With an inch in diameter and a rhizome, you can cover the hundred feet.
The world is tall and handsome.
Because of the terrain, the origin is not once.
Borrowed his old job and that seven-leaf Korean mink.
Feng Gong is not Wei, and Bai Shou does not move.
This song was written under the gate valve system. Talented people are suppressed because of their humble origins. Children of aristocratic families, whether talented or not, occupy important positions, resulting in the unfair phenomenon of "no poverty in the top grade, no powerful family in the bottom grade" (Liu Yichuan in the Book of Jin). The four sentences of "Pine Tree at the Bottom of a Depressed Valley" show the injustice of the world at that time in a comparative way. "Pine at the bottom of the stream" is a metaphor for a scholar born in poverty, and "Miao on the mountain" is a metaphor for a noble family. Only an inch thick saplings on the mountain actually cover a hundred feet long trees at the bottom of the canyon. On the surface, this is a natural scene. In fact, the poet regards this as a metaphor for human injustice, which contains specific social content. Vivid image, implicit performance. China's classical poems often use Song to describe people. Before this poem, such as Serina Liu's "To My Brother"; After this poem, such as To Wang Guiyang by Wu Jun, it is a loose metaphor for people's noble character, with rich connotations.
These four sentences, "The world is big, it is high", are written that the children of aristocratic families occupied the position of senior officials at that time, while the scholars from humble origins sank into the humble official position. This phenomenon is like "pine trees at the bottom of ravines" and "seedlings on mountains". It's the terrain that makes them so. It has a long history, and it will not happen overnight. At this point, poetry becomes clearer from hidden to obvious. Here, with vivid language, the unreasonable phenomenon caused by gate valve system is strongly exposed. Historically, the gate valve system had developed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Cao Wei promoted the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System" to consolidate the gate valve rule. During the Western Jin Dynasty, due to the continued implementation of the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System", the rule of gate valves was further strengthened, and its disadvantages became increasingly obvious. Duan Zhuo said: "Today Taige chose chaos; Do interview people, only ask Chiang Kai-shek. Therefore, according to the top grade, it is either the son of the vassal or the Kundi of Dangtu. If they are all, then they are handsome, and there is no Lu Chen! " ("The Book of Jin Duan Zhuochuan") At that time, the imperial court only used genuine products. As a result, the children of the powerful are among the best, and the career of the poor is blocked. Liu Yi's famous "Eight Losses" severely condemned Chiang Kai-shek's injustice: "Today, what is correct and unrealistic depends on the interests of the party; If you don't weigh evenly, you must follow love and hate. If you want what you want, you will get what you want. If you want what you want, you will find fault and be competitive. Is this right or wrong? The rise and fall of the world, regardless of the actual situation, the decline will be broken, and the rise will be removed. A person's health will be different after more than ten days. Either he is self-sufficient in goods or plans to promote it. Those who are attached get it, and those who keep it are tired. If you don't report to your body, you will see it cut. If you are selfish, you will get what you want. That is, the above products are not poor, and the inferior products have no potential. There are times when all songs have their reasons. It is the root of chaos and the way to lose politics. " ("Liu Jin Yichuan Book") These remarks all reflected the corruption in employing people at that time. This poem by Zuo Si, based on his own experience, made a fierce attack on the current disadvantages, which is of great political significance.
The four sentences "Zhang Jin borrowed his old business" are closely related to "the origin is not once" Content from general to individual, more specific. Kim, refers to the Jin Ridi family. According to the biography of Han Jin Ridi, there were eunuchs in the seven generations of Emperor Wu, Emperor Zhao, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping. Zhang, refers to the Zhang Tang family. According to Zhang Han's Biography of the Tang Dynasty, since Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, more than ten members of the Zhang family have been riding horses in the middle and regular places and listed as a captain. "In the world of heroes, only Jin and Zhang are close relatives, and they are more precious than their consorts." This is one aspect. On the other hand, Feng Gong, namely Feng Tang. He was born during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and he was very talented, but he was old and only became a small official like Director Zhong Lang. Here, by means of comparison, the specific content of "the world is high, handsome and heavy in the present position" is expressed. And it is closely related to the poem "Yong Shi". He Chao has long been uneasy, and Zuo Si's "Ode to History" is actually a chant for the bosom. Poets only use history to express their weapons and mercilessly expose and attack unreasonable social phenomena.
