched, and soldiers from Rongzhou (now Rongxian County) and Shanglin were invited to come to the rescue. However, due to the lack of fighting for a long time and the neglect of drills on weekdays, the garrison's combat ability is very poor, like a moth to a fire, and the bodies are abandoned everywhere.
After the invasion of Zhou Xun, on May 16th, the uprising troops arrived in Duke Zhou (now Pingnan County) again. Knowing the state, I am afraid to abandon the city and flee. 17, the overwhelming army successively captured Tengzhou (now tengxian) and Wuzhou-Li Zhi and Jiang, two years old, also abandoned the city for their lives.
The rebel army gained more and more momentum, and soon invaded Guangdong from Wuzhou, showing the same trend of extinction-without fierce fighting, it arrived in Fengzhou (now Fengchuan County, Guangdong Province). The magistrate Cao Jin had long been on guard, and raised 500 death squads to guard in advance, but it still didn't help, and finally the city was broken and captured.
The morale of the peasants' army increased greatly, and they continued to point their troops at Kangzhou (now Deqing County, Guangdong Province). Zhao has only been in office for one day, and he is somewhat heroic. He dared to kill those surrendered by Nong Gaozhi and led the troops to fight back. On may 18, the city finally fell into battle. The next day, the army captured Ruizhou (now Gaoyao County, Guangdong Province) and advanced on Sanshui three days later. Later, in order to avoid the typhoon, it stayed on the way for several days.
On May 26th, the insurgents arrived in Guangzhou, an important town in the South China Sea, and Nong Kochi led his troops eastward. In just over ten days, it captured Henggui, Xunxun, Gong, Teng, Wu, Feng, Kang and Ruijiuzhou in Guangdong and Guangxi, and reached Guangzhou thousands of miles away. Every response is the banner of justice, and the number of insurgents has increased from 5,000 at the time of the activity to nearly 30,000.
Arrive in Yangcheng
After all, Yangcheng is a big city, and there are many soldiers in the city-farmers really fought a tough battle in Guangzhou.
Rebels surrounded the city of Guangzhou. At first, the offensive was very fierce-various siege methods were used. However, it was the typhoon season in summer: the high ladder was broken by the strong wind; I switched to fire attack, but it was flooded by heavy rain. I tried to dig a tunnel, but failed. Fortunately, with rain to drink, the defenders will not be short of water, and the morale of the army will be stable. Therefore, from May 26th to July 19th, the peasant army besieged Guangcheng for 57 days, but still failed to capture it. The insurgents were exhausted by the protracted period.
The agricultural uprising army was in full swing. Only a few months later, it broke through Yongzhou, surrounded Guangzhou and swept the land of Lingnan. The emergency military situation reached Kaifeng, Bianjing, which shocked Song Ting. Frightened Injong Zhao Zhen quickly used the "avant-garde suggestion" Yang Yi, and led an army to crusade on June 2, and reinforcements arrived one after another. In this extremely unfavorable situation, the insurgents had to withdraw from the encirclement.
This uprising is based on three steps: one is to take Tanzhou, the other is to take Guangzhou, and the third is to explore Hunan (Hunan) and Jing (Hubei) in the north. Although defeated by Guangzhou, its military strength has not been damaged. Therefore, Nong Gaozhi still decided to send troops north.
Kill two famous soldiers in a row
When the agricultural army began the Northern Expedition, it was still overwhelming. They first captured Qingyuan. When she arrived in Yingzhou, Yang Yi, who was stationed there, was afraid of being besieged, and even adopted the method of clearing the field-abandoning the land to burn food. The insurgents bypassed the city and continued to March north into Shaozhou. At this point, Song Jun had been prepared. The peasants learned the lesson of being surrounded by Guangzhou, no longer stationed troops at the gates, and moved to Huangzhou (now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province), pointing directly to central and northern Guangxi. The defenders there were defeated and invincible. Hezhou in Guangxi was quickly destroyed. What is particularly worth mentioning is that the insurgents have achieved brilliant results there: they killed two famous Song generals, Zhong Zhang, on Guangnan East Road and killed Jiang Xie on Guangnan East Road (according to Taiping Zhi).
