Article 58 of The Book of Songs Xiaoya Datian. Chinese poetry in pre-qin period. The whole poem consists of four chapters, the first two chapters with eight sentences in each chapter, and the last two chapters with nine sentences in each chapter. This is a poem written by slave owners in the Western Zhou Dynasty who offered sacrifices to Tianzu (Shennong) after a bumper harvest. It describes the situation of agricultural production and is also a poem about agriculture. The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the literary history of Han Dynasty. It has a far-reaching influence on the development of later poetry.
Large oil field
There are many crops in the field, so planting and preparing are all things. I'm sorry, I carry nanmu on my back. Sow a hundred grains, both the court master and the great grandson.
The prescription is soap, which is strong and good, not bad. It is harmless to get rid of its moths and pests. The ancestors of heaven have gods and fire feet.
The tide is rising, pray for rain. Rain is my public land, so I am private. He lost his childhood, he didn't gather his wealth, he inherited it, and he had the advantage of being a widow.
Great-grandson came to check with his wife and children. It is a pleasure to see every acre of land in the south. Come to worship, with its black, but its millet. It was built to sacrifice it, not to do great things.
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There are many crops in the vast field, so I chose seeds to repair the guy, and all the preparations in advance were complete. I picked up a sharp plow and began to do farm work in the field. Sowing millet seeds, the seedlings are tall and strong, and the great-grandson is very happy.
The heading of crops has been set, the seeds are full and grow well, and there are no empty ears and weeds. Get rid of pests, moths and flies, and thieves can't escape. Don't hurt my seedlings. Thanks to the god of agriculture, insects were burned to death in the fire.
The cool breeze is full of gloomy clouds and the light rain is fine. Raindrops fall on the public domain and spill on my private domain. There were no cuttings in the valley, and several plants here leaked into the ground; A pile of hay fell there, and the ears were scattered here at three to five, taking care of the widow and letting her pick it up.
Great-grandson's inspection has arrived, and we have met farmers, women and children. They sent food to Tian tou, and Tian was very happy to see it. Great-grandchildren came to worship God, yellow cattle and black pigs put on record, millet and sorghum were matched with Jia Zhen. Offer sacrifices and pray for great happiness in your life.
To annotate ...
(1) Datian: A vast farmland. Crops: planting crops.
(2) both: already. Species: refers to seed selection. Note: The same as "machinery" refers to the repair of agricultural instruments.
(3) things: these things.
(4) Qin (y m 4 n): "Shua", sharp. Gnat: an ancient shovel-shaped agricultural tool.
(5) In Ch 'u, I started to engage in.
(6) Jue: it.
(7) court: it is "quite" and tall and straight. Master: Big.
(8) If the great-grandson is: I followed the wishes of the great-grandson. Great-grandchildren and Zhou Wang call themselves the great-grandchildren of his ancestors and other gods. If, shun.
(9) Fang: "Fang" means that the grain has a tender shell, but it has not been completely filled. Zào: It means that the chaff has been formed, but it is not yet solid.
(10) láng: refers to the grain with empty ears. Illicium verum (yǒu): A weed similar to field grass, also called Setaria viridis.
(1 1) moth (míng): a pest that eats the kernel of grain. Tè: A caterpillar that eats grass leaves.
(12) Viper (máo): a bug that eats grass. Thief: bugs that eat cereal festivals.
(13) juvenile: young grain.
(14) Tianzu: the god of agriculture.
(15) ice: hold. What: giving. Fire: A big fire.
(16) There is a cloud (y m n): that is, "y n".
(17) Qiqi: Take your time.
(18) public land: public land. There are nine areas in the ancient mine field, one hundred mu of public land in the middle, eight areas around, and eight households with one hundred mu of private land. 8 * * * Raise the commons. The harvest of public land belongs to serf owners.
(19) private: private land.
(20) Teenagers: low spikes.
(21) (j √): Straw that has been cut but not collected.
(22) soldiers: bundle' straw'.
(23) Lag: Legacy.
I: Yes.
(25) (yè): Send food. Nanmu: refers to farmland in general.
(26) Tian Tian: an agricultural official of the Zhou Dynasty, who was responsible for supervising the agricultural work of serfs.
(27) Yan (yρn) Sacrifice: Smoke was put forward as a sacrifice, and the ancient ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven also referred to sacrifice.
(28) Amur (xρn): Red Bull. Black: refers to black pigs and sheep.
(29) Introduction: "Beggars" who pray under the guise. Jingfu: Dafu.
Appreciation of The Book of Songs
This poem is a companion piece of Xiaoya Futian, and it is also a prayer poem for Zhou Wang to worship the gods such as Tianzu. Fu Tian wrote that Zhou Wang inspected the spring ploughing production and prayed for a bumper harvest because of "saving ploughing". Datian describes inspector Zhou Wang's autumn harvest, praying for greater happiness in the future because of "saving money" for spring ploughing and autumn harvest. Together, the two poems provide future generations with quite real, concrete and rich historical materials such as agricultural production methods and production relations in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and are rare and important agricultural poems in the Book of Songs. These two articles also have their own emphasis on writing and complement each other, as Fang Yurun commented in the last chapter of the original Book of Songs: "The first article is more detailed in inspection of provinces than in farming; This article is detailed in the collection and maintenance, slightly in the province and inspection. "
The whole poem consists of four chapters, of which the third chapter is the most important and wonderful, and the rest chapters are like arches of stars and flowers set off by green leaves. The third chapter is about harvest, the first two chapters play a foreshadowing role, and the last chapter is the aftermath of ritual rhetoric.
Agricultural harvest is not a pie falling from the sky. The first chapter of this poem traces back to the great attention and careful preparation for spring ploughing. Although the phrase "there are many crops in the field" is plain and straightforward, the picture is broad, covering the following complex scenes, providing a big stage for his indulgent writing, with extraordinary momentum. It can be seen that it was not the small-scale peasant economy at that time, but the original large-scale production farming under the well field system. The second sentence "both planting and abstaining" really caught the "bull's nose" of agricultural production, that is, selecting seeds and repairing farm tools. With improved varieties, the sown "hundred valleys" can be "both the court and the master"; Sharp tools make good work. So serfs can only get twice the result with half the effort. Ji Qin is just an example of the works of "Caution", and the rest can be imagined. In addition to seed selection and tool repair, a series of other small preparations are needed. Poetry is written with the brush of "preparation is a matter", and the pen and ink are concise, sparse and not leaking. The word "Du" is used to indicate the completion of the preparatory work, which is crisp and neat, and I am too lazy to say anything. At the end of the sentence, "great-grandson ruo" seems abrupt, but in fact it has a very close internal relationship. "Great-grandson" was the protagonist of the political and economic stage at that time, and also the core figure of this paper. All the hard work of serfs is to conform to the favor of "great-grandchildren" Spring ploughing started well, and the person who enjoyed it the most was of course the protagonist "great-grandson". This sentence objectively and clearly shows the master-slave relationship of the society at that time. Judging from the whole article, in the fourth chapter, the great-great-grandson will visit and worship the priests. Here, as a foreshadowing, it also plays a connecting role. It is said that a son is full of energy.
The second chapter traces back to Xia Yun, that is, field management, mainly focusing on weeding and pest control. If crops are left to fend for themselves after sowing, the autumn harvest will be very slim, so it is necessary to strengthen management and run through the whole process of 100-grain growth. "It's both bitter and good." The four "Bi" images are like slow-motion close-ups in movies, faithfully recording the typical picture of crop growth step by step. They are very scientific in agriculture, and it is difficult for people who are not familiar with farming to express them so concisely and accurately. But "no weeds" is the key word, that is, except weeds, grains grow vigorously, which is an important experience extracted from omitting all kinds of hard work. Another experience is pest control. Cooper has many natural enemies, such as moths, pests and locusts. If it is not cleared, it will be difficult to protect the "Tianzhi" and may lead to a crop failure. The main way to kill insects is to attack with fire. Let the pests be buried in the fire. Because pests can't be completely controlled by humans to a certain extent like weeding, ancestors moved out of the agricultural god called "Tianzu" and prayed for the gods of Tianzu to eliminate pests. Although superstition reflected the low productivity at that time, it also showed the urgent desire of farmers. The method of exterminating locusts mentioned here in The Book of Songs has been used in later generations, and the typical example is Yao Chong's drive of locusts in the Tang Dynasty. In 7 16 AD (the fourth year of Kaiyuan), the plague of locusts in Shandong Province rose, and Yao Chong said, "Shi Mao said,' Catch a thief and pay the fire'." ..... Since locusts can fly, they will put out fires at night. Make a fire at night, dig a hole by the fire and burn it, except it. "(The Story of Yao Chongchuan in the Old Tang Dynasty) So he sent envoys to kill locusts separately, and finally killed the insects and saved the crops. This is obviously inspired by the poem Daejeon.
If the last two chapters are about doing what you can, then the weather is also very important to agriculture, so the first four sentences of the third chapter are about good weather. Clouds are gathering and it is raining in Mao Mao. It's really good to know the rainy season. "Sneak into the night with the wind and moisten things silently." There is plenty of rain in both public and private fields. The external scenery is integrated with the inner feelings, and the joy of farmers is vividly expressed in these four sentences. From the relationship between "public land" and "private land", it is very true and natural to show the loyalty and kindness of farmers in the period of easing social contradictions under certain historical conditions.
The remaining five sentences in the third chapter are about bumper harvest. If written from the front, the ears of grain are golden, farmers are sweating like rain, cars are heavy on their shoulders, and small stores are full. You can also write with enthusiasm and touching feelings, but this is an unusual way, which is easy to be similar to stereotypes. The beauty of this poem lies in the side, in the contrast, in the detail description, not writing, but not writing, never reflecting the harvest, and the wonderful conception is amazing. You see, some people are not strong enough to cut deliberately, some are too late to bundle, and some are too late to install, and many ears are scattered everywhere. It goes without saying that the readers in these shots close their eyes and imagine whether it is a bumper harvest or a poor harvest. As for how to harvest, it is up to the reader to imagine. The real place has left a blank, and everyone can supplement it by themselves. This is the perfect artistic beauty. For this, theorists of all ages have praised it. Yao Jiheng's General Theory of the Book of Songs said: "In the end,' he is naive' is extremely rich in millet, that is, the meaning of the previous article is a thousand boxes, so don't write it with a wonderful pen." Fang Yurun's "Original Book of Songs" said: "Where words are difficult to write on the front, they must be dyed from the side, or set off by leisure. The more leisure, the better, and the lighter. ..... This article saves money, originally intended to describe the quantity of crops. If described from the front, it is only a thousand warehouses and boxes. What does this mean? And it is particularly difficult to stand out when it is repeated with the last article. ..... Poetry only begins with ears, but there are many ears. ..... Things are extremely trivial, feelings are extremely idle, and poems are painted and painted, and they are never tired of carving, which is nothing more than adding color to the word "Dojo". The so-called lighter and weirder, the more leisurely the better, and good at comparing ears. " They are all familiar with ignorant theories.
The last sentence of the three chapters, "the benefit of Iraqi widows", sublimates the artistic conception of the poem. Without this last sentence, people may have doubts: Is it because farmers are lazy and don't cherish so much food scattered in the fields? Or you might think so. With this striking remark, people suddenly realized that farmers deliberately did not harvest all of them out of kindness. In order to make the helpless people live and avoid the embarrassment of begging from door to door along the street, farmers deliberately left a small part of the harvested fruits for them to pick. That kind of delicate ironing and kindness at home embodies the Chinese people's feelings of compassion since ancient times, and it is a broad mind and lofty virtue, which is still touching to read. The "widow" in this poem is much luckier than the "widow in the mountain" who wrote in Du Xunhe's poem in the Tang Dynasty, "Picking wild vegetables to cook roots and cooking firewood and leaves". About this sentence, there is also a debate about how to understand the theme of this poem. The Preface to Mao's Poems calls this poem "The King of Thorns". Words cannot be self-sufficient. On the other hand, Zhu's "On the Preface of Poetry" retorted: "This preface is based on the word' widow's benefit'." As for the advantages and disadvantages of the two, it should be said that widow's collection does reflect the insecurity of poor people's lives and reflects the darkness and injustice of society from the side. It is not too outrageous to say that this poem has the meaning of "thorn". But from the overall intention of the poem, it is mostly "beauty", that is, praising the hard work of farmers and the joy of harvest. Mao Xu is one-sided and comprehensive, and Zhu's refutation is also dull.
The laborers in the field are harvesting and bundling, and they are very busy. At the front line, there is an agricultural official "Tian suo" to command inspectors, and at the rear, there are women and children carrying baskets to deliver meals. The whole picture is busy and lively. At this time, the supreme ruler "great-grandson" came, and its steaming scene suddenly reached the boiling point. At least from Tian Suo's expression of "supreme joy", people can understand this. The fourth chapter describes the great-grandson's rescue, which echoes the "Great-grandson is like this" in the first chapter of Spring Plowing. It is also closely related to the scene when the last article "Futian" described "saving farmers", and the four sentences are exactly the same. This is probably the rhetoric that praised the kingship at that time. Then, the great-grandson offered sacrifices to Tianzu and the four gods, offering sacrifices to reverence, solemnity and piety, and praying for the benefit of the people and the country. Royalty and theocracy depend on each other and respect each other more, which is probably the most serious thing that Xuansun can do when saving money. In fact, these are all high-sounding words praising virtue, which have no substance. Famous sayings emerge in endlessly in later generations, and their origins can also be traced back to The Book of Songs, which can be described as "success is also Xiao He, failure is also Xiao He".
This poem has profound artistic attainments. The poem mainly uses the technique of line drawing to outline a picture of ancient people's feelings and customs in agricultural production for future generations. Farmers, wives, widows, fields, great-grandchildren and other figures all have their own identities and actions, giving people real feelings. All these reflect the artistic charm of poetry and give people endless aftertaste.
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