This poem is not only "Zhang Jin borrows his old line", but also uses the method of contrast throughout, so it is very vivid and vivid. Plus the content from hidden to obvious, layer by layer concrete, good artistic effect.
Eight Poems on Historical Poems is a group of poems on historical poems created by Zuo Si, a writer in Jin Dynasty. It is called "Ode to History", which is actually "Ode to Huai", watering the poet's mind with ancient events. Poetry group, with its profound social connotation, has forged Zuo Si's lifelong ideal and occupies a special position in the history of creation. Poet critics of past dynasties spoke highly of this group of poems.
Eight epic poems
one
A weak crown makes people weak and become a good scholar.
On the deficiency of quasi-Qin and quasi-Zi.
The border town is bitter, and the feather flies to Kyoto.
Although he is not an armor, he has seen the past.
Whistling stirs the breeze, without Dongwu.
Lead knives are expensive, and dreams are better.
The person with high position becomes Jiang Xiang, and the person with high power becomes Hu Qiang.
If you succeed, you will not be knighted, and you will return to Tianlu for a long time.
Secondly,
The bottom of the gloomy ravine is loose, leaving seedlings on the mountain.
With an inch in diameter and a rhizome, you can cover the hundred feet.
The world is tall and handsome.
Because of the terrain, the origin is not once.
Borrowed his old job and that seven-leaf Korean mink.
Feng Gong is not Wei, and Bai Shou does not move.
third
I hope Duan Ganmu will give Wei Jun an end. ..
I admire Lu Zhonglian, but I smile at Qin Jun.
The world is expensive and unruly, and troubles can solve disputes.
You will be rewarded for your achievements and shame, and your integrity will stand out.
The pro-group refused to give up, preferring to divide for the title.
Even Yao Xi's vestibule is like a cloud.
Fourth.
In the capital of Gigi, there is a great prince.
The four techniques of crown and yin, Zhu Lun is actually long.
Gather in the Golden Pavilion and stay at Xushi Road at dusk.
Zhong Qing is in the south and blowing sheng is in the north.
Lonely Yangzifu, the door is not clear and harmonious.
The space is not big, and it is also in the dark.
Words are similar, and words are similar to fu.
It has a long history and a good reputation in eight districts.
Fifth.
The sky is bright and comfortable, and the spirit shines in China.
In the purple palace of Zhufu, flying like Yunfu.
In halls, all princes are nobles.
Since you are not a dragon climber, what is a tour?
When you are brown, you will follow the leader.
Trembling clothes, Wan Li flow.
Sixth.
Drinking Yan City in Jing Ke, full of wine is beneficial to the earthquake.
Sigh, drifting away, indicating that there is no one nearby.
Although there is no day when a strong man breaks his wrist, it is very different from this world.
Arrogance is not enough.
Although you are expensive, you regard it as dust.
Although the base is inferior, it is very important.
Seventh.
Father is not an official, but his flesh and blood are still thin.
The couple are uneasy when they buy firewood.
Chen Ping, who has no property, returned to China.
Changqing returned to Chengdu, and the Great Wall stood tall.
The four sages were not great, but they left a strong legacy.
When it is not satisfied, worry is to fill the gap.
Heroes have a long history.
There are no wizards in the world, just left in the grass.
Eighth.
Learn from caged birds and touch the corner with purlins.
Love poor people, hold a shadow and keep an empty room.
There is no way out, and thorns are stuck in the middle.
If you don't accept this plan, it will be like a dead fish.
There is no wealth outside and no storage inside.
Relatives still despise each other, but friends are sparse day and night.
Su Qinbei lobbied and Li Sixi wrote a letter.
Pitching gives birth to glory, duh, carving withered.
Drinking the river is full, and the feet are not willing to be idle.
A branch of the Bird's Nest Forest can be a stone model.
These eight five-character epics have established Zuo Si's position in the history of China literature, and he is a leader in all previous dynasties. In Zuo Si's life, although "a good plan" became a dream and his ambition was not continued, he did not bow to the powerful and rolled into the quagmire. Instead, he resolutely cut off vulgar ideas, "retired from the countryside" and lived a clean and honest life. Eight Poems on Epics written in his early years has become a portrayal of Zuo Si's ideological and moral character all his life, and is an important material for studying Zuo Si.
It is difficult to determine the specific writing time of eight epic poems. Judging from the information provided in the poem, it can be said that Zuo Si entered Luoyang shortly before the Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu. Zuo Si's life in Luoyang and the special feelings formed by this life are written in poems. Zuo Si came to Luoyang with his family because his sister Juicy Zuo was elected to the palace. In 273 A.D. (the first year of Emperor Wudi of Jin Dynasty), Emperor Wudi of Jin Dynasty selected virgins to enter the palace from officials of civil and military affairs at or above the division level, and in the following year, he selected 5,000 virgins from officials of civil and military affairs at lower levels and ordinary gentry. Zuo Si's father is a consultant in the temple. When Zuo Si entered Luoyang, it can be roughly concluded that it was after AD 273. Zuo Si came to Luoyang mainly to show his skills in order to achieve a smooth career and pave the way for realizing his political thoughts, but the result was not ideal. Zuo Si learned about Jin's political corruption from all kinds of frustrations and difficulties in his official career, which was reflected in Eight Poems on Histories. These poems cannot be said to have been written by Zuo Si after living in Luoyang for a long time. There is a saying in the poem, "If there is no Wu Dong, there will be no ambition" (the first sentence). The demise of Wu Dong in the Jin Dynasty was in 280 (the first year of Jin Taikang). To be sure, eight epic poems were written before 280.
Zuo Si expressed his ambition by chanting history: "He became a rich and powerful Hunan, and he hoped to become a powerful Hu. If you succeed, you will not be honored and return to the field for a long time. " (1) Whether Zuo Si's motivation is as pure and beautiful as he said needs specific analysis. But reunifying China and stabilizing the situation were the historical tasks put forward at that time. At the end of the Han dynasty, warlords and powerful men fought in melee, which destroyed social and economic development and brought profound disasters to the people. After that, the tripartite confrontation between the three countries eliminated many small separatists and created a favorable situation for national reunification, but it was still far from national reunification. In the late Three Kingdoms period, Sima Group, which rose in Wei Dynasty, became the representative of the new force of the national unification trend. In 265 AD, after the formal establishment of the Jin regime, it created favorable conditions for national reunification. At the same time, Sima Group is eager to consolidate its rule in the national unification. It has become a unanimous voice to seize Wu Dong and eliminate the forces of border riots. Zuo Si, who lived under such historical conditions, was driven by the situation and aspired to national reunification, thus starting his own career. It was probably not a day's work. Only when I arrived in Luoyang, I had a clearer understanding of the world, and the thoughts that had been brewing for a long time in my heart matured, broke out and pinned on my own poems. In the past, when talking about Zuo Si's thought, some commentators pointed out that Zuo Si had a strong "dedication to work", which was undoubtedly correct. However, it is necessary to examine Zuo Si's "ambition" under specific historical conditions and determine what is endowed by the times and what is determined by the class position, so as to evaluate Zuo Si's thought more clearly and accurately.
