For example, the common "zhi" can be used as a symbol of the preposition object, "What is so ugly?" -What's so rough about this? . According to our understanding, when the sentence structure is restored, the sentence becomes-what's wrong? According to our understanding, the word "you" here is used as a predicate, and the object is indispensable after the predicate. The word "zhi" is a symbol, so it has no practical significance and can be omitted when restoring the structure.
You may ask why the word "zhi" must be a sign, because the translation of a sentence has no specific meaning, so it is ruled out as a verb pronoun, leaving only auxiliary words and no meaning. Of course, what we call the sign of prepositional object is actually a statement after affirming that the sentence is a prepositional object, but since other possibilities are ruled out, we take it as a sign and infer that the sentence is a prepositional object sentence. Generally speaking, prepositional objects have many signs, such as "zhi". After understanding the meaning of a sentence and comparing it with the original sentence, we will find that the order of words that should be used as predicate components in some sentences has changed, and this sentence, after removing the prefix symbol, is restored in structure and then translated word by word in order, and the meaning is the same as the original intention. Do the following: 1 What's wrong? What's rough about it? What's wrong with restoring sentence 4 if the components don't match? 5 What's so simple? The understanding of the sentence meets the requirements, and it is concluded that the actual judgment of the prepositional object is not so complicated, but he can understand it by turning his head a little more. We usually have a predicate when you understand the meaning of a sentence. When you find that the leading predicate, that is, the verb runs behind, you can generally doubt whether it is a prepositional object, and then you can judge it after more consideration. I don't know if I say this, but I can only say this, because I never know how I am.
2. Sentences about Preposition Objects in Senior One Classical Chinese First of all, Preposition Objects are generally marked. For example, the common "zhi" can be used as a symbol of the preposition object, "What is so ugly?" -What's so rough about this? .
According to our understanding, when the sentence structure is restored, the sentence becomes-what's wrong? According to our understanding, the word "you" here is used as a predicate, and the object is indispensable after the predicate. The word "zhi" is a symbol, so it has no practical significance and can be omitted when restoring the structure. You may ask why the word "zhi" must be a sign, because the translation of a sentence has no specific meaning, so it is ruled out as a verb pronoun, leaving only auxiliary words and no meaning. Of course, we call it a sign of prepositional object, in fact, we are sure that the sentence is after the sentence of prepositional object, but since other possibilities are ruled out, we take it as a sign and infer that the sentence is a sentence of prepositional object. )
To sum up, generally speaking, prepositional objects have many signs, such as "zhi". After understanding the meaning of a sentence and comparing it with the original sentence, we will find that the order of words that should be used as predicate components in some sentences has changed, and this sentence, after removing the prefix, is restored in structure and then translated word by word in order, which is the same as the original intention.
Please do the following:
1 What's the matter?
What's rough about it?
3. If the components don't match, delete the prefix and restore the sentence.
4 What's the matter?
5 What's so simple?
6 Sentence understanding meets the requirements and draws a conclusion.
In fact, the actual judgment is not so complicated, just turn around and understand. We usually have predicates when we speak. When you understand the meaning of a sentence and find that the leading predicate, that is, the verb runs behind, you can generally doubt whether it is a prepositional object, and you can judge it after more consideration.
I don't know if you understand what I said, I can only say so, because I never know how I learned classical Chinese, but I just think it's not much different from vernacular Chinese. I hope you can understand what I said and help you.
3. Classical Chinese in high school, like prepositional objects or this type of children's shoes! ! The following is all knowledge. What you want seems to be in the third to fifth paragraphs. 1. A sentence that uses nouns or noun phrases to express judgment is called a judgment sentence.
In modern Chinese, the judgment verb "Shi" is generally used to express the judgment between the subject and the predicate. However, in ancient Chinese, "Shi" was mostly used as a pronoun and rarely used as a judgment word.
