Try to talk about Chinese core literacy and its cultivation
1. Understanding of several concepts
To talk about "Chinese core literacy", several concepts must be clarified .
What is "literacy"? Su can be understood as true nature and essence; nurturing can be understood as cultivation, education and cultivation. Elements focus on innate internal genetic genes, personality traits, and personality tendencies; cultivation focuses on acquired external education, cultural influence, and life experience. "Literacy" refers to the abilities and accomplishments that an individual acquires through acquired education and training based on the material basis of genetic genes.
What is "core literacy"? This is a brand-new concept that first appeared in the "Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening Curriculum Reform and Implementing the Fundamental Task of Building Morality and Cultivating People" issued by the Ministry of Education. "Core Competencies" were placed in the "Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening Curriculum Reform and Implementing the Fundamental Task of Building Morality and Cultivating People" issued by the Ministry of Education. basic status. "Core competencies" refer to the necessary qualities and key abilities that students should possess to meet the needs of lifelong development and social development. Comprehensive performance is nine major qualities, namely: "social responsibility, national identity, international understanding, humanistic heritage, scientific spirit, aesthetic taste, physical and mental health, learning to learn, and practical innovation."
What is "Chinese core literacy"? The "High School Chinese Curriculum Standards" decomposes "Chinese core literacy" into four dimensions: language ability, thinking ability, aesthetic taste and cultural accomplishment. I believe that the so-called "core literacy" must be the most basic, most important, and most essential literacy. It is a literacy with growth potential and a seed literacy. Based on this understanding, I believe that "Chinese core literacy" can be refined into language ability and humanistic accomplishment.
The key ability of Chinese language is language ability. If a person can speak eloquently, speak well, write well, and the language is vivid and contagious, we can say that this person has strong Chinese literacy. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "Laughter, anger and scolding all become articles." Thinking ability can be integrated into language ability, because language is the material shell of thinking and the carrier of thinking. If a person's language is highly organized and his language is profound and sharp, then we can say that this person's thinking is organized and profound. If someone's language is confusing, confusing, and the preface and the follower are inconsistent, we can say that this person's thinking is chaotic and unorganized. Language is the expression of thinking and the external characteristics of thinking. They are inseparable and inseparable.
Aesthetic taste and cultural accomplishment can be integrated into humanistic accomplishment. If language ability is the key ability of Chinese language, then humanistic accomplishment is the necessary character of Chinese language. Humanistic cultivation guides language ability and provides an inexhaustible source of strength for language ability.
2. What is the connotation of Chinese core literacy?
Humanistic cultivation includes three dimensions:
One is emotion, attitude, and value. To look at a person's core literacy in Chinese, we must first see whether he or she likes Chinese and whether he or she is interested in Chinese. With interest and hobbies, he or she will enjoy it endlessly. Mr. Qian Liqun once said: "Interest makes people excellent, and tasks can only make people qualified." Mr. Bing Xin said: "With love, there is everything." With love, there is motivation, there is fun, and everything is possible. With time, there is accumulation, foundation, growth, and achievements...
Values ??guide capabilities. The so-called values, in layman’s terms, refer to the judgment and choice of right and wrong, good and bad. The country now promotes socialist core values, which is a correction to the original value education that had no value judgment or was chaotic. For a while, the education sector promoted multiple values ??or even no value orientation. As a result, students did not distinguish between right and wrong, good or bad. For example, when an old man falls on the road, young people dare not help him up; they think that those who make money are successful people, etc. These wrong value orientations are harmful to young people. Chinese language education for thousands of years has emphasized that "literature conveys the Tao", and the "Tao" here refers to values. We must not throw away the excellent traditions of our ancestors!
The second is aesthetic taste. Aesthetic taste is the special ability of aesthetic subjects to appreciate, identify and judge beauty and ugliness, including aesthetic perception, sensitivity, imagination, judgment and creativity.
