1. topic expansion method. The titles of some articles can highly summarize the contents of the articles, and the main contents of the articles are obtained by slightly expanding and enriching them. For example, the title of the lesson "Flying over the Luding Bridge" should be appropriately added: This article is about how the Red Army overcame many difficulties to seize the Luding Bridge during the 25,000-mile long March. This is the main content of the text.
2. Factor induction. Narrative generally contains four elements: time, place, people and events. The main content is to find out the four elements in the article and organize it reasonably. For example, the four elements of the article "Dong Cunrui laid down his life to bomb the bunker": time1May 25, 948, the location was near Longhua Middle School, the character was Dong Cunrui, and the incident was that Dong Cunrui laid down his life to bomb the bunker. Summing up these four elements, we can get the main contents:1On May 25th, 948, in the battle to liberate Longhua, Dong Cunrui resolutely sacrificed and blew up the bunker on the way.
3. Paragraph merging method. Connecting each paragraph means the main content of the article. For example, the lesson of Huang Jiguang can be divided into four sections, which means: (1) Huang Jiguang's battalion has received a new combat mission; (2) Huang Jiguang well-documented to the instructor; (3) Huang Jiguang fought tenaciously and sacrificed heroically; (4) Huang Jiguang camp captured 597? Nine highlands. According to the passage, it can be summarized as follows: During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Chinese people's Volunteer Army soldier Huang Jiguang fought tenaciously and died heroically in the Battle of Shangganling.
4. Extract sentence by sentence. In some articles, the general opening, turning sentences and key paragraphs summarize the general idea of the full text. When reading, you can quote directly or sort it out a little, and you can grasp the main content. For example, the article "Growing Flowers" can be summarized according to the ending paragraph: the main text is about growing flowers with joy and sorrow, laughter and tears, and flowers with fruit and fragrance. It needs both labor and knowledge.
5. Take a people-oriented approach. For an article that has written several things, first distinguish the primary and secondary, and then summarize its main contents according to the main points. For example, peanuts wrote about planting peanuts, harvesting peanuts and tasting peanuts. From the article, "planting peanuts" and "harvesting peanuts" are short and secondary; "Taste Peanut" is very detailed and is the main one. According to the priority of the text, the main content of the article can be summarized as follows: "My" family celebrates the peanut harvest festival.
6. Question and answer method. Some questions, as long as they are answered, summarize the main content. For example, Flying over Luding Bridge asks the following questions: ① Under what circumstances did the Red Army fly over Luding Bridge? ② How did they "fly" and "seize"? (3) What was the result? Summarizing the answers to these questions is the main content.
In a word, there are many ways to summarize the main contents. Either way, you should read it carefully first. There are generally two ways to write poetry appreciation articles:
(1) comprehensive analysis-express your own views through the overall analysis of the whole poem.
In this position, the more complete writing is:
A. brief introduction of the author.
B. brief introduction to the writing background of the work.
C image analysis of works (interpretation or translation of poems, emotions and thoughts expressed in poems, artistic conception expressed in poems).
D. analysis of artistic techniques of works (usually combined with image analysis of works).
Image is an "image" containing "meaning" and an objective image used to entrust subjective feelings.
Image theory originated in China very early, Zhouyi? The copula is considered as "observing things and taking pictures" and "setting pictures to their best meaning". The image in Zhouyi is a divinatory image, a symbol, and a sixty-four hexagrams trying to summarize everything in the world, which belongs to the philosophical category. Poetics borrowed and extended the principle of "setting an image to the best of its meaning", but the "image" in poetry is not a divinatory image, not an abstract symbol, but a concrete and sensible object image.
The practical application of image in poetry should be before the formation of image theory. According to legend, when Shun abdicated, he sang "Qing" with his ministers, saying, "Clear clouds are rotten, embarrassing, and the sun and the moon are bright, which is Fudan!" (1) This is a pure image poem, which skillfully uses images. The auspicious clouds are bright and endless, and the sun and the moon shine on the world forever, symbolizing the prosperity of the country and the long education, and sending praises and blessings. The image theory of poetry, if not borrowed from the image theory of Zhouyi, will also be summarized from the image practice of poetry.