Therefore, in most cases, modal particles are used to express judgment. The common sentence patterns are as follows: 1. The subject followed by "zhe" means pause, and the predicate followed by "ye" means judgment, that is, the format of "zhe … ye"
This sentence pattern of judgment is a typical form of expressing judgment in ancient Chinese. Such as Lian Po and General Zhao Zhiliang.
Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. The subject followed by "zhe" means pause, and the predicate is not followed by "ye", that is, the word "zhe" in this sentence is not translated, but the word "yes" is added between the subject and the predicate.
For example, Liu Jingting, a native of Taizhou, Yangzhou, is naturally Cao. 3. Don't use "zhe" after the subject to indicate pause, but use "zhe ye" after the predicate to indicate judgment, that is, "... yes"
Such as: Xu Gong in the north of the city, a beautiful woman in the state of Qi. (Zou Ji satirizes coachable, King of Qi) 4. The subject does not use "zhe" to indicate pause, but only uses "ye" after the predicate to indicate judgment, that is, "de".
In this sentence, "ye" is not translated, and only "yes" is added between subject and predicate when translating. Such as the wall of harmony, the world is also a treasure.
5. Do not use "zhe" and "ye", that is, when translating into modern Chinese, just add "yes" between the subject and the predicate.
Such as: Liu Bei, the world is fierce. 6. Use the verb "for" to express judgment, that is, the type of "... for ...".
For example, man is a knife and I am a fish. (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet) 7. Adverbs such as "Nai is the rule, Jing, Bi" are used to express positive judgment, while adverb "Fei" is used to express negative judgment.
(1) This childe is in a hurry. It's autumn for the minister. (2) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
(Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower) 8. The usage of "Shi" as a judgment verb also exists in classical Chinese, but it appears late and is rare. For example, the giant will die, and he will stay in the distant county.
(Sima Guang's Battle of Red Cliffs) Second, passive sentences In ancient Chinese, the sentence pattern in which the subject is the passive of the behavior expressed by the predicate is called a passive sentence. Common passive sentences have the following forms: 1. The preposition "Yu" is used to express the initiative of behavior and the passivity.
That is, "predicate+Yu ..." For example, her husband Zhao Qiang is weak in the state of Yan, and the prince is lucky in Zhao, so the prince wants to marry him. ("Touch the Dragon and Tell the Queen Zhao") 2. Use "see" before the verb to express passivity, forming the form of "see+predicate".
For example, if the world is cloudy and I am alone, and everyone is drunk, I can put it down. (Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan) If we must introduce the initiative of action, we can add the preposition "Yu" after the verb to form the form of "seeing+predicate+Yu".
Afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao. 3. Use "accept" before the verb to express passivity and form the form of "accept+predicate".
Such as: (1) guilty. The word "Bei" in this sentence contains the meaning of "Bei", and the preposition "Yu" is omitted after it, which can also be introduced actively.
If the initiative must be introduced, it will form the form of "acceptance+predicate+Yu". For example, (2) I can't cite the whole land of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to others.
4. Add the preposition "Wei" before the verb to form the form of "Wei+verb". "Wei" and "Jian" in this sentence are different: "Jian" is an auxiliary word and cannot take an object, so it is always next to the verb; "Wei" is a preposition, which can follow the verb (omit the object) or guide the initiative of the action.
For example, a guest died in Qin and laughed at the world. 5. Use "for" to take the initiative, and then add "suo" before the predicate to express passivity, which constitutes "for ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Such as: sad husband! There is such a trend that it was robbed by the Qin people. (Su Xun's Six Kingdoms) Because ... Because.
However, in ancient Chinese, the actor of "Wei" can sometimes disappear or be omitted from the past, and become the form of "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet) 6. The preposition "Bei" leads to initiative and forms the form of "Bei+verb", which is the same as the passive sentence in modern Chinese. Such as: dancing in the pavilion, singing in Taichung, wind and rain always blow away romantic feelings.
