The first kind. Call quatrains "abridged sentences". It is considered that quatrains are four-line metrical poems, or the first two lines, or the first two lines, or the second two lines, or the middle two lines.
This is a popular saying after the Yuan Dynasty. Wang Fuzhi, a thinker in Qing Dynasty, pointed out: "Five-character quatrains come from five-character ancient poems and seven-character quatrains come from songs. These two bodies were originally before rhyme, and rhyme came from now on, which made them full of enthusiasm. " Zhao Zhixin, a poet and poetics theorist in the Qing Dynasty, also pointed out: "Two sentences are connected and four sentences are unique, which began in the Six Dynasties. Later generations of the Yuan Dynasty mistook quatrains for rhymes, which led to more problems. " It can be seen that the statement of sentence truncation is a formalistic assumption and is not credible.
The second kind. "Jueju" evolved from "five short words and seven short songs". Tang people endowed it with temperament, shaped it and became a quatrain. Each quatrain usually has five words and seven words, referred to as five quatrains and seven quatrains for short.
This statement is not accurate enough. What the Tang people endowed with temperament was temperament, which could not cover the whole quatrains. The poem named Jueju existed before the Tang Dynasty.
Therefore, the title of quatrains should be a poetic style with five or seven words as sentences and four sentences as articles. There is a difference between ancient times and law. In ancient times, it did not follow the rhythm of modern poetry, and the rhyme foot could be flat or even; The rhythm must follow the rhythm of modern poetry, and the rhyme must be flat. Its characteristics can be summarized in sixteen words: short space, clear language, ordinary subject matter and long affection.
Short space: If we compare a line of songs to a movie, then a quatrain is a painting. For example:
liangzhou district
(Tang Dynasty poet William Wang)
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa right away.
Don't laugh when you are drunk on the battlefield. How many people fought in ancient times?
This poem focuses on the contradiction between the pleasure of drinking and the bloody battlefield at the moment when you want to drink and the pipa urges you to drink.
Weicheng district
(Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei)
The rain in the early morning moistened the dust of the land, the inn of the inn, the branches and leaves of the inn, and a new leaf
Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their loved ones when they go out to Yang Guan in the west.
This poem is about a friend Yuan Er who sent an envoy to Anxi, and Wang Wei sent him to a guest house. Farewell, drinking and all these processes.
Talk, etc. , skip all don't write. Instead, we only choose scenes where other parties will break up to express our attachment.
Language clarity: it means that the expression of poetry should be clear, so that people can understand it at a glance. For example:
Thoughts in the dead of night
(Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai)
The foot of my bed is shining so brightly. Is there frost already?
I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic.
This little poem only uses a clear narrative to make the homesickness in the distance meaningful.
Return young
(Tang Dynasty poet He)
Young people leave home, old people return, and the local accent has not changed.
When children meet strangers, they will smile and ask where the guests are from.
None of the 28 words in the whole poem is uncommon, and there are no allusions, which are common sayings. But it contains the poet's feelings of visiting a foreign land for a long time and missing his hometown.
The theme is common: that is, the theme should be common, universal and rarely used. For example:
Stork tower
(Tang Dynasty poet Wang Zhihuan)
The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea.
By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
This poem expresses a universal and profound truth through the ordinary scene that the poet sees from a distance: "You can only see far by climbing the stairs".
willow
(Tang Dynasty poet He)
Jasper dressed as a tree, hanging down ten thousand green silk tapestries.
I don't know who cut the thin leaves, but the spring breeze in February is like scissors.
Through the description of common spring willows, this poem praises the spring when everything recovers and is full of vitality.
It is with these most common sights and feelings that quatrains express the poet's feelings and arouse the voices of others. Meaningful: it means that the poem has a long lasting charm and is full of affection, that is, singing three sighs and lingering sounds. For example:
Autumn night message autumn
(Tang Dynasty poet Wei)
When I walk on a cool autumn night, I think of you and sing my poems.
I heard the pine cone fall on the mountain, and you seemed to wake up.
Although this poem has a touch of pen and ink, it is simple and affectionate, concise and long, which makes people feel lasting charm and endless fun.
March for nine days, thinking about Chang' an home.
(Tang Dynasty poet Cen Can)
There is a strong desire to climb mountains, and no one brings wine.
I look at my hometown Chang 'an with a heavy heart. The chrysanthemums around this battlefield are scattered.
This double ninth festival poem, written by combining homesickness with worrying about the country, contains infinite charm in its simple quality, which can stand people's chewing and pondering and has profound implications.
