Confucianism is a special religion formed temporarily in China feudal society. There are different opinions about whether China has Confucianism. Some people think that without Confucianism, "Confucianism" is one of the "hundred flowers blossom" in the Warring States period of China era, and it is an academic faction. The word "Confucianism" was originally a modern honorific title for scholars. It means "excellent" and "harmonious". It is said that their intellectual knowledge can calm others and overwhelm them. So it can only be called "Confucianism". Some people think that there is Confucianism, the founder of Confucius, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used political rights to elevate Confucius' religion and establish Confucianism as a statue. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Buddha", "Tao" and "Confucianism" were called the three religions, and then, the three religions showed a trend of unity. With the support of feudal regime, the system of Confucianism was completed in Song Dynasty. It takes China's feudal ethics "three cardinal guides and five permanents" as the core, and absorbs the religious mind and self-restraint methods of Buddhism and metaphysics. Believing in "the relationship between heaven and earth" and "the relationship between monarch and teacher" is the center of China's feudal patriarchal clan system; "heaven and earth" is the theological basis of divine right of monarchy; A "teacher" is equivalent to a clergyman who displays classics and represents the words of heaven and earth. The Four Books and Five Classics are Confucian classics, and offering sacrifices to heaven, Confucius and ancestors are routine religious ceremonies. When children are studying at school and begin to accept the teachings of Confucianism, they should worship Confucius' memorial tablet. Confucius Temple (also known as Confucian Temple, Military Temple, Gong Xue, etc. ) From local to central prefectures and counties. As an occasion for Christians (Confucian scholars) to gather and worship. Although there are different views, whether it is called "Confucianism" or "Confucianism", its founder is Confucius.
Confucian (family) theory is very suitable for the strengths of the ruling class in feudal society. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty acceded to the throne, and announced to the world that he would abandon a hundred schools of thought, punish the Confucian mind and ask everyone to read the Six Classics. Governing the country with Confucian mind and putting Confucian mind in a unique position. In the future, at present, all dynasties try out the "imperial examination system" with Confucianism as the only subject to test their official positions, which forces people to learn Confucianism, so Confucianism can be carried forward temporarily. Confucianism ruled China for thousands of years, which played a tense role in fluctuating feudal order and prolonging the life of feudal society.
Confucianism, founded by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period, initially indirectly inherited the divinity of destiny and the religious mind respected by ancestors in the servant system of Yin and Zhou Dynasties. The center of this theory is to exaggerate respect for relatives, maintain the relative dominance of monarch and father, and stabilize the hierarchical system of autocratic patriarchal clan system. Therefore, this theory can meet the needs of feudal rulers with a little reform, and it is capable of further developing into a religion. However, in the pre-Qin period, it was not a religion, but as a political ethics theory, which stopped arguing with other schools. The development from Confucianism to Confucianism gradually stopped with the establishment and stability of the feudal empire, which has gone through a process of more than 1000 years. Confucius' theory has undergone two major changes. The first reform was carried out in the Han Dynasty, supported by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and promoted by Dong Zhongshu. This is the pace of the so-called "exempting a hundred schools of thought from contending and respecting Confucianism alone" in the history of China. The centralized feudal patriarchal dictatorship in the Han dynasty needs a religious philosophy system closely similar to it in cognitive form. Confucius was pushed to the front desk, and Dong Zhongshu and Bai Hutong used Confucius' mouth to publicize the religious nature suitable for the rulers of the Han Dynasty. In the second reform of the Song Dynasty, the rulers of the Song Dynasty seized power from the chaotic scene of evacuation in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. In view of the experience of the collapse of the former dynasty, they concentrated all political, military, financial and employment rights in one place. Song dynasty preferred to make concessions to the outside world, and at the same time strengthened the feudal patriarchal dictatorship system of local centralization at home; In the category of brain civilization, there should also be corresponding cognitive forms. Both Han and Tang Dynasties and Song and Ming Dynasties were centralized feudal patriarchal dictatorships, but the local rights became more and more similar, and the way of ruling in intellectual civilization became more and more detailed. In order to meet the needs of the rulers of the Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism came into being. Although the second reform of Confucianism was completed in the Song Dynasty, it can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Han Yu was introduced to the university and opposed the Buddhist legal system with Confucian orthodoxy. Li Ao used the doctrine of the mean to oppose the religious mysticism of Buddhism. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu designated The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean as the "Four Books" and expressed them with lifelong spirit. Zhu's "Notes on Four Books" has been designated as a universal teaching material by the feudal rulers of the Song Dynasty. The "Four Books" stand out among the Thirteen Classics and receive special attention.
The basic teachings of Confucianism:
"Three cardinal guides": 1) show virtue 2) be close to the people 3) stop at perfection.
"Eight Eyes": 1) Wu Ge 2) Zhi Zhi 3) Zhi Xin 4) Zheng Xin 5) Cultivate one's morality 6) Manage the family 7) Rule the country 8) Level the world.
"Three dads": Wisdom, Kindness and Courage
"Harmony with heaven and earth, harmony with the sun and the moon."