“Everyone has a love for beauty.” But what is beauty is a matter of opinion. To cultivate students' aesthetic taste in Chinese education, we must first let students distinguish what is beautiful and what is ugly? We cannot regard weirdness as beauty, strangeness as beauty, vulgarity as beauty, let alone ugliness as beauty. So what is beauty? I think "truth" is beauty. Truth, goodness and beauty are really the prerequisite. If authenticity, sincerity and truth are lost, beauty will have no foundation. All fake things are not beautiful! "When a fake pretends to be true, the truth is also false." In today's society, fakes are rampant. People are proud of lip-syncing, pretending to be true, and telling lies one after another. What's wrong with that? It’s really the bottom line, the guarantee of beauty. Goodness is also beauty. All good deeds are good deeds! Kindness is a virtue. Cultivating a kind citizen is better than "exquisite egoism" with a hundred high scores. We must praise students for their good deeds, sympathize with the weak, be fair and just, act bravely when seeing justice, and have compassion. Flattery, good people with character are beautiful people.
“It’s not that there is no beauty in life, but that there is a lack of eyes to discover beauty.” We must train children to develop a pair of “fiery eyes” to discover beauty, appreciate beauty, and create beauty. If everyone had beautiful eyes, a beautiful mind, and beautiful hands, how beautiful our world would be!
The third is cultural heritage.
A person with core literacy in Chinese must have a profound cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is a big concept. As far as the Chinese language discipline is concerned, the so-called cultural heritage refers to a person's accumulation of all classic cultures at home and abroad, both ancient and modern. What kind of cultural background does one need to be a Chinese literate person?
Needs the foundation of classic poetry. China is a country of poetry, Chinese culture is a poetic culture, and it is poetry that has nurtured the Chinese nation. Confucius said: "If you don't read poetry, you have nothing to say." "Three hundred poems can be summed up in one sentence, and the thoughts are innocent." "Why don't you learn from your husband's poetry? Poetry can be exciting, watchable, grouped, and resentful; Those who are near are my father, those who are far are my king; I know more about the names of birds, animals, and trees. "Poetry teaches people to be gentle and honest, to be polite, and to have the spirit of poetry and calligraphy in their belly." Reading poetry makes people beautiful. People who grow up reading poetry are moved inside and beautiful outside. A nation composed of elegant, gentle and kind-hearted people, what an excellent nation it is!
Requires knowledge of literary classics. Literary masterpieces are the culmination of national culture and the spokesperson for the national spirit and soul. "Journey to the West" cultivates children's unlimited imagination. "You can go up to the nine heavens to catch the moon, you can go down to the five oceans to catch turtles." He can have three heads and six arms, and he can live forever; he can fly in the three realms, and he can swim in the Dragon Palace; the young man's wonderful imagination is ignited in a "Journey to the West". "Water Margin" cultivates students' fair and chivalrous spirit, "When you see injustice on the road, roar and take action when it's time to take action." "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has created a wisdom-incarnated Zhuge Liang for the students. Countless teenagers have read "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" after Kong Ming, who dreams of becoming a "Feather Fan Lunjin", has a brilliant plan and can win thousands of miles away. "Dream of Red Mansions" is the epitome of Chinese culture. "Dream of Red Mansions" describes all kinds of things in the world. It is both a study of Chinese culture and human nature; it is a love novel and a study of human relations; it includes both architecture and clothing studies. , cooking, medicine, poetry... "A Dream of Red Mansions" is an all-encompassing independent "Red Studies". Literary classics lay the foundation for students' culture and provide a bright foundation for students' spirit.
Requires a foundation in literature, philosophy and history. The ancients said that literature, philosophy and history are not divided into families. Literature is the study of humanities, and literature is the image and illustration of human society. Philosophy is the study of all learning, guiding all sciences, and is full of curiosity, questions, inquiry and wisdom. Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom and the love of wisdom. History is full of wisdom, and reading history makes people wise; literature is full of wisdom, and literature gives people inspiration, imagination, and enlightenment of truth, goodness, and beauty. When literature, philosophy and history are integrated, our hearts will be filled with the light of wisdom.
Language ability includes two major dimensions:
One is the dimension of speaking, writing and expression. Strong language skills are first reflected in strong speaking and writing skills. When discussing, one can speak like a river, eloquent, with witty words, and vivid and colorful words; when writing, one can express his thoughts well, his pens are full of flowers, his writing is like a god, full of interest, and he can finish it in one stroke. This is a sign of strong language skills.