Zuo Si, who is committed to national reunification, has made a lot of practical preparations, not just talking big and talking on paper. The most important thing is, as he said, "looking over" (1), that is, reading the art of war. In feudal society, it is not uncommon to learn to write and master martial arts, but in the social system of the gentry, it requires some courage. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the gentry system occupied a dominant position. The gentry valued "accumulating Confucianism in the world", and Zuo Si was born in a lower-class gentry family, so he had to be influenced by this decadent concept. However, it is commendable that he can break the shackles of the concept of lineage, aspire to the battlefield, and seek personal fame in the cause of reunifying the motherland. Moreover, after living in Luoyang, Zuo Si was even more eager to learn that "the border town is bitter and feathers fly to Kyoto" (1). Although Zuo Si knows that his military talent is as blunt as a lead knife, he can comfort his lifelong ambition to fight for the reunification of the motherland, even if there is a cut.
However, Zuo Si's good wishes were suppressed and destroyed by the aristocratic system. In order to safeguard the interests of the gentry group, Jin implemented the "door selection" system, resulting in a situation of "no poverty for the top grade and no home for the bottom grade". What's more, some gentry with strong family consciousness decided to reject the article based on their family background. The Book of Jin Zuo Si Zhuan records a story: Lu Ji heard that Zuo Si was pregnant with Sandu Fu and clapped his hands and laughed. In a letter to his younger brother Lu Yun, he said: "There is a father here who wants to do Sandufu and must do it." Later, due to his admiration for Zhang Hua, his fu became famous. Although Zuo Si was born in Gao Zhiqing, it is difficult for him to break through the hard shell of cremation system and make a difference in politics. The cold reality left Zuo Si with no choice but to devote his life to serving the country, filled with indignation. The second part of "Ode to History" is a portrayal of his indignation. In the poem, he compares a humble child like himself to a pine and cypress born at the bottom of a ravine; The gentry dude who lives in Jin Yao by his ancestors is considered as a weak seedling growing on the top of the mountain. Pine and cypress-like talents are blocked by weak people because of "topography", which is caused by the cremation system itself. However, the system of the gentry is "not one source". The descendants of Tang He enjoy a high reputation from generation to generation with the virtues of their ancestors. Feng Tang, who was outstanding in Qiwei, was not reused until Bai Shou. Here, Zuo Si not only pointed his sharp criticism to the social reality at that time, but also criticized the previous aristocratic system. In the contrast between positive and negative objects, poetry reveals the aristocratic system more powerfully.
When fame and fortune came, Zuo Si stopped resolutely, and readers can find clues to understand the reasons in the poem "Eight Poems on History". Zuo Si lives in Luoyang. Facing the scene of "penniless, lonely, holding a movie and keeping my room empty" (the eighth time), he felt ashamed and resentful, and realized that it was a slip to come to Luoyang. So he said regretfully, "If you are not a dragon climber, what does it mean to visit suddenly?" He wants to follow Xu You's footsteps: "Stride like a meteor, step on Wan Li." (5) Although I want to be a Duan Ganmu and Lu Zhonglian-style figure, "the world is expensive and unruly, and things can be solved." (3) However, the internal killing of Sima's ruling group in Jin Dynasty became more and more serious; There is no such person as Wei Wenhou Heping Yuanjun. Moreover, corrupt politics, cruel killing and grabbing make the rise and fall of honor and disgrace change rapidly. "Throwing the ball produces glory, and duh, this is a dead sculpture." In this era, squirrels "the river is full of water" and wrens "live in a nest", which can be regarded as a model of Dashi (VIII). Giving up wealth and retiring to the countryside in order to be honest and clean has become the only way for leftist thought. Life in the countryside, far from the center of killing and robbing, makes Zuo Si feel at ease and enjoy it (see "Introduction" II). However, Zuo Si's mood is not calm: "Gao Zhi's bureau is all over the world, but he is guarding an empty hall. Strong teeth are immortal and often generous. " ("Miscellaneous Poems") It can also be seen that Zuo Si chose the road of seclusion in the countryside, which was a last resort and had infinite sadness and sadness.