(Xin Qiji, "Yong Yule? Gubeiting in Jingkou) 7. Passive sentences without any signs. This passive sentence has no passive verbs and can be supplemented according to the meaning of the context.
For example, soldiers fell to the ground and killed six counties. Third, the omission of a word or a certain component in a sentence is a phenomenon that exists in all times and at all times.
However, this phenomenon is more prominent in classical Chinese. Some sentence elements that cannot be omitted in modern Chinese are often omitted in ancient Chinese. The most common ellipsis sentences are as follows: 1. Subject ellipsis is common in classical Chinese.
One of the main reasons is that the third person pronoun in classical Chinese generally does not act as the subject of the sentence independently. If the sentence repeats the previous sentence, it will be wordy, and naturally there will be more sentences that omit the subject.
Whether elements in a sentence are omitted or not should be inferred according to the meaning of the context or the whole language environment. When translating, we should make up the omitted components according to the specific situation.
Subject ellipsis can be divided into such forms as "connecting the past with the future", "learning from foreigners" and "saving dialogue". For example, (1) inherited Lian Po, the former province, as the general of Zhao, and (Lian Po) cut Qi, which was a great breakthrough.
(2) There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, black and white, and (different snakes) touch vegetation and (vegetation) dies. (2) In Hou Meng, Pei Gong said to Sean ... (Gong) I went to the army and joined the army. "
(Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet) (er) It's only a matter of time before you die, and the rest are bones. (3) Dialogue Province ① (Mencius) said: "Who is happy, alone or with others?" (The king) said, "If you are not with others."
② Fan Kuai said, "What happened today?" Liang Dao: "It's urgent." (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet") 2. Omitting the predicate is the most important part of the sentence.
Whether in ancient or modern times, it is rare to omit predicates. However, in classical Chinese, omitting predicates is not a very unique phenomenon.
Especially in compound sentence, if a verb is used in one sentence, another sentence will move in the same way.
4. Junior and senior high school classical Chinese preposition object sentence attributive postposition preposition object phrase postposition judgment sentence Various special classical Chinese sentence patterns: Classical Chinese special sentence patterns are generally divided into four categories: judgment sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences, inversion sentences and interrogative sentences. Among them, it is difficult to understand the conventional word order of inverted sentences, which is generally "subject-predicate-object" and "definite (form)-head word", that is, subject. But sometimes, due to the needs of rhetoric and emphasis, the word order will change.
If we take this established word order as the standard, we will find that some classical Chinese sentences have a lot of reverse order, which is the habit of ancient people to speak. This is just like "I'll go first" in Guangzhou dialect and "I'll go first" in Mandarin, with no rhetoric or emphasis.
But in order to facilitate our study, it is called "inverted sentence", which means that the order of some sentence elements in classical Chinese is reversed. We call the phenomenon that the predicates are placed in front of the subject "predicate preposition" or "verb inversion", the phenomenon that the objects are placed in front of the predicate verbs or prepositions "prepositional objects", the phenomenon that the attributes are placed after the head language "attributive postposition" and the phenomenon that the prepositional phrases, that is, adverbials are placed after the head language "prepositional phrase postposition" or "adverbial postposition".
A judgment sentence is a sentence that makes a positive or negative judgment on the nature, situation and relationship of things. (1) Use "Zhe ... also" to indicate that Lian Po and Zhao Zhiliang will also.
(Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ② Chen Ye is from Yangcheng. (Sima Qian's Chen She Family) (3) Teacher, so preaching is also an answer.
(Han Yu's "Shi Shuo") (2) At the end of the sentence, use the "Zhe Ye" table to judge that Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a beauty of Qi. (The Warring States Policy. Zou Ji's satire can be trained ") 2 refers to chrysanthemums, and the flowers are hidden; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers.
(Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus") (3) Judging from the "Zhe" table, four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father and An Shangchun's father. (Wang Anshi's trip to Baochan) (4) Judging from the verb "for" or the judgment word "yes" ① Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is a future trouble.
(Sima Guang's "Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) Ask what happened today, I wonder if there is Han, no matter Wei and Jin Dynasties. (Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden") ③ After twelve years of traveling together, I didn't know that Mulan was a woman.
(Northern Dynasty folk song "Mulan Poetry") ④ Neither of us is happy-forever and ever, we meet. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? . (Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing) ⑤ Use adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "then", "all", "sincerity", "element" and "Jiang" to express positive judgments.
"This is a crucial autumn." (Zhuge Liang's Model) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
(Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower) 3 and * * *. (Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ④ I want fish and bear's paw.
(Zhuangzi's "The Fish I Want") (6) Negative judgment with "No" (1) If the child is not me, do you know that I don't know the joy of fish? (Zhuangzi Qiushui) (2) Although the six countries were broken, the soldiers were unfavorable and the war was not good. Disadvantages are that the city is not high, the pool is not deep, and the military revolution is not firm ... (Mencius "Tao helps more, Tao helps less") (7) No verdict was signed. Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly.
For example: ① Liu Bei is fierce in the world. (Sima Guang's Battle of Red Cliffs) His sword fell into the water from the boat. He agreed with his boat and said, "My sword fell from the boat."
This underlined sentence is also a judgment sentence. The subject is translated from "yes" to "this"; Predicate is a noun phrase, which is formed by the structure of words.
This is where my sword fell. Note: the word "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment sentence, but an indicative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese before Qin Dynasty, but was more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty.
Passive Sentence A passive sentence means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the active and implementer. There are mainly two kinds of passive sentences: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences.
(1) There are four marked passive sentence patterns in ancient Chinese: (1) Use "Yu" to express the passive relationship. The initiator of the preposition "Yu" leads to the behavior. "Yu" after the verb takes the form of "verb+Yu+initiator".
For example, Wang Jian is a bird of Qin. The word "Yu" in the sentence (bird, through "catching") is used after the verb "bird", which leads to the active person being called "Qin", indicating passivity.
"Yu" can be translated as "Bei" This passive sentence has two conditions: one is that the subject is passive, and the other is that there is the word "Yu" in the sentence.
(2) Use "look" to express the passive relationship. Use "Jian" before the verb or "Yu" after the verb to express initiative.
Its form is "see+verb" or "see+verb+Yu+initiative". For example: ① Qin Cheng was afraid of not getting it and only saw bullying.
(Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) Afraid of being bullied by the King and losing Zhao. I'm afraid I was cheated by you. I'm sorry, Zhao.
"Wei" is placed in front of the verb to lead to the initiator of the behavior, and its form is "Wei+initiator+verb" or "Wei+initiator+verb". For example, if you go back on your word, the minister dies and your wife is killed, it is not good for you.
If I betray what he said, I will die and my wife and children will be killed, which is not good for you. ) 2 The hut was broken by the autumn wind (Du Fu's "The hut was broken by the autumn wind") 3 Wu Guangsu loved his wife, and his foot soldiers were mostly users. (Sima Qian's Chen She Family) (4) If you don't hurry today, you may be the first to fuck.
(Sima Guang's Battle of Red Cliffs) (5) It was so powerful that it was robbed by the Qin people. (Su Xun's Six Kingdoms) 6 If you don't, if you are all, you will be captured.
(Sima Qian's "The Hongmen Banquet") (4) Use "longevity", "preparedness" and "longevity … in" to express the passive relationship. Its form is "Bei (shou)+verb" or "Bei (shou)+verb+Yu+initiative".
For example: ① Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints? ("yes.
5. What are the prepositional objects in classical Chinese in senior high school? Classification and analysis of 1 preposition object in senior high school classical Chinese. The prepositional object of a negative sentence has modifiers such as negative adverbs "bu", "nothing", "wei", "fu" and negative infinitive pronoun "mo" in a negative sentence. The pronoun is the object and usually comes before the verb.
