Name and font size: Du Fu, with beautiful words.
Date of birth and death: 7 12 ~ 770.
Place of birth: Gong County, Henan Province
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Works: Du Gongbu's Works.
Historical evaluation
Li Bai and Li Bai are regarded as the pinnacle of Tang poetry. Their poems are tempered and painstakingly managed, and they are the passwords of later literati.
Lifelong achievement
Du Fu's early works are few in number. These poems are in line with the ethos of the times, full of self-confidence and heroic tendencies, which are obviously different from Du Fu's own later works. For example, it is arrogant to write about horses with "no way to go" and "ten thousand rampages", and to write about eagles with "killing hundreds of birds at a time and bleeding out weeds". The poem "Looking at Yue" wrote: "Climb to the top of the mountain, and you will see that other mountains are short in the sky." , with extraordinary spirit.
At the age of 35, Du Fu ended his life of studying and roaming, and came to Chang 'an with confidence to seek fame. However, after staying for 10 years, I hit a wall again and again. Soon, my father died and life became difficult. After many hardships, he saw the misfortune of the country and the people through his personal misfortune. At this time, the traditional Confucian outlook on life played an important role in his character and behavior habits. In the 11th year of Tianbao (752), Du Fu wrote his masterpiece Chedian, which recorded the tragic picture of people being driven to the battlefield to die with a serious attitude. This poem marks the transformation of Du Fu's poetry. This forms and basically runs through the ideological content characteristics of Du Fu's poetry creation in his later years: serious realism spirit; Under the premise of loyalty to the Tang Dynasty and the monarch, he severely criticized the decadent phenomenon in the ruling group; Deep sympathy for the sufferings of people's livelihood; Deep anxiety about the fate of the country and the nation.
"Car rickety, Ma Xiaoxiao, each of you has a bow and an quiver on your belt. My parents and wife will say goodbye to each other until the dust buries the bridge outside Chang 'an. They shouted as they ran and pulled your sleeve, and their sad voices floated into the sky. " The beginning of "Car Shop" is a tragic picture. So the criticism was directed at Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He was overjoyed: "The border is bleeding into sea water, and the heart of Emperor Wu is still beating for the war!" The poem goes on to say that the war has led to the decline of domestic productivity: "Don't you know that Han family, in thousands of villages in 200 states of Shandong Province, nothing grows except weeds, although strong women have bent down to plow the fields, and the furrows in the east and west have been broken? "Finally, I used my imagination to shout for the innocent dead:" You didn't see Qinghai Head, it was all abandoned old bones. The new ghost is wailing there now, and the old one is loudest in the stormy dark sky! " In Tang poetry, no work has such a serious face to reality and profound critical spirit.
After that, he wrote "Two Ways", which revealed the luxurious life of the relatives of Princess Yang Yuhuan, whom Tang Xuanzong loved. And the long poem "Chanting 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" contrasts the situation of the supreme ruling clique's drunken dream to death with the plight of the people's hunger and cold, and summarizes the darkness and irrationality of society with such a shocking poem as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink and the road freeze to death".
Since the "An Shi Rebellion" in the 14th year of Tianbao (1 1), his career has just started, and he was thrown into a wandering life before he could go on. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official and took his family west to Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and crossed Jianmen to Chengdu. After the Anshi Rebellion, the disintegration of the Tang Dynasty did not stop. A violent turmoil turned into a continuous decline, which made Du Fu more disappointed with the future of the country. His later poems were even more emotional than those in the An Shi Rebellion, and his attitude towards violence and corruption of warlords and bureaucrats became sharper and harsher. Although there are few works with such detailed descriptions as Car Shop, Three Officials and Three Farewells, the facts revealed in highly generalized poetic language have a shocking power.
The last 65,438+065,438+0 years of Du Fu's life was an important period for the poet's poetry creation, leaving more than 65,438+0,000 works, accounting for more than two-thirds of his poems in Du Gongbu Collection. The two banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, Wu Lang again, Qiu Xing, General, Memory of Historic Sites and Going Abroad One Night are all outstanding masterpieces of this period. Especially, centering on living in Kuizhou for two years, Du Fu's poetry creation has reached a state of perfection, which can be said to be the second peak of Du Fu's poetry.
