(1) Zhengshi period: Five-character poems developed to Zhengshi period, which broke through the pattern of following the old topic of Yuefu in Jian 'an period, broke away from the old topic of Five-character poems and began to stand on its own feet. This is a great progress in the development history of five-character poetry. During this period, due to the darkness of politics, five-character poems presented an obscure form. The main writers are Ruan Ji:
Ruan Ji is the first person who has devoted himself to writing five-character poems since Jian 'an. He can absorb various influences and create a unique style, which occupies an important position in the history of the development of five-character poems. His eighty-two poems about memory are epoch-making works in the history of five-character poems. Specific performance in:
1, before that, the subject matter of literati's works was relatively narrow, focusing only on personal lamentations, while Ruan Ji's five-character poems chanting for his memory were the confluence of his life and feelings. He expressed his anguish, society and darkness in a tortuous way with simple and vivid language and symbolism, and raised the five-character poem to a new stage. In his hands, the five-character poem has become a model of confession and shirtless, and a tool for literati to express their thoughts and feelings.
2. The five-character poem for Ruan Ji is completely out of the flavor of folk songs. It is very reasonable to say in Shi Pin that "his poems originated from Xiao Ya".
3. Ruan Ji started a large-scale five-character poem.
4. He created a unique poetic style of "echo and escape".
5. His theme of "Yong Huai" has a great influence on later generations.
(3) Western Jin Dynasty: The whole literature of the Western Jin Dynasty is an era of pursuing gorgeous language and overwhelming content in form. In this era, Fan Yue, Lu Ji and Zuo made contributions to the development of five-character poems.
Fan Yue is the representative of formalism. Most of his works are thin in content and flowery in rhetoric, but a few chapters, such as Mourning for the Dead, are good at expressing feelings and retain the characteristics of folk songs, which are valuable in an era when glitz and extravagance prevail. It promoted the development of five-character poems in this period.
Lu Ji, like Fan Yue, blindly pursued the beauty of form and emphasized the over-processing and profundity of language, which had a great influence on later generations. But his emphasis on the neatness of poetry is of great significance in the history of the development of five-character poetry. Without him, China's poetry might only be satisfied with the simple and straightforward poetic style in the Han and Wei Dynasties.
It was Zuo Si who dared to confront the wind and waves of formalism at that time. He is ambitious, brilliant and rebellious, so his poems are vigorous, full of emotional appeal, magnificent and characterized by positive romanticism. The poem called "Zuo Si Feng" is obviously the inheritance and development of "Jian An Style".
In his early masterpiece "Ode to History", eight poems "created the style and opened the realm of chanting history", which incorporated his own subjective feelings, and then criticized unreasonable phenomena and systems through chanting history, expressing people of the same generation and class who could not restrain their grief and indignation, which was a milestone in the history of chanting history. His eight poems about epic poems pioneered China's five-character poems, which not only profoundly and comprehensively expressed the poet's feelings, but also marked the writer's literature entered a prosperous period.
From his poems, we can also see the further development of literary skills since Jian 'an. Duality and rhetoric are used in the poem, but due to proper tailoring and strict service to the content, it is so popular that there is no sense of redundancy and powerlessness at all. His poems not only enrich the style of five-character poems, but also make his artistic expression more mature.
(2) Eastern Jin Dynasty: Metaphysical poetry occupied the literary world in this period, which made literature seriously divorced from reality in content and lost its phenomenon and vividness in art. It was not until the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty that Tao Yuanming broke this situation and brought new vitality to the development of five-character poetry.
Tao Yuanming was born in a declining official family. In the family, he admired his great-grandfather Tao Kan's initiative and enterprising spirit, and especially appreciated his grandfather Meng Jia's desalination of nature. Confucianism and Taoism are integrated into one. In the early stage (before 4 1 year-old), he was eager to make progress and made a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. Emperor Wu of song joined the army and Peng, and the protagonist was Confucian spirit. However, due to the contradiction between Confucianism and Taoism, officials are sometimes hidden and indecisive. In the later period (after 4 1 year-old), Tao Yuanming resigned and retired, and broke away from the officialdom completely because of the turbulent political situation, sinister official career, corrupt official politics and strict gate system.
In his fourth year of seclusion, his hometown was burned down and his life fell into extreme poverty, but he lived in poverty and happiness. In the last few years in Yixi, the court recruited him as an official. In the third year of Yuanjia, Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, advised him to go out of the mountain. He kept a festival and refused to be an official. Obviously, Taoism played a leading role in this period.
Tao Yuanming was the most outstanding poet in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao poems 125, mostly five-character poems. From the content, it can be divided into three categories: drinking poems, chanting poems and pastoral poems.
1. Drinking poems
Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China literature who wrote a large number of drinking poems. The 20 songs he "drank" were all "intoxicating" or accused of inverting right and wrong, discrediting the same upper class; Or expose the decadent darkness of the world; Or reflect the sinister occupation; Or express the joy of the poet after he quit the officialdom; Or express the poet's grievances in difficulties. Judging from the interest and style of the poem, it may not be a work of the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling, killed him the following year, and established the Liu and Song Dynasties. Narrating wine records the process of usurping power in a subtle and tortuous way by metaphor. He expressed infinite sorrow for the downfall of Emperor Jin Gong and the Jin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming had lived in seclusion for many years and was used to troubled times and usurping power. But this poem still reveals his unforgettable human spirit.
Recite poetry
Represented by 12 miscellaneous poems and 13 reading Shan Hai Jing. 12' s miscellaneous poems mostly show their political depression after retirement, and express their noble personality of not drifting with the tide. It can be seen that the poet's heart is infinitely deep and broad. 13 in Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas expresses the same content by reciting the wonders in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. For example, the poem 10, by praising Jing Wei and Xing Tian's "fierce ambition is always there", expresses and shows that their ambition to help the world will never die.
3. pastoral poetry
Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievements. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's lofty interest in disdaining fame and fortune and his noble integrity in keeping his ambition; It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a scholar-bureaucrat, such thoughts, feelings and contents are unprecedented in the history of literature, especially in a society with strict gate system and concept. Some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also reflect his predicament in his later years, which can help us indirectly understand the miserable life of the peasant class at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden was written in the early Song Dynasty. It depicts a utopian ideal society. It shows the poet's complete denial of the existing social system and infinite admiration for the ideal world. It marks that Tao Yuanming's thought has reached a new height. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. With its simple and natural language and lofty artistic conception, it opened up a new world for China's poetry circle and directly influenced the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty.