Abstract: The ancient literati in China had broad minds and broad feelings. It is not uncommon to send affection to things and borrow things to sigh. The image of the classical music pipa is often quoted by scholars in ancient poetry. In the long historical process, the ancient literati endowed "Pipa" with rich emotions, and different image changes appeared in different historical periods, which made it occupy a dominant position in the history of poetry, and the emotions of ancient literati in all dynasties were contained in it.
Throughout China's classical literature, from The Book of Songs to Yuefu, from Li Sao to Song Ci, the feelings of ancient China literati are always accompanied by images such as wine, bright moon, quiet night, willows, breeze and rain. It can be said that ancient literati are broad-minded, all-encompassing, magnificent and inclusive. Among them, "Pipa", as a representative of musical instruments or classical music images, also occupies a place in ancient poetry. What kind of emotional sustenance did the literati give it, so that it can also dominate in so many lyric images?
Pipa was originally called "loquat". The so-called "pushing hand is loquat, leading is loquat", hence the name. According to records, pipa was produced in the Qin Dynasty, but due to the lack of literature, the most powerful evidence now is the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fu Xuan said in "Pipa Fu": Pipa began in Qin Dynasty and flourished in Han Dynasty. Textual research on Duanan Festival in Tang Dynasty in Yuefu Miscellanies: "Pipa was written by Princess Wusun, so play it quickly." This information is also mentioned in Pipa Fu. The word "fight at once" not only makes people feel that they have arrived in Alakazam beyond the Great Wall, but also refers to Princess Wusun, who married Wusun in order to pacify the Xiongnu in the future. Although Pipa played an important role in the long history after China, it is undeniable that it originated in the northwest of China and has a history of more than 2,000 years. It was born on horseback, and it has blood outside the Great Wall since birth. Today, we will follow the long river of history, see where it flows, and explore the feelings it once brought to literati. The earliest love for pipa began in the Han Dynasty when Zhaojun left the fortress. In the Tang Dynasty, the image became clearer and more typical, leaving a rich legacy for future generations.
First, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-Princess Wusun's homesickness and sadness
Shi Chong of the Western Jin Dynasty said in "Ci of a Ming Jun": "Yesterday, the princess married Wu Sun, which made the pipa happy immediately to comfort her thoughts on the road." Princess Xijun was worried and died in her later years. However, due to the attachment of later scholars, Wang Zhaojun "inherited" this emotion. (later generations of literati will attach it, so I won't go into details below. ) So there was the pipa song "Zhaojun River Embankment" and the famous section "Zhaojun Complain" in "Cezanne Song". Xijun is not Zhaojun. Pipa is associated with parting sadness and resentment. It began in Xijun and became Zhaojun. Later documents also frequently mentioned that Pipa and Zhaojun left the fort at the same time. In fact, many documents have different opinions about the historical truth of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress. According to the report, Zhao Jun did not cry, but left the fortress voluntarily. But in any case, this history has been given a sad image. Therefore, the pipa first became the representative of this image, and a large number of poems praising the pipa in later generations mostly borrowed this allusion to express their feelings. Xu Mian of the Liang Dynasty said in Pipa Xing: "Although it is a foreign land resentment, it has turned into today's joy. Flowers are burning and the moon is round. " In addition, pipa is also used to describe palace grievances, such as Feng's "Feeling Pipa String" in the Northern Qi Dynasty: "Although I am favored today, I still remember the pity of the past. If you want to know that your heart is broken, you must look at the strings on your knees. " This is obviously a poem describing the bitterness of the deep palace. The ancients pinned their homesickness and national chaos on the tragic tune of pipa. Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, and after the Han Dynasty, in the era when the Central Plains was full of turmoil, such as the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the pipa was a symbol of homesickness and resentment for the ancients. This laid the foundation for later poets to write frontier poems, fairy poems and palace resentment poems. At the same time, it has gradually reached the stage of elegance, which has become an important subject for literati to praise.
Second, the Sui and Tang Dynasties are synonymous with Zhaojun, the frontier feelings of heroes and the description of pipa.
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when the country was unified and people's hearts were fixed, people's sadness about the pipa was slightly reduced as appropriate, and Zhao Jun's deeds were combined with the pipa as an allusion to borrow, so it was also very common in epics. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, was moved by Wang Zhaojun's embrace of pipa, and wrote Pipa Trip: There is no shadow for half a month, and golden flowers are all around. Destroy thousands of miles, hide a few sorrows. The festival is full of tea and the fragrance is full of green curtains. When the bomb is fired, the wind is urgent and the slow motion sound is late. I hate my spare time, so I miss you. The last sentence expresses the author's lovesickness through pipa.