"Cultivating ambition and qi" and "cultivating noble spirit" (Mencius)
"Three Wisdom Practices": Scholars are wise, sages are wise, and sages are heaven (Song Zhou Dunyi)
"Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, carry forward the past and open up peace for the world." (Song Zhangzai)
"Be knowledgeable, go to class, think carefully, distinguish and do it." (The Doctrine of the Mean)
"Establish moral character, make a name for yourself in later generations, and let parents see that filial piety is the end. Filial piety begins with personal service, ends with service, and ends with taste. " (Xiao Jing)
Confucian thought
I. Overview of Confucianism ②
Confucianism fundamentally opposes the legislative standards of "kissing" and "respecting", maintains "rule by courtesy", advocates "rule by virtue" and pays attention to "rule by man". Confucianism had a great influence on feudal society and was temporarily regarded as orthodox by feudal rulers.
The basic meaning of Confucian "rule by courtesy" is "difference", even if you respect the elderly, you have your own special code of conduct. As long as the noble, the old and the young, the relatives and friends have their own manners, we can achieve the ideal society of Jun Jun, minister, father and son, brother, brother and husband and wife in the eyes of Confucianism. The chaos of the country depends on the fluctuation of hierarchical order. Confucian "ceremony" is also a way of law. Therefore, it maintains the patriarchal clan system as the center, and if it violates the standard of "ceremony", it will be punished by "punishment"
The Confucian theory of "ruling by virtue" advocates that morality should be used to infect and educate people. Confucianism believes that no matter whether animals are good or evil in nature, they can infect and educate people with morality. This kind of education is a kind of spiritual transformation, which enables people to live in harmony and know shame without being traitors. This is the most thorough, basic and positive method, and it can be done without legal sanctions.
The Confucian theory of "rule by man" is to pay attention to people's specialization, the development of people's moral quality and their sympathy, and treat people as a "person" with a changeable mind and huge choices, with automatic and ethical talents to govern. From this perspective, "rule by virtue" and "rule by man" are closely related. "Rule by virtue" exaggerates the order of education, while "rule by man" focuses on the moralist himself, which is a kind of saint politics. Because Confucianism believes that "moral character" has a great influence, on this basis, extreme "rule by man" doctrines such as "governing the people for politics" and "governing the people cannot" have been developed.
Second, the rule of law in the modern sense ③
It can be said that legalists' law enforcement thought is a "new learning" in the Warring States period. The so-called "new learning" refers to the "old learning" represented by Confucianism. The difference between "new learning" and "old learning" comes down to the difference between "rule by law" and "rule by courtesy" and "rule by virtue" and "rule by man".
Legalists' "rule of law" has its own characteristics: advocating intervention and supporting resignation; Reject "rule by man" and "rule by law"; Squeeze out "rule by courtesy" and refuse to recognize the existence of natural law; Advocate the supremacy of the country, and the power of social groups and even blood groups must obey the national power of the monarch; Support "hidden rules". The mind of legalists takes materialism as the starting point, always pays attention to the situation here and now, firmly believes that authority is omnipotent, but does not recognize the sanctity of human characteristics. Its politics advocates severe intervention, but intervention must be based on objective "material standards." This "material standard" is regarded as "correct and measured" law enforcement, and the ruler shall not arbitrarily punish the crime. As long as people are within the scope of law enforcement, they can lose their freedom of war and so on. The physical essence of "rule of law" is "rule of things", so it is also called "rule of things". (4) On the one hand, it is an objective, artificial, firm and stable method to measure all people with objective norms such as correctness, measurement, measurement and size; On the other hand, people are managed as things. In other words, people can be regarded as a tool that can be accurately weighed with firm, objective and correct "objects" such as size, regardless of people's special initiative.
Compared with the Confucian "rule of courtesy", the Legalist "rule of law" supports patriarchal hierarchy and hereditary system, demands reciprocity and illegality, and advocates the formulation and publication of written laws, but it is not uncommon to be intimate. Therefore, the secondary difference between "rule by courtesy" and "rule by law" lies not in sanctions, but in the content of the code of conduct itself. That is to say, the "difference" between nobility, lowliness, old and young, and closeness, as well as the standard of concerted action divorced from the law. Compared with "rule by virtue", "rule by law" belittles or completely denies the role of moral education, which is related to the fact that a few Confucians advocate the goodness of animals and legalists advocate the evil of animals.
Legalists' theory of "rule of law" is commendable at first, because it grasps the law of historical degradation and adapts to it to invent and support radicalism and fantasy. Its "theoretical body" and "obedience" all occur from this. However, its defect is that it goes too far and ignores the political complementary role of "ceremony", "virtue", "man" and "law". There are two reasons why "rule of law" is fleeting: First, rule by courtesy and rule by man has long been unpopular, and cooperation is the enemy of "rule of law". Although "rule of law" prevailed for the time being, it was finally surrendered by "rule by courtesy". Second, Legalists greatly exaggerated the power of the state and despised the power of the group. Although it can save the temporary disadvantages, it cannot guarantee the long-term stability of society. This is not only the reason why the heart of "rule of law" in Han Dynasty is not prosperous at present, but also the reason why law enforcement and jurisprudence are not prosperous. ②
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Brother. . You sent it to the wrong center. . Confucianism is not a sect. You are religious. . . . Disadvantages!
The Four Books and Five Classics are Confucian classics.
Not the Six Classics, but the Four Books and Five Classics. It's The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean.