In the context of the new curriculum reform, there is a good tendency in the teaching of classic poetry in middle schools, that is, from a unidimensional interpretation based on teaching and practice to a pluralistic interpretation based on multiple dialogues. Multiple interpretations bring into play the subjectivity of teachers and students. Teachers and students have a richer and deeper understanding of the text, and the classroom becomes more active. This is exactly what the new curriculum reform hopes for. However, despite their joy, people discovered an undesirable phenomenon: the alienation of multiple interpretations. Its performance is "excessive" and "excessive" interpretation. This phenomenon appears to be a pluralistic interpretation, but its harm is no less than a unidimensional interpretation. Because overly alienated interpretations lead to misreadings of the text, which ultimately leads to confusion in students’ thinking.
The so-called classic poetry refers to literary works that have withstood the test of literary history, are rich in ambiguity, and have both literary quality and beauty. Classic poetry is the main body of multi-interpretation in Chinese reading teaching in middle schools. It is the main way to cultivate middle school students' aesthetic and innovative abilities and improve their Chinese literacy. Therefore, it is very urgent and of great significance to find out the crux of the confusion that arises in multiple interpretations, especially the phenomenon of misunderstanding, and provide theoretical corrections.
Judging from the results of reading classic poetry, multiple interpretations of alienation generally lack theoretical guidance, while correct multiple interpretations generally have theoretical corrections. In fact, multiple interpretations of classic poetry have theoretical foundations, and they can be summarized into three main types, namely history, sociology and contemporary literary theory. , history and the original intention of the author
The so-called multiple interpretations actually mean interpreting the meaning of the text from different theoretical perspectives. The text is meaningful, but the text itself is an objective existence. It cannot create or interpret its own meaning. It is the author and reader of the text who create and interpret the meaning of the text. The meaning of the text created by the text author is also the original meaning of the text. To understand the author's original intention of creating the text, we must rely on a large number of supporting materials from the author himself and contemporary authorities, as well as the author's life and thoughts, because only in this way can the true face of the text and the author's thoughts and emotions contained in the text be revealed. . This method, which takes the author's life experience, worldview, artistic style, creative intention or motivation as the starting point for interpretation, and restores the author's original intention as the goal of interpretation, is the so-called "historical interpretation method." This method of text interpretation, which aims at seeking truth, is consistent with the historical research method of "seeking evidence based on history" and the basic spirit of "seeking truth through empirical evidence". In this sense, we believe that the author's original intention can also be called "historical opinion."
The difficulty in interpreting the author's original intention of the text lies in "the collection and research of historical materials." The degree of difficulty is generally proportional to the historical age of the text, which means that the older it is, the more difficult it may be to interpret. Because it is so old, the author and witnesses have passed away, and historical materials are hard to find, so it is difficult to prove it. For example, the original meanings of many chapters in the Book of Songs cannot be interpreted due to the lack of contemporary historical materials, which can only lead to the "self-righteous" multi-interpretation trend of later generations of textual scholars. However, the key to interpreting the original meaning of the text is the abundance of historical data. If the historical data are abundant, that is, the author's own words and the supporting materials of contemporary authorities are abundant, the original meaning of the text will be easy to understand, but the opposite will be difficult to understand. Interpreting the author's original meaning is a tedious and rigorous textual research activity that is generally performed by experts and scholars. However, as long as ordinary readers have the guidance of a good teacher, are diligent in searching for materials, and have the courage to explore, it is still possible to interpret the original meaning of the text.
Although middle school students have limited experience and level, under the guidance of experts and scholars’ opinions and with the help of teachers, they can effectively interpret the original meaning of classic poems. For example, when interpreting the original meaning of "Guanyong", one can refer to the "Preface to Mao's Poems" and the opinions of later generations of textual scholars under the guidance of teachers to draw the conclusion that "it is a love poem." To interpret the original meaning of the novel in Lu Xun's "The Scream", you can first read articles such as "The Preface to the Scream" and "How I Started a Novel" under the guidance of the teacher, to understand the author's life experience and creative intention, and to understand his "revelation" The original intention of "attracting attention to the suffering of illness and treatment"; "If we refer to the opinions of modern writers such as Lu Xun's friend Qian Xuandong, we can figure out the original meaning of the work. Another example is to interpret Balzac's "Eugénie Grandet". For the original meaning of the work, you can refer to "The Human Comedy? Preface", and combined with the opinions of its contemporary writers and critics, it is not difficult to understand that the novel "shows the naked money between people in the capitalist society during the period of primitive accumulation." "Relationship" theme.
In short, to interpret the original meaning of middle school classic poems, we must have historical data and pay attention to the opinions of writers and contemporary authorities. Because in the process of interpreting the original meaning, there is only "knowing people and analyzing the world". Only by "putting yourself in someone's shoes" and "understanding" can you enter the author's inner world and discover the original intention of his creation.
2. Sociology and the political significance of the times
Poetry expresses ambition, Texts convey the truth, but in a class society where politics takes the lead, once a text is produced, the final say on "its will and its way" is often not decided by the author, but by strong political trends of thought. Therefore, the interpretation of classic texts has the "era" "Political significance". This kind of interpretation is inevitable in all dynasties. For example, the Han Confucian interpretation of the theme of "Guan Fu" for the purpose of education is "the virtue of the later era is also the beginning of the wind, so the wind of the world and the righteous couple" "Ye"." Interpret a classic love text into a political poem that promotes "post-historical virtues". Since the founding of New China, due to political reasons, the political interpretation of ancient and modern classic texts has become more "unified".
For example, the interpretation of "The Donkey of Guizhou" is "using the comparison of the donkey of Guizhou to illustrate that U.S. imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers"; the interpretation of "The Necklace" is "through the story of the necklace, it satirizes the vanity of petty bourgeois women. Heart"; the interpretation of "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond" is that "the description of the moonlight over the lotus pond expresses the author's expectations for the revolution in the south, and at the same time praises the author's noble character of not collaborating with evil forces"; and so on, all are The political significance of the era influenced by sociology.
The interpretation of the political significance of the text in the era is a sociological interpretation method based on the real world. Its theoretical basis is sociological, so it can also be called the sociological interpretation of the text. In this kind of interpretation, although the interpreter also relies on certain historical materials and examines the author's life and thoughts, he does not fully respect the subject matter and content of the text, and often amplifies the political and ideological connotation of the text. Generally speaking, the political significance of the text is also a conclusion reached by scholars who specialize in this field. However, such scholars often have strong political utilitarian purposes, and the conclusions they draw are highly arbitrary and utilitarian.
The political interpretation of classic poetry can be said to be a text interpretation method that has been circulated in China for thousands of years, and it cannot be abolished as long as political society exists. Precisely because the political interpretation of poetry has long prevailed, narrowing ideas and stagnating thinking, which is not conducive to quality education, a strong "exposing" movement was formed in the context of the new curriculum reform at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of this century. Criticize the politicization of Chinese language. Any politicized interpretation of the text has been labeled as "narrow and rigid" and has been fiercely criticized. In fact, this is overkill, because the interpretation of the political significance of the text is, after all, a method of text interpretation, so it should not be simply dismissed.
In the teaching of classic poetry in middle schools, students may not be able to directly interpret the political significance of the times due to age, experience, thoughts, etc. However, with the support of historical data and the guidance of teachers, even without Living in a politicized era, it is entirely possible to interpret this meaning of the text. But what kind of reading strategy should be adopted in interpretation? That is to seek truth from facts. If there is political significance of the times, it should be interpreted. If there is not, it cannot be imposed.
For example, the theme of the tour to the caves before and after in "A Journey to Baoshan Mountain" is generally considered to "explain that one must be determined to accomplish great things." However, combined with the background of the times and the author's life and thoughts, we can clearly feel that his travels to Houhoudong actually wanted to express his political ideals, that is, "reform bad government, enrich the country and strengthen the army", and achieve a peaceful and prosperous age. In other words, the author's original intention for the article was to express his political views through debit notes. The author believes that visiting the front cave of "Pingyi" is too common, just like being a local official. Although he can benefit the people in one area, his influence is limited and he cannot achieve great achievements. Therefore, being a local official is not his political ideal. Although the "deeper, more difficult, and more strange" back cave is difficult and dangerous, it is like a majestic palace. Although it is surrounded by dangers, it can realize one's grand political ideals. In other words, Wang Anshi's highest political ideal was to be in a position of power and carry out drastic political reforms to make the country of the Northern Song Dynasty rich and the people strong. In addition, some works of some modern writers (such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Cao Yu, etc.) have obvious anti-feudal and anti-capitalist political significance, and some works of some contemporary writers (such as Qin Mu, Liu Baiyu, Ai Qing, etc.) have The political significance of praising socialism is obvious. These can all be interpreted with confidence, without any pressure at all. Because there are indeed many texts in ancient and modern classic poetry that have strong political and social ideological characteristics, and will inevitably have the political significance of the times, so the political interpretation of the texts should be treated differently and cannot be completely denied.
However, if many texts that have no political significance of the times are forcibly attached to political or social meanings, leading to many ridiculous misinterpretations, we should oppose them. For example, interpret "Donkey of Guizhou" as "U.S. imperialism and reactionaries"; interpret "appreciating the moonlight over the lotus pond" as "loving the national revolution in the south"; interpret "Can't help but laugh looking at the other side of the mountain" in Ba Jin's "Lamp" "Liao" is interpreted as "My heart is concerned about Yan'an", etc. These are all alienated political interpretations that are divorced from the literal meaning of the text. The reason for alienated political interpretation is blindly following political trends and losing political direction. Even some famous people cannot avoid this kind of mistake. For example, during the Cultural Revolution, Mr. Guo Moruo, a modern master, interpreted the third part of Li Bai's "Three Poems on a Drunk Tour with the Attendant Lang Shu in Dongting" as follows: Li Bai had a sudden idea that if he could turn Dongting Lake into fine wine, then ordinary people could drink wine. Mr. Guo's academic background goes without saying, but his interpretation of this poem was obviously affected by the political factors at the time and seemed far-fetched. 3. Contemporary literary theory and readers’ opinions
The most active part in the multiple interpretations of classic poetry is the personal opinions of readers. The so-called reader's personal opinion refers to the interpreter's interpretation of the poem based on his or her own knowledge and literacy. This kind of interpretation can be done without the help of historical materials, the author's life and thoughts, or the era in which the poem was produced. It is often based on the text's own content or literal meaning, and interprets it based on the points that are familiar to the reader. The heart is the destination. Therefore, the interpretation of personal opinions is often new, but the disadvantage is that the internal laws of poems are often ignored, and they often have the limitations of taking out of context and are relatively arbitrary.
Generally speaking, personal opinions are mostly made by ordinary readers, especially today's readers who like to eat "cultural fast food" because they want to "use the past for the present" and "use foreign things for China."
This trend of interpretation that ignores the author and text and highlights the reader is influenced by contemporary literary and artistic theories, especially structuralism, modern hermeneutics, reception theory, deconstruction and constructivism. The connotations of these theories are very complex and they are very different from each other, but they have one thing in common, which is that "the author is dead, but the reader is alive." Regarding their major similarities, Mr. Zhao Zhijun said: "No matter how different they are in theoretical propositions, they all rescue the work from the author's monopoly and control, get rid of the author's control and monopoly on the work, and the work therefore Gained an independent status. Since there is no author's intention as the origin of the work, the meaning of the work is no longer bound to the author's intention, and the work begins to be seen as ambiguous."
Under the guidance of contemporary literary and artistic theories, readers of middle school classic poems are indeed "seeing new things". For example, I read that "The Necklace" is a novel that reflects "accidentality has a huge impact on destiny", and thought that the heroine in the article said: "Life is so strange and unpredictable, and the smallest thing can destroy you. "I can also fulfill you" expresses the main theme of the novel; it is pertinent to read the "class nature of literature" advocated by Lu Xun in "Literature and Sweating", but Liang Shiqiu's advocacy of "only by describing the permanent human nature in literature can it be passed on to future generations" is also pertinent. It is not unreasonable; it is read that the "unquiet" in the author's heart in "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond" does not only come from political struggle, but also from the anguish of life... But there are also misunderstandings in these creative and diverse interpretations: from "Dou" "Dou E was a kind-hearted barbarian" from "The Injustice of E", "from "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountains" we read ""The Foolish Old Man is really stupid, he does not move, but to move the mountains, he is really asking for trouble", from "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountains" "Du Shiniang Angered and Sinked the Treasure Box" read "If you have money, you don't have to commit suicide, Du Shiniang is stupid", etc. There is even a vindictive "personality interpretation": Do you admire "Fish I Want It". "The poor man in "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi" "sacrifice his life for righteousness and sacrifice his life to become a benevolent person", then I will say that he is "mechanical wood oil and deserves to starve to death"; if you praise Gui Youguang in "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi" for "valuing family affection and having filial piety", I will say I would rather say that "To suppress one's mother and to suppress one's wife is to lose one's family" and so on. They ignore the romantic color of dramatic art, deny the spirit of fighting against difficulties, worship money, abandon traditional virtues, and lose their materialistic stance. These are obviously wrong. Therefore, there must be a standard for the diverse interpretation of middle school classic poems under contemporary literary theory, and "random reading" of middle school classic poems must be avoided. When interpreting the phenomenon of alienation, we must establish the following three basic strategies: First, interpret based on the reality of the text and combine it with the actual content of the text, rather than abandoning the text and making subjective assumptions. Interpret the text with correct emotions. The text should not be interpreted with corrupt, decadent thoughts, but with healthy, positive and noble thoughts. Third, interpret it from different perspectives, such as folklore and ethics. , behavioral psychology and other perspectives. Of course, it does not exclude the interpretation of the author's original intention and the political significance of the times from the perspective of history and sociology.
Four. The correct strategy for multiple interpretations
< p>The new curriculum standard advocates diverse interpretations of classic poetry and prose. The "Full-time Compulsory Education Chinese Curriculum Standards (Experimental Draft)" points out: "Reading is a student's individual behavior, and teachers' analysis should not replace students' reading practice. . … cherish students’ unique feelings, experiences, and understandings. ""General High School Chinese Curriculum Standards (Experimental)" also points out: "Dialogue and communication in reading should be directed to each student's individual reading." "Pay full attention to students' initiative in reading attitude, diversity of reading needs, and "We should respect the uniqueness of psychology and respect students' personal opinions", "pay attention to the ambiguity and ambiguity of the connotation of works, and encourage students to actively and creatively construct the meaning of texts." "Obviously, these reading teaching suggestions in the new curriculum standards are based on the development of students' personality as the starting point and destination, and they advocate the reading of classic poems to take the path of personalized multiple interpretations.Since middle schools Multiple interpretations of classic poems are an important way to improve students' Chinese literacy, develop students' creative thinking, and cultivate students' personalities. The new curriculum standards attach so much importance to multiple interpretations, and we know that multiple interpretations are in history, sociology, and contemporary literary theory. Under the guidance of interpreting the meaning of the text from different perspectives, we must avoid the mistakes in previous multiple interpretations and form a correct strategy for multiple interpretations.
The mistakes we want to avoid are: 1. Only focusing on diversity. Behavioral research on interpretation does not pay attention to theoretical research. 2. Only pay attention to the interpretation of the political meaning of the text and not the interpretation of the author's original meaning and the reader's meaning, or only pay attention to the interpretation of the author's original meaning and the interpretation of the political meaning of the time. 3. . Excessive emphasis on contemporary literary theory and neglect of the text.
The correct strategy we need to develop is: 1. To form a correct concept of multiple interpretations. A synthesis of the author's original intention, the political significance of the times, and the readers' opinions. Identify true and false multiple interpretations. A false interpretation that is independent of the text and without theoretical guidance; a true and false interpretation that is based on the text and is well-founded and guided by scientific theories. Interpretation. 4. Develop teaching strategies for multiple interpretations.
In short, the interpretation of classic poetry is diverse, theoretically based, and multi-layered. In the process of multiple interpretations, we must first interpret the original meaning of the text from the perspective of history, secondly interpret the political significance of the text from the perspective of sociology, and finally interpret the reader's meaning of the text from the perspective of contemporary literary theory. Of course, the multiple interpretations of middle school classic poems can be carried out flexibly due to the particular age and knowledge level of the teaching objects, as well as the constant and uncertain teaching objectives. In other words, what meaning should be read first or what meaning should not be read can be decided according to the actual teaching situation. There are limits to the diverse interpretations of middle school students. The multiple interpretations of middle school classic poems are not complete multiple interpretations, but "limited multiple interpretations."