Biography
Zhang Ji (about 766 - about 830), a poet in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of Zhenyuan Dynasty, he studied poetry with Wang Jian in Weizhou and later returned to Hezhou. In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Meng Jiao went to Hezhou and visited Zhang Ji. In the fourteenth year of Zhenyuan, Zhang Ji traveled to the north and met Han Yu in Bianzhou after being introduced by Meng Jiao. Han Yu was the examiner of Jinshi in Bianzhou and recommended Zhang Ji. In the 15th year of Zhenyuan, he passed the Jinshi in Chang'an. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), Taizhu of Taichang Temple met and learned from each other, which had a positive impact on their respective creations. Zhang Ji had been Taizhu for 10 years. He suffered from eye disease and was almost blind. People in the Ming Dynasty called him "poor and blind Zhang Taizhu". In the eleventh year of Yuanhe, he was transferred to the Imperial Academy as an assistant teacher, and his eye disease began to recover. 15 years later, he moved to Secretary Lang. In the first year of Changqing (821), he was recommended by Han Yu as a doctor of the state, and moved to the Ministry of Water Resources, Wailang, and then to the host and guest doctor. In the second year of Yamato (828), he moved to Guozi Siye. "Wuzhong Xianxian Pu" compiled by Su Wen, Zhang Ji collected more than 400 Zhang Ji poems in the late Southern Tang Dynasty, and Qian Gongfu named it "Mu Duo Collection" in 12 volumes. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Tang Zhong mainly collected the manuscripts of the eighth year of Yuanfeng in his family collection, and also edited them from various volumes. It was compiled into "Zhang Siye Ji" in 8 volumes and an appendix. Wei Jun published it in Pingjiang. There are 4 volumes of "Collected Works of Zhang Wenchang" collected by Tang Dynasty people from Song and Shu dynasties, including a total of 317 poems. The Collected Poems of Zhang Siye of the Tang Dynasty was printed in 8 volumes during the Jiajing and Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty, and contained more than 450 poems. The "Sibu Congkan" was used for photocopies.
In 1958, the editor of Zhonghua Book Company in Shanghai took it as the original version and compiled it into 8 volumes of "Zhang Ji's Collected Poems", which included more than 480 poems. According to the "New Book of Tang·Yiwenzhi", Zhang Ji has 2 volumes of "Analects of Confucius".
There are roughly three periods in Zhang Ji's poetry creation. It is early stage before the age of 40. 40-50 years old is the middle period, and most of his excellent Yuefu singing works were written in this period. Late stage is after 50 years old. At this time, life gradually stabilized. In addition to still writing Yuefu songs, he also wrote more modern poetry. He was an active supporter and promoter of the New Yuefu Movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty. Many of his Yuefu poems reflected the social reality at that time and showed his sympathy for the people. His poems are characterized by concise and natural language. He was as famous as Wang Jian at that time and was known as "King Zhang" in the world. The poems extensively and profoundly reflect various social contradictions and sympathize with the people's sufferings, such as "Song under the Sai" and "Wife's Resentment". The other type depicts rural customs and life scenes, such as "Lotus Picking Song" and "Jiangnan Song".
Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House has "Zhang Ji's Poetry Collection". Anecdotes
According to Feng Zhi's "Yunxian Sanlu", Zhang Ji, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, was obsessed with Du Fu's poems and burned Du Fu's famous poems one by one. Mix ashes with honey and take three spoons a day in the morning. One day, Zhang Ji's friend came to visit him and saw Zhang Ji mixing paper ashes. He was very puzzled and asked, "Zhang Ji, why did you burn Du Fu's poems and mix them with honey to eat?" Zhang Ji said: "After eating Du Fu's poems, I can write as good poems as Du Fu!" His friend laughed after hearing this.
Main Works Poems
1 "Send a Song"
Beauty comes and goes in spring, the river is warm, there is no one at the head of the river, and the Xiangshui is full. Waterfowl roost on the sandy rocks, and the spring days are short on Jiangnan Road. Orchid boats and laurel trees often cross the river, and there is no reason to send double peaches again.