Second, the formation of the five wonders
Hu Yinglin, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, put forward in his poem "Poetry": "Five or seven words are quatrains, and five short words and short songs are also changes." The quatrains originated from ancient poems, especially the four-sentence style of ancient folk songs.
However, the Great Wall ballads in the Qin Dynasty have been in the form of five words and four sentences, but the sentences rhyme and the style is not ancient; However, some five-character and four-sentence ballads in Yuefu poems of Han and Wei dynasties are rhymed with other sentences, which conforms to the unique style of ancient style. Such as: "picking sunflower, not hurting roots, hurting roots, sunflower is not born; Don't be ashamed of being poor, nor should you be ashamed of being poor. "So, the source of our five-character quatrains today can only be traced back to here.
This poetic style of five words and four sentences came into being in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, the Southern Dynasties were the most popular, with more than 100 songs with the theme of "Midnight". For example:
Midnight song
The night is too long to sleep, and the bright moon burns.
I want to hear voices, but I should promise in the air.
Four o'clock midnight song
The deep ice is three feet thick and the snow travels thousands of miles.
My heart is like a pine and cypress.
Change songs at midnight
I've never seen anyone convey emotions.
When you go out in the middle of the night, you will know the midnight change.
The number of northern dynasties is far less than that of southern dynasties. The artistic expression is also relatively simple. For example:
Folding Yang Liuzhi songs
There is a jujube in front of the door. I don't know how old it is.
Grandma won't get hugs from her grandchildren unless she marries her daughter.
This straightforward style of writing was unprecedented in the Southern Dynasties.
In the Northern Dynasties, ballads were the mainstay, mostly written orally. There were many characters in the Southern Dynasties, and the processing traces were obvious. It should be written by a scholar, and the artistic technique is relatively mature, which has a great influence on the five wonders of the Tang Dynasty. The five-character and four-sentence style in this period is mainly Yuefu music, with a small number of literary creations, narrow content and subject matter, simple artistic expression, and the main feature of "from Ming to nature". However, he made a useful attempt in art and provided a useful reference for the quatrains poets in the early Tang Dynasty.
There is not much difference between the style of the court five wonders in the early Tang Dynasty and that of the Six Dynasties. However, at this time, some works have paid attention to the metaphor of poetry, thus revealing the information of the times. For example:
Singing pomegranate
(Tang Dynasty poet Kong Shaoan)
Unfortunately, the atrium tree was uprooted and chased after Han Chen.
Just because it comes late, it opens less than in spring.
cicada
(Tang Dynasty poet Yu Shinan)
Drop a wisp of water to clear the dew, and let out the sparse tung.
Speak from a distance, don't borrow the autumn wind.
Ever since you left home.
(Tang Dynasty poet Zhang Jiuling)
Now that you're out, you don't care about the disabled machine anymore.
I miss you like a full moon, and the brightness is decreasing every night.
These poems have old themes but novel techniques. The interest of all poems lies not in things, but in people. For example, the Pomegranate Fu by Kong Shaoan is a poem written by the poet after he defected to Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, which shows the intention of meeting each other later. Yu Shinan's "Cicada" borrows the high notes of Cicada, which implies a feeling of life: as long as a person has noble character, he can be famous far and near even without external reference. In particular, Zhang Jiuling's "Out of the King" was unanimously praised by the predecessors as the first poem with the same title in ancient and modern times. In fact, this poem is only about Xin Hongzhi's work (since you came out, Liang has stopped flying. I miss you like a full moon, and I lose my light every night. ), changed a word and a word. What is the reason? The key is to send it. Poets use the bright moon to symbolize the purity, loyalty and singleness of women's feelings. Her face is haggard because of missing day and night. Just like the full moon, it is gradually weakening its brightness and gradually becoming a waning moon. This poem changed the relatively flat sentence in Xin Hongzhi's poem "Chen Liang doesn't fly" into "No longer care about the disabled machine", which not only resented his wife's feelings, but also implied a pun on political management. Changing "Rong Hui" to "Qinghui" not only rhymes better, but also means political clarity. The metaphor of the full moon implies that the two poles meet. The brightness of the full moon decreases every night. As soon as a short story like "Five Wonders" becomes popular, it is no longer a glance, but more intriguing, which increases the capacity of poetry. On the basis of the poems chanting things in the Six Dynasties, it brings forth the old and brings forth the new, which is a new level.
Especially in the early Tang Dynasty, the longevity of the Five Wonders was the most remarkable since the Six Dynasties. The representative of this period should be Wang Bo. Wang Bo was a poet who died young, ranking first among the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty. His literary proposition is to advocate practicality and strive to get rid of Qi Liang.