Poetry attaches importance to images because "words can't convey all the meaning" and logical language can't perfectly express the meaning in the poet's mind, so we have to "set images to convey all the meaning", (2) use images to appeal to sensibility and make another expression. "In fact, words and symbols have little aftertaste, and it is difficult for animals to express their feelings directly, so they show images." (3) The purpose and function of image in poetry is to mark "meaning" with "image". Image is a metaphor, a symbol, and it is "endless meaning, which can be seen beyond the words".
China's poetics has always attached importance to the relationship between "meaning" and "image", namely, the relationship between "emotion" and "scene", the relationship between "mind" and "object", and the relationship between "spirit" and "form". There is a lot of discussion in this regard. For example, as Liu Xie pointed out, the idea of poetry lies in "wandering between gods and things"; Xie Zhen said that "scenery is the medium of poetry"; Wang Fuzhi said: "If you can get your heart from the scenery and your spirit from the body, you will have your own well-informed words and participate in the wonders of chemical industry." Until Wang Guowei said that "all landscape words are sentimental words". Empathy for scenery, intention for things, focus on form and implication for images are actually just different manifestations of poetic images in China's traditional poetics.
As hieroglyphics, Chinese characters come from primitive hieroglyphics, such as sun, moon, water, fire, mountains, Sichuan, horses and cattle. Compared with western phonetic symbols, Chinese characters have a natural connection with poetic images, and some people even put forward "word thinking" on this basis. However, Chinese characters, as hieroglyphics, have been gradually abstracted in the long-term evolution. Among the six ways of word formation: referring to things, pictographic characters, pictophonetic characters, cognition, diversion and excuses, the proportion of pictographic characters is getting smaller and smaller. Modern Chinese characters have become a set of pure semantic symbols. Therefore, the image expression of poetry mainly depends on the text of the object, not on the image of the text itself. Nevertheless, the remaining pictographic features of Chinese characters contribute to the image expression of poetry. Pound (1885- 1972), an American poet who praised China's classical poetry, once lamented: "Chinese composed of hieroglyphs is always poetic, and it cannot but be poetic. On the contrary, a large line of English words is not easy to become poetry. "
It is said that image art was not "exported" to the west until the beginning of the twentieth century. As a leader of Imagism, Pound read Liang Tou Shu? Tibial diarrhea? Nuoyan? Hey? ⑾ frame dad drain? Is benzene difficult to reduce? Stunning? Joe ü? What is your loyalty? Do you know how to copy the tanning sword? What is your guide? Hey, Stu? Locust tibial condyle sole? What happened? Pang Yan brothers? ! What's the matter with you? Waterlogged sheath? Do you want to do everything? What's the matter with you? A scabbard? Grapefruit? Do it! ? 5) The so-called simile or metaphor is also a figurative image, the so-called metaphor. Hegel's definition of beauty and art is also related to the image theory of poetry: "Beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas." "The content of art is the concept, and the form of art is the image of appealing to the senses. Art should reconcile these two aspects into a free and unified whole. " (6)
The so-called "China poets express everything through images" is only applicable to poems with images (pure image poems), but not to poems with outspoken meanings (embellished image poems). China's poems are expressed in two basic ways: conception and direct expression. The latter is actually a direct expression of their own thoughts, just embellishing some images. Pound said: "The main point of Imagism is not to decorate with images." In a poem that tells the truth, the function of image lies in ornament and decoration. Pound admired only one of the expressive methods of China's poems. He only knew one of them, but he didn't know the other. However, mainstream western poetics only knows one of them, but not the other. This is also the reason why Pound's Imagism is regarded as different in the West.
E. comprehensive evaluation of the artistic features of the work (often with the meaning of summary).
If completeness is not required, the author's introduction and writing background can be omitted.
⑵ Theme analysis-analyze the most prominent aspects of poetry and express your own views.
When using this writing method, we often only grasp one aspect, such as artistic conception, language expression, the beauty of expressing thoughts and feelings in some way and so on. Other aspects are ignored, so its length is generally short and small.
It must be pointed out that no matter which writing method is adopted, the appreciator should have his own understanding and analysis of the poem, and try to avoid imitating others or even copying it.