The Song Dynasty was extremely frightened, so Song Zhaozhen put all his eggs in one basket-appointed Di Qing, deputy history of the Privy Council (the highest military organ in the Song Dynasty), as our army's envoy to the south, and led 200,000 troops (including a warrior Xixia Tubo cavalry) from Kyoto to fight the uprising day and night. The first is the famous descendant Yang (Yang Zhuan in Song Dynasty).
On September 12, the agricultural army annihilated the patrol teams in Li Gui, Yizhou and Liuzhou in Longdong, then attacked Zhaozhou (now Pingle County), and broke the city on September 18, and fled in.
Beat yang hard
According to the original plan, after the insurgents marched into Hunan and Nanjing, they should take the initiative to make peace with the Song court. However, Nong Gaozhi clearly realized that they could not compete with the enemy forces nearly ten times stronger than the uprising troops. Therefore, after occupying Quanzhou, he made an important decision to return to Tanzhou after secret discussion with Huang Shimi and others. When the troops moved south, the front of the peasant army was still sharp, attacking Guizhou (now Guilin) and Liuzhou all the way, and sending troops to attack Yizhou.
At this moment, Di Qing's vanguard troops arrived. As a pioneer, Yang led the troops to meet the insurgents head-on near Guizhou. Fighting until he was injured, Yang was trapped.
When Nong Gaozhi's team arrived in Tanzhou, the troops were still very strong, and the well-known Song Kelun fled after hearing the news.
After recovering the land in Zhou Yong, Kochi clearly realized that there was no room for compromise with Song Ting, but his own strength was insufficient at present. He is going to return to Guangyuan, gather 36 caves of Zhuang and other ethnic minorities, consolidate the rear area, and then move north. When he was in harmony, he wrote such a couplet:
Emperor industry is suitable for all ages; Wang and Guo Hugh.
The first part expresses his helpless sigh, and the second part points out the relationship between his subordinates and Great South China.
Decisive battle with Di Qing
During the period when Nong Gaozhi moved to Tancheng, his troops were still very strong, and Song Jun did not dare to fight. After Juyi, the rebels were invincible and cultivated a sense of pride and relaxation. There is no way to explore the overall direction of the Song Imperial Army, which has sown the seeds of failure.
In the first month of the fifth year of Emperor Youoc (1053), Di Qing led the main force to the vicinity of Kunlun Pass in Pennsylvania, where there was a natural barrier of "keeping it by one person and opening it by ten thousand people". The resourceful DaSong star deliberately released the false news that "Song Jun only reserves rations for five days and ten days". When Nong Kochi heard about it, he believed it, but he was not alert. Coupled with the Lantern Festival, the evil wind and drizzle caused nearly 40,000 officers and men selected by Di Qing to successfully sneak into Kunlun Pass. On the 18th day of the first month, a good soldier suddenly fell from the sky, facing the peasant army, and arranged the battlefield in the noble shop only twenty miles away from Yong (according to the Biography of Di Qing in Song Dynasty).
In this extremely severe situation-Nong Kochi had to fight in a hurry. At this moment, he knew that this was the first time that he had encountered a strong enemy in the past ten months. The battle of the noble shop is no small matter, which is related to the life and death of the Great South!
On the vast Yuan Ye, the two armies confronted each other and lined up: the insurgents held flags and shields with small stones in front, and the weak were all dressed in crimson uniforms, just like a burning fire; Song Jun is already in front of the infantry, and the cavalry recruited by Xixia is behind the house. As soon as the two armies confronted each other, the rebels won the battle. They first beheaded Sun Jie, the general of the Song Dynasty: "I wish Sun Jie the first, Shi Quanbin the left and Liu Ji the right. Di Gong was in charge, followed by Yu Jing and Li ... Sun Jie relied on courage to compete with the terrain. Citizens clamored for the festival: Is this the right place? If you don't listen, you will die. Di Su Qi's voice exclaimed ... "(Song Xueshi Longtuge, Sun Weimin) Song Jun was once forced to retreat.
However, the war situation quickly changed dramatically. Jia Kui, the general of the Song Dynasty, took the opportunity to lead the troops, seized the highland from the back of the mountain, broke the position of the agricultural army, and split in two. At this point, Di Qing took advantage of the situation to dispatch cavalry to attack the peasant army together, annihilated more than 5,000 insurgents, captured Huang Shimi, the younger brother of Nong Zhizhong and other agricultural generals 157, and completely defeated the insurgents. One of the reasons for the failure of the agricultural army is that the agricultural army was wrongly deployed in Guirenpu, an open terrain, which was more beneficial to the enemy cavalry than to its own infantry.
This uprising is of great significance.
After the defeat of the peasant soldiers, they returned to Tancheng, while Di went after the victory to the north of the city and camped in the present Nanning People's Park, which almost matched the gate of Da Nan Guo. Suddenly, he was outnumbered, so he had to burn down the military camp on the 18th day of the first month of the fifth year of the Song Dynasty (1053), that is, less than 10 months after raising righteousness, give up the eternal life of the imperial capital, flee to Guangyuan, and then come to Dali (now Dali Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province), where he died two years later (see
The uprising of Zhuang's leading peasants against the Song court is undoubtedly a completely just war against oppression and exploitation by ruling groups at home and abroad, which has won the support of people of all ethnic groups along the way: many poems and folk stories praising peasants' resistance to the Song court still circulating in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou are proof of this.
Although the uprising ended in failure, it taught the Zhao Zhen ruling group a heavy lesson. After pingnong, it changed the ethnic policy towards Guangyuan and other border areas, and established a new Tuzhou, which eased the ethnic contradictions to some extent. On the other hand, the Song Dynasty's policy towards the new rulers of Jiaozhi country (now northern Vietnam) remained unchanged. As a result, the country's ambition to invade China is growing. Finally, 107 19 years later, 1 year, the toe-crossing countries invaded Guangxi on a large scale and slaughtered thousands of people in Tancheng.
Excerpted from Nanning Daily, June 2005 17.
Nong Kochi is a controversial historical figure. Does Nong Kochi belong to China or Viet Nam? Hero or thief? There is a lot of controversy in academic circles. The opposition of views just reflects the difference between historical view and historical text expression.
The logic of thinking that Nong Kochi belongs to Vietnam is that Nong Kochi is from Guangyuan, and Guangyuan Prefecture is now Guangyuan County in Vietnam, so Nong Kochi belongs to Vietnam. Its logical reasoning is clear. However, historical problems cannot be solved by logical reasoning alone, and historical facts should be fully considered. Tan Qixiang once criticized this attitude of doing research regardless of historical facts: "Today, this anti-historical view of discussing historical methods is still popular in some fields. This is the case, for example, when it comes to historical events about territories and nationalities. Today, all the places in China have been part of the Central Plains Dynasty in China since ancient times. On the contrary, all places in neighboring countries today are not allowed to mention the history of establishing counties even if there are hundreds or thousands of years in history. At that time, the relationship between the mainland and the border region was stubbornly described as international relations. "
Is Nong Gaozhi a national hero or a thief against historical progress? The view that agriculture is a thief against historical progress is more based on the unified position of feudal dynasties: agriculture against Song Dynasty is anti-feudal progress and anti-"unified".
Today, when we describe the history of China, we emphasize that China is a unified multi-ethnic country. However, the expression of "multi-ethnic" is often ignored because of its overemphasis on "unity", especially the southern ethnic minorities are basically completely included in the narrative scope of "unity" and have not received due attention. Therefore, when Nong Gaozhi was called a national hero, he faced many controversies and challenges. Songzan Gambu of the Tibetan, Genghis Khan of the Mongolian and Nurhachi of the Manchu all described them as heroes of the Chinese nation, which is understandable because they all maintained "unity". The historical position of Zhuang farmers' intellectual ability is controversial.
In fact, what we should question is not agricultural wisdom, but the mainstream historical text expression. At present, mainstream historical texts place too much emphasis on "great unity", while the "multi-ethnic" nature of historical development is often ignored.
How to balance the expression of "unity" and "multi-ethnicity" in historical texts? The key is to fully affirm the positive role of the local experience of ethnic minorities in the interactive development of multi-ethnic groups in the development of a unified country. In this way, Nong Gao Zhi should not be controversial, but should be evaluated fairly and objectively based on historical facts. As the leader of the Zhuang nationality, Nong Gaozhi led the Zhuang nationality and other ethnic minorities to resist predatory harassment, worked hard to safeguard the territorial integrity of the country and the interests of the working people, and also played an active role in promoting ethnic integration. Therefore, Nong is not only an outstanding Zhuang leader, but also a hero of the Chinese nation.
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