The development of pipa in Tang Dynasty ushered in its first peak, and at the same time, there appeared a lot of praise for pipa music and the superb skills of pipa players. Niu Tuo's Pipa Journey in Tang Dynasty exaggerated the rich expressive force of Pipa with a lot of gorgeous words. Yu Shinan's "Pipa Fu" describes the history, form, earth-shattering musical image and position in the music scene at that time. The poet's feelings beyond the Great Wall are beyond words, which can be described as a great contribution to the development of pipa.
Looking back on the development history of pipa, the Sui and Tang Dynasties were an important stage of change. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the straight-necked pipa had been circulating. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the enhancement of national strength, cultural exchanges between the East and the West became increasingly frequent, and the curved-necked pipa subsequently flowed into China from the Western Regions. Therefore, it was also called Hu Pipa or Pipa at that time. Foreign music is becoming more and more prosperous, and communication is becoming more and more frequent, forming a famous "Yanle" in the history of China music. Pipa is the main musical instrument of Yanle, so it was also in full swing at that time.
Since the birth of Pipa has never left the northwest of China, "Pipa" has become one of the important lyric images of frontier fortress poems. There are many frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which are bold in style and eclectic in content. Qiangdi, Pipa, Hu Jia, Reed Flute, Horn, Drum and other musical instruments beyond the Great Wall have become unavoidable words in frontier fortress poems, and many of them have been sung by later generations.
In an old battle song of Li Jie, "Go up the mountain to watch the torch in the daytime and drink the horse river at dusk. Pedestrians are cunning, wind and dust, and we hear the guitar of the Chinese princess tell her endless sorrow. ..... "The whole poem records the pain of soldiers joining the army and is full of dissatisfaction with the emperor's arrogance for grapes to enter the Han family. At the beginning, the soldiers were tired during the day, their heads tilted at night, and the pipa wailed, as if they heard the sad cry of Princess Zhaojun. The scene is very solemn and desolate. Here, the author also quoted the allusion of Zhaojun's departure from the Great Wall to render the sad scene of the lamentation beyond the Great Wall.
The style of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is both homesick and free and easy. In the poem Liangzhou, the immortal life of the frontier fortress army in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there is a phrase "luminous glass of wine", so you should be advised to drink pipa at once. Drunk lying on the battlefield, you don't laugh, there have been several wars in ancient times. "The uninhibited momentum in the poem, generate, is amazing. William Wang borrowed the images of grapes, wine, night, pipa and horses, showing that soldiers drank heavily before the war and entertained themselves with pipa on horseback, showing their free and easy, unrestrained and desperate spirit. Pipa is written for instant enjoyment. It shares joys and sorrows with the soldiers in the frontier. After several life and death, it gained a fearless aura.
Pipa also had a unique position in narrative literature at that time. From the novel Pipa Xing by Bai Juyi, the most important realistic poet in the late Tang Dynasty, we can read the special position of pipa in literary creation. The poet felt the same way when he saw what happened to the pipa girl. It left the eternal swan song "We are all unhappy-at the end of the day, we meet". We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? ”。 At the end of the poem, "but who among them cried the most?" , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet "was written. Obviously, the pipa girl's piano sound touched the poet. The sentences describing the skills of left and right hands in pipa performance and pipa travel will become classics in the future, and will also become common sentences praising pipa performance.
It can be seen that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, in the eyes of poets, regardless of the court folk or frontier fortress, poets pinned their personal feelings on it. With the rise of Yan music, pipa has become an instrument that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Whether it is Yangchun Baixue or Xialiba people, they are inseparable from the life of ancient literati. Therefore, the development of pipa has recorded the changes of an era, and its rich tunes and sounds have interpreted the feelings of generations of literati.
Three. Song and Yuan Dynasties —— Expression of Sex, Music and Ambition
In the Song Dynasty, the literati's understanding of the pipa was more related to prostitutes and beauties, and the pipa went out of zhaojun and frontier fortress and became a talk and pastime of folk life.
Liu Yong's "Listening through the Curtain" includes: "... dressing early, playing the pipa leisurely, and loving the acacia tune. Sounds like telling your heart. Listen through the curtains. How much heartache you won. ..... "Liu Yong was a graceful poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Most of his poems describe the life of a geisha and his attachment to a brothel woman. Here, he associates lovesick prostitutes with pipa, and his artistic conception is sad.
Ouyang Xiu was a famous historian and writer in Song Dynasty, and his Pipa Trip was a must. He put the beauty and the pipa together and enjoyed them as a painting. This is "Xianghui Capsule". "As a pipa, the whole city of Gong Yu, beauty naturally interested. The altar trough [1] is on Xue's chest, leaning against the fragrant navel and resting horizontally on Joan's arm. The group has a gold hook, a red ribbon on the back, and delicate fingers and strings. I hope that Iraq will only dial Liangzhou [2] and stay in my arms for a long time. " The author put his own thoughts into the charm of Yu Meiren's performance, integrating the charm of pipa, the charm of beauty and the beauty of lovesickness.
Bai Juyi's Pipa Hangs is often quoted by later generations to chant ambition, so Pipa is often a rhetorical device when people are depressed. Ma Zhiyuan's "Four Jade Pieces of Lu Nan" wrote: "Qiu Jiang was cold when seeing the guests off. Businessman pipa heartbroken sound. It is known that Sima and sorrow listen ... "Quote Sima's words to express our unhappy feelings-eternity is old. There are many such examples, such as the Yuan Dynasty Zhou Quan's "Er Yun Feng Zhongyuan listens to the pipa next to the boat": "Jiangzhou Sima is really worried, Xunyang is drunk at night. Pipa stirs up childlike feelings, and tears wet my hair to write sadness. ..... The song ended, and I laughed myself out of my wits. The river was cold and covered with snow. Moreover, Xu Zaisi's The More Carving? There was a faint crow in the setting sun in the deep sleep of the quiet sand and autumn river night. Reed flowers on both sides of the west wind. The ship is Xunyang Restaurant. The affectionate Sima in the blue dream. "
In Yuan Dynasty, a group of famous pipa players, represented by Li Gongren and Xiao Guanyin, appeared. Writers in Yuan Dynasty, Wang, Gillis, etc. all wrote poems to praise people's piano skills. Their introduction to the pipa and the nine pipas praised her piano skills.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the repertoire of pipa became varied, and the skills were gradually enriched, and people's appreciation of pipa was also varied. Some famous scholar-officials are proficient in temperament and good at playing pipa, and even there are musicians who are good at playing pipa at home, such as Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. The intervention of the upper-class literati has achieved fruitful results in promoting the development of pipa performance art, and the position of pipa in the hearts of ancient literati has been consolidated day by day.
Fourth, Ming and Qing Dynasties-the diversity of image symbols and the emergence of pipa poems.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, various arts gradually merged, painting and Quyi music gradually matured, and contemporary music took shape. There are rap music, tanci music, Jiangnan music, Chaozhou music and so on. People in different areas enjoy it in different ways. Therefore, pipa plays different roles on different occasions.
The figure of pipa also appears in many poems and music scores. In the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Youxi wrote the lyric picture of Lian Fang, saying, "Why didn't the Taiping Order play Yu Lun's cannon to pluck the sandalwood trough, but the vigil crane raised a solitary flag, so how could it defeat its branch if it spared you the praise of the snow?" Monk drives alone. He is proud of his romantic style. He loves lotus flowers and razes Lianxi to the ground. "Directly on the score, for example, on the score of Chen's Pipa, there are the titles of flying daggers and overlord. This shows that the pipa has its own set of music at this time, forming its own mature system and forming its own school.
Looking at the emotional changes expressed by the pipa written by the ancient literati in China, we can see that the pipa is all combined with the national feelings and life interests of intellectuals, which has played a special role in the grand historical evolution and has become one of the image representatives of sadness, elegance, beauty and tranquility in the grand historical process. Sorting out the feelings referred to by "pipa" in ancient literati's works is helpful to grasp the context and ups and downs of the development history of pipa performance more clearly. It must also be noted that the ancient literati's poems and songs actually played a great role in promoting the popularization of the pipa and the maturity of the performance art. Finally, I want to end the article with the pipa written in the Yuan, Song and Yuan Dynasties.
A piece of acacia wood, the sound contains ancient autumn. Who made the pipa? Don't leave your sadness. -(Yuan) Pipa in Song and Yuan Dynasties
How many feelings are revealed in a short quatrain. The strings of pipa are dedicated to acacia; Pipa is dedicated to the Great Wall; Pipa tears for parting.
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