Oral expression is particularly important in modern society. As short as a few words, it hits the key points and as the finishing touch; as long as it is eloquent, without branches or branches, it is gripping. Spoken language emphasizes short sentences, clarity, and rhythm.
Writing is a written expression, and writing must be reader-conscious. To make others enjoy reading, it must be interesting and interesting; to make others read clearly, it must focus on the theme and be popular and fluent; to make others read with taste, it must emphasize the artistry of expression, whether it is implicit, humorous, funny, or solemn. , making readers feel as if "I will never get tired of reading you a thousand times."
The second is the dimension of listening, reading and absorption. Being able to understand what others are saying is a skill. You need to be able to understand what others are saying, and you also need to be able to understand what others are saying outside of their words. To be able to capture the main information of other people's words, you must be able to extract the main spirit and main outline of a report or lecture; you must also have strong retelling ability. After listening to a story or a narrative, you must be able to paraphrase and Creative retelling is a childish skill developed by young masters of Chinese language such as Mo Yan and Hu Shi.
Reading various articles is an important language skill. When reading poetry, one can understand the inner emotions and artistic conception of the poem; when reading prose, one can grasp the literary eye and pause immediately; when reading novels, one can read out the character and image of the characters in the development of the plot; when reading modern expository texts, one can Can grasp the key points, understand the principles, and operate according to the rules. Literature has three flavors, "reading the classics tastes like rice beams, reading history tastes like delicacies, and reading hundreds of schools of thought tastes like glutinous rice". We must truly understand the far-reaching meaning of "poems and books have a long-lasting taste".
3. What are the general strategies for cultivating core competencies?
1. Pay attention to reading
Everyone knows the importance of reading. How to pay attention to reading in daily teaching?
First, we must pay attention to reading in class. In-class reading first refers to textbook reading. The textbooks are carefully selected by the editors, and most of them are beautiful in both text and quality. Our teachers should guide students to read with concentration, taste carefully, and transform themselves into others.
I have a suggestion about reading textbooks: avoid reading in general terms, grasp one point and go in depth. For example, reading "Li Shizhen Stayed at the Ancient Temple at Night" will allow students to understand the beauty of environmental description; reading "The Sea in Yantai" will allow students to learn to use metaphors to describe a place's scenery; reading "The First Apricot Blossom" will allow students to Students practice using character prompts. If you persist for such a long time, students will definitely gain a lot.
Second, we must pay attention to extracurricular reading. The "Curriculum Standards" point out: "We must pay attention to cultivating students' broad reading interests, expanding their reading coverage, increasing their reading volume, and improving their reading taste.
It is advocated to do less questions, read more, read well, read good books, and read the whole book. "Mr. Zhou Guoping pointed out in the article "If I were a Chinese teacher": "If I were a Chinese teacher, I would only ask students to do two things. One is to let students read a lot and develop the habit of reading every day. Another thing is to get students into the habit of writing a diary every day. "A habit of reading and a habit of writing capture the essence of Chinese teaching.
The first priority in extracurricular reading is to cultivate students' interest in reading. "Interest is the best teacher." This is It's the truth! Second, it is to develop the habit of loving reading. Good habits are literacy. Once students develop the habit of not letting go of books, their lives will be half successful.
Third, we must pay attention to personalization. Reading. “Reading is an individualized activity for students. "Different students have different reading interests and tendencies. Girls like beautiful articles, boys like science fiction, children like fairy tales and myths, and teenagers like real-life detectives. We should encourage students to have different reading interests, don't stop them, don't stifle them, in encouragement, During appreciation, students should be gradually guided to expand their reading interests and develop diverse reading interests. Even if students’ reading interests are relatively narrow, they should be respected and encouraged. 2. Pay attention to accumulation.
Reading is absorption and accumulation. But the accumulation I emphasize here refers to the accumulation of classic poems and recitations. Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: I would rather memorize a collection of poems than read a hundred. Collection of poems. Because after all, the collection of poems that I have read belongs to others, and the collection of poems that I have memorized becomes my own. For example, the articles that I have read are like the delicious food that I have seen in a restaurant. The poems you read, like the food you eat, will become your spiritual nourishment and nourish you for life.
What should be accumulated in primary school?
The first is poetry. Accumulation. I think it is not a problem to memorize two to three hundred poems in primary school, starting with five-character quatrains, and gradually moving to seven-character quatrains, 300 poems and Song poems, an average of 50 poems per year in 6 years, 25 poems per semester. A little more at the beginning will not increase the burden on students at all. When reciting poetry, you must recite it thoroughly and understand the main idea. Only by mastering it can you remember it for a lifetime. Of course, you can also recite excellent modern and contemporary children's poems. Among them, you must choose excellent and recognized ones.
The second is the accumulation of Chinese classics, such as "Three Character Classic", "Disciple Rules", "Thousand Character Classic", "Li Weng Duiyun" and "Rhythm Enlightenment". ", such traditional and beautiful articles with short sentences and rhymes should be recited by students. I am opposed to rote memorization. Students should be interested in reciting. Recitation can attract students by telling stories and legends. , students can memorize it, and display sessions and venues can be arranged to allow students to enjoy the joy of success. Middle and senior grades can also memorize excerpts from The Analects of Confucius, Laozi, Daxue, Doctrine of the Mean, and Mencius, sowing the seeds of traditional culture to students from an early age. Seeds.
3. Pay attention to thinking
Confucius said: “Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril. "Brecht said: "Thought is one of mankind's greatest pleasures. "People become great because of thinking, people become happy because of thinking, and people grow because of thinking. However, throughout the current Chinese language classroom, false questions, shallow thinking, and no thinking are everywhere. A good classroom is an important evaluation criterion. It is the length of effective thinking, the depth of valuable thinking, and the intensity of deep thinking.
How to increase effective thinking and deep thinking in classroom teaching to challenge students’ intelligence?
First, let students pick the "peaches" in a jump. "Jump in a jump" means that students must go through thinking, hard work, exploration, collision, and even setbacks to prevent students from failing in the book. Find ready-made answers and prevent students from blurting out the answer without thinking. For example, in Li Bai's poem "Gift to Wang Lun", if you ask "How can we see Wang Lun's deep friendship for Li Bai?" "This is a simple question, and students can answer it without thinking: "The water in Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, and it is not as deep as Wang Lun's gift to me." "If you ask: "Why did Wang Lun not send him off earlier or later, but waited until Li Bai got on the boat to leave before he came to see him off? "This is a real question, a question worth thinking about. Students must connect the relationship between the two people and use rich imagination to answer it.
Secondly, students are not given the only answer. The Chinese subject is different from In the subject of mathematics, the answer is often not unique. If the unified standard answer is emphasized, it will limit students' thinking and imprison their thinking. Chinese answers are not evaluated by "right" and "wrong", but by "good" and "good". It is measured by "not good". For example, "Sun Xingzhe" is used as the first couplet, and students are asked to answer its second couplet. Students can answer "Tang Sanzang", they can answer "Hu Shizhi", or they can answer "Zu Chongzhi". The correct answer. But in comparison, "Zu Chongzhi" is more neat and appropriate, so it is more excellent. If the students' thinking is opened and each student can give a unique answer, the students' innovative thinking will be improved. Sparks will shine.
3. Pay attention to expression
Three minutes of speeches and short story sessions before class, allowing students to express their opinions loudly in groups and classes. Class speech stars, etc., are all effective measures to cultivate students' oral expression ability.
Written expression ability should attract the attention of Chinese teachers. There are many ways and methods to cultivate students' written expression ability, and the most effective one is this. , the most feasible method for the majority of front-line teachers is to combine reading and writing.
For example, studying "Li Shizhen Stays at the Ancient Temple at Night" allows students to practice describing the environment by imitating the text. Studying "Spring Couplets" allows students to practice the Chinese language of the couplets and practice the words and sentences. Studying "The Apprenticeship of Maupassant" allows students to observe the clothes, expressions and gaits of the three characters passing by on the road, and practice describing the details. Practice one lesson at a time, choose the right combination of reading and writing, study one lesson and practice one lesson, and you will be able to enter the hall of written expression step by step and learn the true meaning of expression.
4. Suggestions for improving classroom teaching and improving core Chinese literacy
1. Start at a higher starting point. The starting point is the starting point of teaching and learning. Students are not a blank slate, they already have a certain cognitive foundation and life experience. Especially in the current network society, students have diversified ways to obtain information and knowledge, and they may not necessarily know less than teachers. If teachers still teach from scratch, it will inevitably dampen students' cognitive dignity and enthusiasm for learning, making students feel that the Chinese subject is too "pediatric" and there is no fun in learning challenges. How to achieve "a higher starting point"? Our experience is to put learning first and allow students to study before class. Teachers design "study sheets" in advance to allow students to fully study before class. The starting point of classroom teaching will naturally improve. Students truly enter the classroom with questions, thoughts, and insights, and have equal conversations and exchanges with teachers in the classroom.
2. The capacity is larger. More than 95% of primary school Chinese text selections are in vernacular. The characteristic of vernacular is that it is as clear as words, easy to understand, and there is no need to "chew carefully". In traditional Chinese language classes, one text usually takes two to three hours to teach, so there is less time and waste. In fact, our senior, the famous special teacher Huo Maozheng, has long explored an efficient way of teaching Chinese: while others learn more than 20 texts in one semester, she teaches 95 texts in one semester. Facts have proven that this experience is effective and completely possible! How to increase the capacity? The methods are: one is thematic reading. Focusing on a theme, teach one article and several articles to highlight the understanding of the theme; the second is stylistic reading. Focus on a certain literary style, teach one article and several articles to highlight the characteristics of the style; the third is writing and reading. Focusing on writing techniques, teach one article and several articles to highlight writing methods.
3. A little more difficult. Teaching must be difficult to a certain extent, which is a very important teaching principle. However, our Chinese language subjects often ignore this principle, so it doesn’t matter if students don’t take Chinese classes for a month or even a semester. A good classroom must have intense intellectual life, which is in line with the laws of brain science. The characteristic of the brain is that it likes the new and hates the old, and likes challenges. New knowledge is naturally attractive and charming to the human brain. When new knowledge is challenging and stimulating, the brain is in a state of excitement, brain cells are activated, and thinking develops. Of course, difficulty is relative. What most students can solve after thinking, colliding, communicating, and being inspired and guided by teachers is the appropriate level of difficulty. This is the "child's level of difficulty." To this end, it is crucial for teachers to select appropriate texts and design thoughtful questions during lesson preparation, which can fully reflect the teacher's teaching quality and teaching art.
4. Have a wider field of vision. A broader vision means that teachers should have a broader vision of course content. Mr. Lu Shuxiang said: "Learning the Dharma in the classroom also benefits from outside the classroom." Chinese teachers should pay attention to both textbook texts and extracurricular texts; they should pay attention to both Tang poetry and Song lyrics, as well as Chinese classics; they should pay attention to both ancient myths and We must pay attention to modern picture books; we must pay attention to both Chinese fairy tales and world children's literature... The extension of life is as broad as the extension of language. Teachers’ curriculum vision affects students’ ideological vision, and our Chinese courses should be open to all directions.
5. Make teaching fun. Whether teaching is interesting is directly related to students' emotional attitude towards the Chinese subject. I once conducted a survey to find out what kind of teaching students welcomed most. The teaching that is most popular among students is interesting, humorous, fun and lively. I have said this: "The highest state of Chinese teaching is fun." Fun means raising teaching to the state of art, to the state of doing whatever you want, and to the state of being happy to learn. Mr. Liang Qichao said in the article "The Interest of Learning": "I am a person who advocates the doctrine of interest. If we chemically separate the thing 'Liang Qichao' and extract out the element called 'interest' contained in it, I am afraid that All that is left is zero. "Making knowledge fun, making classroom fun, making teaching fun, and making Chinese fun should be the realm that our Chinese teachers pursue throughout their lives.