For example: (1) Don't be too confident (modern Chinese word order should be "Don't believe in yourself") ("Zou Ji can be taught irony") (2) Don't take me seriously (modern Chinese word order should be "Don't take me seriously") ("Zeng, Gong Xihua sat on the bench) (3) Nothing (modern Chinese)
(2) The sentence is negative, with the negative word "I" and the pronoun "I" as the object of the verb "I" and the preposition object. Don't need me.
(say "take" as a preposition, this sentence is an ellipsis: don't be silent because of me. (3) The sentence is negative, with the negative word "Wei" and the pronoun "Zhi" as the object of the verb "You" and the preposition object.
This has never happened before. From the above examples, we can know that the recognition of such prepositional object sentences generally depends on whether there are negative words in negative sentences and whether pronouns are the objects of verbs.
(Note: In ancient Chinese, the pronoun object of negative sentence also has no preposition. For example, there is a negative word "no" in the sentence "My wife is not so powerful" in Teacher Qin by Candle Fire. The pronoun "this" is the object of the verb "he", but the pronoun "this" does not precede the verb "he".
Without that man's strength, I wouldn't have come this far. (2) Interrogation When interrogative pronouns "He", "An", "Who", "Zhi", "Hu", "Dad" and "Yan" are used as objects in interrogative sentences of prepositional objects, this object usually precedes verbs; If you act as the object of a preposition, this object is usually placed before the preposition.
(1) What does the pronoun of the interrogative verb preposition object (1) do? The word order of modern Chinese should be "What is the king doing here?" (The Hongmen Banquet) (2) What does Hu Weiwei want? The word order of modern Chinese should be "What does Hu Weiwei want?" ("Back to Xi Word") (3) Why? The word order of modern Chinese should be "for what?" ) (",Zeng,,, Gong Xihua sits") (4) What can I do for you? The word order of modern Chinese should be "What's good for me"? ("Ten Laws") (5) What is a cow? The word order of modern Chinese should be "What is a cow?" ) (Qi Huan Jin Wen Shi E) Now take (1)(2)(3) as a concrete example: in the sentence (1), the interrogative pronoun "He" is used as the object of the verb "Cao" and the preposition object. What did the king get when he came? (2) The interrogative pronoun "he" is used as the object of the verb "zhi" and the preposition object in the sentence.
Why are you distracted? Where do you want to go? (3) The interrogative pronoun "he" is used as the object of the verb "one" and the preposition object in the sentence. what are you going to do？ Distinguishing such prepositional objects depends on whether the pronoun before the verb in the question is its object.
Yes, then the preposition object and pronoun come before the verb. (2) Why does the preposition object (1) of interrogative prepositions depend on Zhao? The word order of modern Chinese should be "Why do you trust Zhao?" What do you know about me? The word order of modern Chinese should be "How do you know me?" (Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi) How do you know the prince? The word order of modern Chinese should be "How do you know the Prince of Yan?" (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (4) What's on our side? The word order of modern Chinese should be "Why on my side"? ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen") (5) Why do you say that I was born safe? (The word order of modern Chinese should be "How to obey my life and keep my sex safe?" Take (1)(2)(3) as an example: the interrogative pronoun "he" in the sentence (1) is the object of the preposition "one".
Why do you support yourself in Zhao? (2) The interrogative pronoun "He" is used as the object of the preposition "You" in the sentence. How do you know I can? (3) There is an interrogative pronoun "he" in the sentence as the object of the preposition "one".
How do you know the Prince of Yan? The distinction between these prepositional objects depends on whether the interrogative pronoun in the interrogative sentence is the object of the preposition. Yes, then the preposition object and pronoun come before the preposition.
Third, use "Zhi" and "Shi" as the signs of prepositional objects. In order to emphasize the object, in classical Chinese, the part-of-speech object can be moved to the front of the verb, and "Zhi" and "Shi" can be added after the advanced object as the signs of mentioning the object. In some classical Chinese sentence patterns, the adverb "Wei" is specially added before the object, forming the sentence patterns of "Wei … is" and "Wei … is".