Du Fu's poems have been called "the history of poetry" since ancient times. In fact, Du Fu is not interested in history. His poems recorded in historical books, as well as those describing his own experiences and reflecting historical features, are the crystallization of his life and history, soaked with his personal bitterness and tears. His own experience is intertwined with the sufferings of his contemporaries. For people living in turbulent times, this kind of poem is particularly infectious. For example, when he fled to Fengxiang and had the opportunity to visit relatives in Zhangzhou, he wrote his famous work "Three Songs of Qiang Village". The first one reads: "The sky is red and the clouds are west, and the ground is flat at the foot of the sun. Chai Men's birds are noisy, and thousands of miles away. My wife blames me, and I'm still crying. The chaos of the world is drifting, and it is accidental to survive. Neighbors are all over the wall, sighing. Midnight candles are more like a dream. " This poem presents a dramatic and extremely touching scene. In that sudden war, it was common for families to be destroyed, but the reunion of flesh and blood seemed inconceivable. Du Fu used accurate and vivid language to clearly show the complex feelings of surprise, sadness and joy when their family met again, which was touching. For thousands of years, it has aroused many people's inner voices!
It is precisely because of the interweaving of personal destiny and contemporary suffering that Du Fu, who is full of sympathy and social responsibility, freed himself from his sorrow with a broad mind of Confucianism and turned his destiny into a broader social life. He wrote in "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind" that "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Ande, which are the great shelter for all the poor people in the world, and the wind and rain are not moving like a mountain. Alas, suddenly seeing this house in front of me, it is enough for me to freeze to death alone. " In hunger and cold, he is not concerned with personal happiness, but with the warmth of the world's poor. This broad mind has touched China people from generation to generation.
With a heavy sense of responsibility for the fate of the country and the nation, Du Fu stared at the land of bloodshed and tears, faithfully depicting the face of the times and his inner sorrow. This creative tendency of going deep into the society, caring about the sufferings of politics and people's livelihood and attaching importance to realism, and a series of changes in language expression brought about by it, not only marked a major turning point in the content and style of Tang poetry, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of poetry from the middle Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. The painstaking efforts of Du Fu's poems can be regarded as a standard for people. In this respect, Du Fu's poems have a greater influence on later generations than Li Bai's.
Life sketch
In our impression, Du Fu always seems so depressed and angry. In fact, he also has a romantic side.
At that time, the empire of the Tang Dynasty was in the prosperous stage of China feudal society, and the whole nation and era showed a vigorous and enterprising atmosphere, and Du Fu was also influenced by the atmosphere of the times. He was once young. When he was young, he didn't even care about people like Qu Yuan, Jia Yi, Cao Zhi and Liu Zhen. His poem "Zhuangyou" recalls the past, claiming that "the nature is addicted to alcohol and hates stubbornness", and "drinking is regarded as an octupole, and worldly things are endless". At the age of 24, Du Fu went to Luoyang to take the exam, but failed to do so. He is still wandering around Qi and Zhao, leading a dissolute life. At the age of 33, Du Fu and Li Bai met in Luoyang, and they traveled in Liang and Song Dynasties as heroes. They are addicted to drinking, singing, generously reminiscing about the past, shooting and hunting. They are also a bit like Ren Xia. Li Bai was a famous poet at that time, and his special style and outstanding talent deeply attracted Du Fu. Du Fu is a man with rich feelings. He didn't associate with Li Bai for a long time, but when Li Bai was in danger, he was troubled by dreams and wrote many touching poems such as Li Bai's Dream and Li Bai at the End of the Sky. It can be seen that poets are also temperamental people when they are young. It was only because of the social situation at that time and the difficulties in his later years that the poet turned his attention to the people's suffering and paid more attention to the realistic theme.
Famous sentences handed down from generation to generation
Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet.
I have long heard of Dongting Lake? Now I finally climbed the tower. The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water. There is no news from my friends or relatives. I am old and sick, drifting in a boat. There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall, and Feng Xuan shed tears.
There are tens of millions of buildings in Ande, which greatly protect all the smiles of the poor in the world, and the wind and rain are as quiet as mountains. Alas, when I suddenly saw this house in front of me, my family froze to death alone.
Chronology of celebrities
7 12, from Gongxian County, Henan Province.
In the sixth year of Tianbao (747), he went to Chang 'an to seek fame.
In the 11th year of Tianbao (752), he wrote the famous article Military Vehicle Shop.
In the fifth year of Dali (770), he died in a boat trip near Leiyang.
(This article is edited by China.com. Please indicate the source if you need to reprint it. )
Part of the excerpt is from "Masters Read China Celebrities" published by China Drama Publishing House in February 2005. Click here to read more about this book.
Responder: Tengfei Xihua-Magician Level 4 3-24 13:20
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