2 "Traveling is Difficult"
A traveler in eastern Hunan sighs, having been away from home for ten years without returning home. The poor and weak horses have a hard time walking, and the young servants are hungry and cold and have little strength. Don't you see, the gold on the bedside is all gone, and the strong man has no color. There are no clouds in the dragon's mud, and there cannot be wings rising to the sky.
3 "Conquest of Women's Grievances"
In September, the Xiongnu killed the border generals, and the Han army was completely wiped out on the Liao River. No one from thousands of miles away collects the bones, and the souls are summoned and buried under every city. When a woman relies on her son and husband, she feels comfortable living together in poverty and lowliness. My husband died on the battlefield with his son in his belly, but my body remains like a candle in the day.
4 "White Song"
Bright and white, and fresh, it will be used as spring clothes to call a young man. The tailor couldn't decide the length, so he held his knife and ruler in front of his aunt. I am afraid that the orchid paste will stain my slender fingers, so I often send people nearby to collect the fallen Er. When the clothes were on and the food was cold, he also whipped the white horse with a jade whip.
5 "Old Songs from the Wild Country"
The poor old farmer lives in the mountains and cultivates three or four acres of mountain fields. The seedlings were so sparse and taxed that they could not be eaten, so they were imported into official warehouses and turned into soil. At the end of the year, people are hoeing and plowing in an empty room, and calling their children to climb mountains to harvest acorns. Xijiang Jia Ke has hundreds of dendrobium trees, and the dogs raised in the boat will eat meat.
6 "Song of Clothes"
It is hard work to sew clothes, but the reason is that the emissary sent him back from afar. Officials also send their own clothes, and your concubine takes care of your body. The girl in Gaotang has no servants, so she cannot go to the border town alone. Attentiveness is to see if it is suitable for the husband when he is first born.
7 "Farewell Song"
There are clusters of opera horses in the mountains of Tainan, and they sing farewell songs while drinking on the mountainside. The pedestrians got up and boarded the carriage after being drunk, and the servants at the banquet returned to persuade them. The blue sky covers the long road, and there is no place to stay when traveling far away. May you write your name everywhere, and one day I will know where you are from now on.
8 "City Building Ci"
At the city building site, thousands of people gathered together with pestles. The heavy soil is hard and the cone is tried, but the military officer is late with his whip. When I arrived, I was in the deep moraine for a year, wearing only short clothes and being thirsty but without water. If all the strength is exhausted, the pestle cannot be thrown, otherwise everyone will die before the sound of the pestle is exhausted. Every family raises a man to serve as the door, and today he is the king of the city.
9 "Tiger Walking"
The trees in the south and north mountains are dark, and tigers walk around the forest during the day.
Xiang Wan was serving as Taoist food, and all the elk in the mountains were silent. Every year I raise my son in the empty valley, and the male and female go up the mountain without chasing each other. There is a mountain village in the valley near the cave, and the chief goes to the villagers to get the yellow calf. Wuling was young and didn't dare to shoot, so he came to the forest to see where he was.
10 "Farewell Song"
When the pedestrians finish going out, when will they step on the road in front of the door. Recalling the time when the emperor first accepted Cai, he did not mention that he belonged to the Liaoyang garrison. If I had known earlier that I would have to part ways today, who would be the best choice for Chengjun’s family? A man is born into a life of service, which wasted my youth. It is better to chase the king and die in battle. Who can live alone in the empty boudoir?
11 "Shepherd Boy's Ci"
The cattle are herded far away, and the grass and millet are thick all around the village. Hungry crows pecked the cow's back in the border area, making me unable to play at the head of the ridge. When entering the grassland, there are many cows walking around, and when the calf is white, it crows in the reeds. On the other side of the embankment, people blowing leaves to greet their companions, and they also blow long whips three or four times. Cows and cattle eat grass and don't touch each other, and officials and officials cut off their horns.
12 "The Sand Embankment Walks to Mr. Pei"
The Chang'an Avenue is an embankment of sand, with no dust, no rain, and no mud in the early wind. Three moments later, the jade leak in the palace came down, and the prime minister arrived on horseback guided by Zhu Yi. The high-rise buildings on the roadside are singing and singing, and thousands of cars can't move, so those who can't move have to avoid it. The street officials and other officials were calling each other, but there was only an empty thoroughfare for ten miles. The white hemp edict is transferred to each other, and the new embankment has not yet become the old embankment.
13 "Pursuit of Immortality"
The Emperor of Han Dynasty wanted to become a flying fairy and collected herbs from the East China Sea every year. There is no road in Penglai and the sea is boundless. The alchemists died leaning on each other in the boat. Swaggering in the daytime, sweet springs and jade trees are not immortal. Jiuhuang Zhenren finally refused to leave the palace and went to Taiyi Temple. If there is Qi in the Dantian, it condenses with prime flowers, and you can ensure that it rises to the crimson glow.
14 "Sigh of the Ancient Hairpin" Zhang Ji The ancient hairpin fell into a well without color, but was recovered from a hundred feet of mud. There are ancient rituals in the phoenix's resemblance, but if you want to turn it into jewelry, it doesn't match the time. The female companion said that she didn't know her master, and her sleeves were brushed to bring out the brilliance. The orchid paste has been used up and half broken, and the carvings and inscriptions are of no date. Although it left the bottom of the well and was put into the box, it doesn't need to be the same as when it fell.
15 "Everything"
Tourists say goodbye, one after another. When you go out, you never come back, but you trust the wheel and the horse's hooves. The road is long and we don’t know where to go, but the mountains are high and the sea is vast, so who has to work hard? It’s difficult to send letters when traveling far away, and I look for words of farewell in the sky every day. The floating clouds rise from the sky and the rain falls to the ground. They reunite temporarily and eventually divorce. My son and I are not one and the same, and we will never give up on each other.
16 "The Song of a Chaste Woman, Sent to Master Li Sikong in Dongping"
You know that I have a husband, so you give me a pair of pearls. Feeling your lingering feelings, tied in red Luo Ru. The concubine's house has tall buildings and gardens, and the beloved man is holding a halberd in the bright light. I know that my heart is like the sun and the moon, and my husband's oath is like life and death. Huanjun Mingzhu sheds tears, wishing she could not meet again when she was not married.
17 "Words for Banqueting Guests"
Guests don't need to worry about gold and wine. If the host has wine, don't violate it. Please take a look at the flowers in the garden. They are becoming more and more numerous on the ground and sparse on the branches. There are no rocks in the shadows of the trees on the top of the mountain, and the stream should be even greener if there is no wind. When everyone is drunk and dancing together, no one can think of turning over their clothes or throwing down their bows. In the Ming Dynasty, all the flowers have gone and people have left, leaving only empty trees here.
18 "Travel to Yongjia"
Huangtou Xianbei entered Luoyang, and Hu'er held a halberd and ascended to the Mingtang. The emperor of the Jin family surrendered prisoners, and the ministers ran around like cattle and sheep. The purple flags and flags touched each other secretly, and every family's chickens and dogs came to the house in surprise. A woman goes out to follow the rebels, but she dare not cry when her husband dies. The princes of the Nine Provinces care about their own land, and no one leads the troops to protect their lord. People from the north tend to stay in the south to avoid Hu, but people from the south can still speak the Jin language.
19 "Song of Lotus Picking"
There are many lotus seeds on the bank of the Qiu River, and the daughter who picks lotus sings a boat song. The Qingfang is round and solid, and all the buildings are in place, and the waves are rising in the microwave. I tried to look for lotus roots under the green stems, but the broken silk threads were prickly and hurt my hands. The waist and sleeves are half rolled up, and the make-up is light and combed without any jade hairpins. Before the boat was full in Qianzhou, I asked which family lived far away. When I return, I wait until the evening tide comes up, playing with lotus and rowing.
20 "Sad Songs (Yang Ping was demoted to Linhe Wei in the Yuan Dynasty)"
Huangmen issued an edict to urge the arrest, and Jingzhao Yin was affiliated with the Censor's Office. When I go out, there are no more songs to follow, and when relatives meet, I can't say a word. He resigned and was relegated to Nanhai Prefecture, and was ordered not to stay for even a moment. Wearing a green shirt and riding a bad horse, there is no sender outside the middle gate. Postmen often fall under the hooves of horses when they are alerted by officials who are rushing to drive them away. In the large house in the middle of Chang'an, the twelve halberds have been removed from the red door. The high hall dances with pavilions and orchestral music, and the beauties look into the southwest sky.
21 "Old Friend of No Domain"
The year before last, when we were garrisoning Yue Zhi, the whole army was missing from the city.
The feudal vassals and Han dynasties broke the news and parted ways in life and death.
If there is no one to collect the waste account, it will be returned to the flag of Ma Zhican.
I want to offer sacrifices to you, but I am crying at the end of the world.
22 "Autumn Thoughts"
Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang city, I want to write a book with great meaning.
I’m afraid that I can’t finish the story in a hurry, and the travelers are about to open the gate again.
Translated poem:
The annual autumn wind,
blows into the city of Luoyang again,
urging me to write a letter home,
Communicate all your thoughts with your loved ones.
But there is too much to say,
I can only change it again and again.
The messenger was about to leave,
I opened the sealed envelope again,
and quickly added a few words,
Endless worries, helpless and too hasty.
23. "Yan of a Chaste Woman"
You know that I have a husband, so you give me a pair of pearls.
Feeling your affection, tied in a red lining.
The high-rise buildings of my concubine's house are rising up in the garden, and my beloved man is holding a halberd in the bright light. I know that my heart is like the sun and the moon, and my husband's oath is like life and death.
Huanjun Mingzhu sheds tears, wishing to meet Wen when she was not married
"Shanghan Changli Shu"
In ancient times, Xu's teachings, actions and words are nothing more than mutual love. Showing righteousness is not just flattery. Deacons should not rely on ignorance and darkness, always praise their good deeds, and teach others to go beyond their reach. They should be sincere and sincere, and should not block the opinions of others. This is close to the way of the ancients. There is no such thing as righteousness anymore. Those who hold on to the pole and refuse the joy that comes. How can they say that they are inheriting the ways of the ancients? I have been talking about the deacons for a while, and I think that the secular world is not as good as in the past, because it is the result of the sage's neglect and relaxation. After the death of Xuanni, Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai started to spread their weird theories to deceive people. Mencius wrote a book and corrected it, and the way of the sage was revived in the world. The Qin family destroyed learning, and the Han Dynasty focused on teaching people the methods of Huang and Lao, confusing them. Yang Xiong wrote "Fayan" and argued on it, and the way of the sage is still clear. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the pagoda method of the Western Regions was introduced into China, and the Chinese people. It has been translated and spread throughout the world, and the skills of Huang and Lao have been used together to make the world famous for their good words. There are only two of them. In the past, the saints believed that the path of life in the world was vast, and they used gold, wood, water, fire, earth, grain, and medicine to enrich it. Because people were good-natured, they understood the virtues of benevolence and righteousness and taught them so that they would have permanence. special. Today, those who invest in life are ready to use the tools of a saint; as for human feelings, they indulge in foreign learning instead of following the way of a saint, so that the righteousness of kings, ministers, fathers, sons, husbands, wives, and friends will sink in the world, and the country and family will continue to be in chaos, and the benevolent people will not be strong. It hurts. Since Yang Ziyun wrote "The Words of the Dharma" and up to now for nearly a thousand years, no one has spoken about the way of a saint. The only one who speaks is the deacon Yan Er. When those who follow the custom hear it, they find it strange and do not believe it. They just regard it as a trap, and in the end it is of no use in teaching. Deacon's clever articles are similar to those of Mencius and Yang Xiong. Yu Wei's book is to revive the way of the saints, so that people of the time and those who come after will know what he did to abandon the unique learning? Can you look down upon the common people and become a talkative person? However, those who want to practice the way of saints should also follow it. Compared with the deacons, there are many refutations and unfounded theories, which make people think that they are happy when they are presented in front of them. This will burden the virtue of the order. In addition, during discussions, you may not tolerate others' shortcomings. If you allow yourself to be the winner, you will also be tired. The six arts of the ancient kings have always existed. If a virtuous person does not practice them, it will be considered a loss. What's more, is it a show of Bosai, competing for wealth with others? A gentleman does not do anything. Today, the deacon is doing this to waste time and not realize what is going on. Moreover, the words and articles of the deacons are not deviated from those of the ancients. What we do today may not be out of the ordinary and follow the rules of the world. I hope that the deacon will never be too good at being a master, give up empty talk, be grand and broad, and inherit the works of Mencius and Yang Xiong, distinguish the theories of Yang, Mo, Lao, and Shi, so that the way of the saints can be seen again in the Tang Dynasty. Isn’t that great! I know it sincerely, but I am stubborn in talent and knowledge, and dare not steal the author's position, so I consulted the deacon and did it. If the deacons abide by the rules and regulations and follow the time, there will be no difference between the immortal events and the husband who does not know how to express them. Goodbye.
"The Second Book of Changli of Han Dynasty"
I don't want to be stupid and talk to the deacon at will. Those who are confused will not lose their clarity. However, I still have something to say, and I would like to return it to the deacon to complete what he said. Sir, I have been confused for a long time. Sincerity has been adapted to the world, but I don't know, so I have been confused for a long time. The deacon is knowledgeable and can write books as he pleases, so I have informed him. Now I think that if the instructions are not taken into account, then there will be nothing to gain from reading the books. I will stop here and not reach the end. One person lives in the same village. He or she does not know the way of the sage, but he can teach it. If he does not join, he will abandon it. There are still those who have transformed as proof. The world is so vast and its civil society is so numerous, how can it be possible for one person to give instructions personally? If you are not close enough, you will leave it alone. If you are far away and there is something to teach you, how can you tell it when you are home? Therefore, it is said that Mo Ruo is a book. Those who know it through books can transform it into the world and pass it on to future generations. If it is written as a book only if it does not enter, is it a mockery of the way of the sage? If a man is strong, he may be engaged in important dramas, or he may be traveling without resting at home, or he may occasionally be in mourning and disorder, but there is nothing he can do. Therefore, a gentleman is eager to do whatever he wants, fearing that nothing will show up later. If everyone waits until they are fifty or sixty before doing anything, then there may be some regrets. Although the deacon is currently participating in the Rong Mansion, when troops are being wiped out from all over the world, he has nothing to do. He does not write a book at this time, but says that he may not be as good as he did later. Can he catch up? The relationship between heaven and humanity already exists, and there is no need to grow old to establish it. In the past, Yanzi's concubines were still in their fifties and sixties. The deacon does not see the saint but studies the way of the saint. His talent is not inferior to that of Yan Zi. He has surpassed it. Is he afraid that the year will not come? The reason why Yan Zi did not write a book is because he came from a sage and the sage had his own custom. If Yan Zi was independent in the world, he would have written something about it. In ancient times, to learn the ways of kings, ministers, fathers and sons, one must rely on a teacher. A wise teacher would have thousands or hundreds of disciples. Therefore, if there is no trace of the teacher, it will be recorded as a book. If this is the case in "Mencius", it has been passed down. It is still said that Mencius wrote his own essays and collected his books, but it is not that his disciples did it after him. In the later Mencius era, his scholars were discovered, he was a disciple of Yang Xiong, and he wrote his own books. Today's teachers and friends are mourning, and they are not as immersed in the age of Yang Xiong. If they don't talk about the way to be a saint, they must not treat Mencius's disciples with hope. A gentleman speaks well and does not deviate from the truth. He has never heard of making a joke out of mixed and unfounded remarks. Every time a deacon sees what he says, he laughs. This is scratching the qi and harming the nature and preventing it from being righteous. If you can't be upright, why can't you do what you want? Some people think that if they do not lose their integrity, they will please everyone. This is playing tricks on people, and it is not showing others the way to be righteous. Character evaluation
Zhang Ji's artistic achievements in Yuefu poetry are very high. He is good at summarizing the opposites of things and forming strong contrasts in several articles or one article. He is also good at using sketching techniques to depict the images of various characters in a detailed and realistic way. . Most of its genres are new Yuefu "instantaneous famous pieces", and sometimes old titles can be used to create new ideas. The language is popular, simple and subtle, and poetry is often written in spoken language. He also deliberately refined the conclusion to achieve a critical and satirical effect beyond the words.
Zhang Ji's Five Rhythms are neither ornamental nor artificial. They are euphemistic and profound in their simplicity and fluency, and have a great influence on the Five Rhythms of the late Tang Dynasty.