(1) "Zhi" and "Yes" are the signs of (1). I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it (the general word order is "I don't know the sentence, I don't solve the problem") (2) Fujin, why didn't I (the general word order is "Fujin, what are you tired of") ("The candle beats Teacher Qin") (3) He Louzhi (the general word order is "He Louzhi") (4).
(2) The word "zhi" in the sentence is a structural auxiliary word, so the object "Yu He" is placed before the verb "you" to show emphasis. This sentence means: Jin State, what is there to be satisfied with? (3) The word "zhi" in the sentence is a structural auxiliary word, so that the object "Helou" comes before the verb "you".
6. In the special sentence pattern of ancient Chinese, the situation of preposition object is described, and examples in class are listed. The special sentence pattern of middle school classical Chinese-preposition object verb preposition object In modern Chinese, transitive verb+object (nominal language unit) = verb-object phrase, transitive verb and its following object are in a dominant and dominant position. However, in classical Chinese, sometimes there is a linguistic phenomenon that the object is placed in front of the verb. That is, "prepositional object". Several common types are summarized as follows. 1. In interrogative sentences, the interrogative pronoun is the verb object, and the object is placed before the verb predicate. Common interrogative pronouns are "who, who, evil, he, death, Hu, evil, security, Yan" and so on. (65438+ The Hongmen Banquet (II). Where is Pei Hongan? The hongmen banquet (3). What if the pot is too black? I went to the countryside. 2. In negative sentences, pronouns are objects, and objects are placed before verbs. The so-called negative sentence is a sentence with negative meaning, that is, there are negative adverbs "no, no, Wei, Fei, no, no" or negative verbs "no" or indefinite pronouns's "mo". If the object is a pronoun, it is usually placed before the verb predicate. We ignore it. Li Sao (2). I didn't know it was gone. Li Sao (3). 70 people are clothed with meat, but the people are not hungry or cold. But they are not kings, and there is nothing left. 3. With the help of "zhi" or "yes", the object is advanced to the verb for emphasis. ""humble room inscription "(2). What does Fu Jin hate? I don't know what to look at, but I'm confused. Master teacher (4). I only listen to my fate (idiom) (5). I only seek profit (idiom) (6). I only follow Feng Wanzhen (7). My brother and sister-in-law only follow preposition preposition object in modern Chinese "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen". Put it after the predicate and act as the complement of the predicate. It should be noted that its structure is preposition before and object after. However, in classical Chinese, this prepositional object phrase sometimes advances the object behind to the preposition, that is, the prepositional object. Common situations are as follows. (In classical Chinese, the common prepositions are "Yu, Yi, Wei, He, Cong and Zi". Who is Weiss? "To whom" should be understood as "to whom". The story of Yueyang Tower (2). Once the mountain collapses, why entrust yourself to Zhao? Touch the dragon and say "Empress Zhao" (3). What's the difference between what you don't do and what you don't do? History, Volume 4. My king is hardly ill. How can he play the drums? How can I hunt in the field? Bao Zhuang meets Mencius (5). Why else would this book be here? The hongmen banquet and historical records (6). Zhuangzi (7). Wang Q: How do you know Lian Po and Lin Xiangru (8)? How do you solve your troubles? Only Du Kang. 2. The object of the preposition "one" is more active. Even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be used to emphasize the object. (1). "All that's left is to remember and let the lookout get what he wants." Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher is a common pronoun. The Book of Songs Autumn is a noun. When locative nouns are used as prepositional objects, they sometimes refer to prepositional objects. "Wang Xianghe and Xiang Bo sit at the east gate; Father sits south-father, Fan Zeng also; Pei Gong sits in the north; Sean is waiting in the west. " ("The Hongmen Banquet").