In this way, Zuo Si's eight epic poems, with their unique and profound social contents, cast Zuo Si's lifelong ideals and laid a solid position in the history of China literature. In addition, "Eight Poems on Historical Poems" also has its own uniqueness in art.
First, try to correct Taikang's decadent style of writing and inherit Jian 'an's heroic strength.
In the Taikang literary world in the early Jin Dynasty, the general creative tendency is: deliberately imitating the works of the ancients, rarely combining with reality; The pursuit of magnificence and double neatness has formed a beautiful and erratic formalism fashion. In the face of this decadent wind, Zuo Si set up his own banner, and continued to carry forward the excellent tradition of Jian 'an literature, namely, "taking emotion as the latitude and taking literature as the quality", represented by Eight Poems on Histories. Although it is not Zuo Si's initiative to praise famous historical works, Zuo Si can proceed from real life, carefully choose historical facts, skillfully integrate his own thoughts and feelings, express his feelings by praising history and ridicule the world by expressing his feelings. This not only breaks through the limitation of predecessors' poems confined to one thing, but also competes with the formalistic tendency of Taikang literature to imitate the ancients and be divorced from reality. Zhong Rong said that Zuo Si's "Eight Poems on Epics" "The literary canon is mainly based on resentment, which is quite accurate and ironic." This is very in line with the left reality. As far as the artistic form is concerned, Eight Poems about Epics is not unnoticed. Poets seek simplicity from luxury, deep meaning from superficiality, simplicity and nature, unrestrained and depressed, and few traces of carving. Summarizing two aspects, Zhong Rong praised Zuo Si for creating a unique "wind of Zuo Si" (poetry). Wang Fuzhi said, "The Three Kingdoms were reduced to the Western Jin Dynasty, and their styles were greatly broken. For those who come to our country, it is endless. Why don't you hurry back? " (Selected Ancient Poems, Volume 4) These evaluations are fair.
Second, the combination of talent and ambition is seamless.
Chen Ruoming once said: "Tai Chong is a great man with a strong chest and a loud voice." Like Meng De, it is beautiful, simple and simple. Build a whole and show the future. He is brilliant and ambitious. Talented without ambition, words will be empty and correct; If you have the will but no talent, the voice is hard to defeat. Chen Ruoming pointed out that Zuo Si's success lies in the combination of talent and ambition, which is quite right. Zuo Si's artistic talent makes each capital in the eight epic poems independent and reflects certain social significance. At the same time, with a golden thread of noble ideals and sentiments, the first song is connected in series and integrated, and the internal structure is close and inseparable. First, expressing your ideals in a positive way can be described as the general outline of the whole group of poems; Secondly, write about the grief and indignation caused by the suppression of gate valve system; Third, he said that he would follow the example of Duan Ganmu and Lu Zhonglian and find another way to serve the country. Fourth, write that you are willing to be lonely, concentrate on writing and achieve yourself; Fifth, writing this road is impassable, but I want to pursue Xu You; Sixth, praise Jing Ke's public feelings; Seventh, many handsome figures in history buried their wives to comfort their grievances; Eighth, write about the darkness of society, be determined to avoid the world, and be honest and clean. In these works, thoughts and feelings are like surging rivers, rushing and rolling; It is also like the Yellow River with nine twists, with a sigh and a sigh. Generous and tragic, delicate and charming; There is rolling thunder in the bass fiber gas. Zuo Si wrote rich and varied thoughts and feelings in every song, just like a great craftsman who combined scattered beads into a complete and exquisite garland. Therefore, in the history of China literature, the style of poems in Eight Poems of Poems (written by Hu Yinglin) is closely related to the name of Zuo Si.
Zuo Si is a feudal literati, living in a dark and sinister political environment. His eight epic poems can't leave a distinct class brand, and they can't help but leave the influence of his time, such as negative thoughts of avoiding the world and inaction. Although the feudal dross contained in Zuo Si's Eight Poems on Historical Poems is light in comparison, readers can't ignore it because of its rich essence.