(A) China's earliest poetry collection-"The Book of Songs"
The Book of Songs has * * * 305 articles, so it is also called "Poetry 300", which covers a history of about 500 years from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (1 1 century to the 6th century). The complete works are divided into wind, elegance and fu, in which wind includes fifteen national styles, elegance is divided into elegance and elegance, and fu is divided into Zhou Song, truffle and Shangsong. The expressions are Fu, Bi and Xing. Confucius said that there are 300 Poems. In a word, Confucius said, "Think innocently. "For example, Guanju is a folk love song, which is written in a lively artistic way." Guan Guan's pigeon, in Hezhou, is a gentle and graceful lady and a good gentleman. "Write young men who miss girls with sincere and bold feelings. Because this poem is very ideological and artistic, and it is the first poem in the Book of Songs, it has always been valued.
(B) Qu Yuan's "Li Sao"
Li Sao is the greatest lyric poem in Qu Yuan's works, which has a unique position in the history of China's poetry. According to Ban Gu of Han Dynasty, the title of Li Sao means: it is bitter to leave Judah; Sao, worry, and knowing that you are worried is also a speech. The whole poem ***373 sentences, 2490 words. More than two thousand years ago, there was such a masterpiece, which was indeed the pride in the history of China's poetry. In addition, Qu Yuan's masterpieces include Nine Songs and Tian Wen.
2. Qin and Han poetry. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, the development of China's poems appeared new situations, mainly Yuefu poems, folk songs and literati five-character poems.
(1) Yuefu: Yuefu was originally a musical organ set up in the Qin Dynasty, and was later enriched and revised by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Its task is to make music scores and collect songs and lyrics. During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, Yuefu refers to a poetic style with musicality, which gradually evolved into a new poetic style. Yuefu in Tang Dynasty is another lively and simple poetic style compared with modern poetry and general five-seven-character ancient poetry, which has a realistic tradition. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, all kinds of music such as Ci and Sanqu can be called "Yuefu".
(2) Poems of Han Yuefu: mainly including four kinds of works: 1, songs of suburban temples; 2. Xianghe song; 3. Advocating songs; 4. Miscellaneous songs. Yuefu folk songs are developed on the basis of The Book of Songs, and have * * * similarities with The Book of Songs. It can be said that The Book of Songs has moved forward again.
3. Poetry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The period of Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties was the heyday of the development of five-character poetry, and it began to form poetry styles in different periods and styles, mainly including Jian 'an style, Zhengshi style, Yongjia style, Tao style, Xie style and Yongming style. I won't go into details here. Let me briefly talk about Tao Yuanming.
Tao Yuanming (365-427), a famous poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was famous for his talent and beauty, disorderly private life and pursuit of Yang, Mu and Sang. His poems are particularly rich in content. By praising the rural life, he showed all kinds of experiences in farming and insisted on the spirit of struggle with lofty ideals, protesting against the dark rule of feudal society.
He initiated China's pastoral poetry, regarded the countryside as a pure land, praised pastoral life and showed the natural beauty of the countryside. Tao Yuanming has a keen understanding, living in an environment not far from nature, enjoying rural life in a unique way, singing praises to it and even returning to nature. For example, his "Returning to the Garden" and "Warming a Far-off Village, Smoking in the Iraqi Market" show a far-reaching situation.
Poetry in the Southern and Northern Dynasties formally inherited the Han and Wei Dynasties and started the Tang and Song Dynasties. On the basis of folk songs, through the efforts of many poets, various poetic styles have gradually formed, which has become an important transitional period of poetic styles.
4. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was the golden age in the history of China's poetry, and all kinds of poems were fully mature. In the past 300 years, there have been many talented poets, many works, a wide range of themes, various forms and different styles; Poetic and picturesque, a hundred flowers blossom.
(1) The representative writers in the early Tang Dynasty-the preparatory period were "four outstanding writers in the early Tang Dynasty"-Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo; In addition, there is Chen Ziang.
(2) In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous and the national strength was strong, and the Tang poetry reached its peak, with a wide range of themes and numerous schools, and the "Frontier Poetry School" and "Pastoral Poetry School" appeared. The great romantic poet Li Bai and the great realistic poet Du Fu are the most outstanding representatives of this period. Their poems are the highest in this generation. In their works, no matter the five laws and seven laws, the poems and ancient songs with five unique skills and seven unique skills have achieved high artistic achievements, as Han Yu said, "Du Li's articles are endless." Such as Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" and "Going to Sprinkle"; Du Fu's Three Officials and Three Farewells and so on.
(3) Mid-Tang Dynasty and Late Tang Dynasty-Development and Maturity In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, poets made their own achievements. But the most outstanding achievement is Bai Juyi, who put forward the progressive theory that "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written for things" and personally participated in and led the "New Yuefu Movement". Bai Juyi's poems are clear and easy to understand, and are deeply loved by the masses. His representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel. Other famous poets in the middle and late Tang Dynasty were Wei, Liu Changqing, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Liu Zongyuan, Li He, Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Song Dynasty poetry
Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty. Song Ci is another peak in the history of China's poetry. Famous poets in Beining include Yan, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Liu Yong, Su Shi, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan.
Su Shi (Dongpo), the most famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote poems, words and essays well. Su Ci has a wide range of themes, artistic attainments and styles, but its main style is bold and unconstrained. He not only wrote about the love between men and women, but also used it to express patriotic passion and reflect rural life. His representative works, Water Turning Around, Ice Chen Huai Traveling in Mid-Autumn Festival and Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia, show the poet's persistence and pursuit of ideals, his praise and love for the motherland's great rivers and mountains, and his yearning for heroes in history. He is bold and unrestrained in emotion, rich in association, bold in brushwork, full of positive romance, and has become a hero.
Zhang Xiaoxiang, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao, Lu You and Jiang Kui are famous poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Famous poets in Song Dynasty include Ouyang Xiu, Mei, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, Lu You and Wen Tianxiang, among whom Lu You and Su Dongpo have the highest achievements.
Lu You is a prolific poet, who wrote more than 9,300 poems in his life. Many of his poems are full of patriotic pride, solemn and stirring, uninhibited, and unique in the Song Dynasty. His representative works include Guan Shanyue, A Passage to Jin Cuodao, The Book of Wrath, Xiuer and so on. , fully expressed his resentment of the humiliation of the Southern Song Dynasty and his concern for the fate of the motherland. His poems had a far-reaching influence on that time and later generations.
Six, Yuan Qu, Zaju
The Yuan Dynasty was a period of prosperity for Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty is a new form of poetry after poetry. Ma Zhiyuan, a master of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, is very influential, and his works mostly describe the grief and indignation of talented people or the suffering of wandering, such as "Double Tune Night Boat" (Qiu Si) and "Tianjingsha" (Qiu Si). "Old vines are crows, bridges are flowing. The ancient road and the west wind are thin. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world. " (Tianjingsha) Ma Zhiyuan is really good at absorbing natural scenery, melting the feeling of wandering in the bleak and desolate scenery, and strongly setting off Qiu Si's feeling that "heartbroken people are at the end of the world". Although his mood is sentimental, his artistic technique is very high, which gives people a strong artistic appeal.
The representative writers of Yuan Zaju are Guan Hanqing and Wang Shifu, and their masterpieces are Dou Eyuan and The West Chamber.
Seven, Ming and Qing poetry
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the heyday of traditional Chinese opera and novels. More accomplished poets such as Gao Qi, Yu Qian, Qi Jiguang, Yu, Gu,,, Wu, Wang Shizhen, Nalan Xingde, Yuan Mei and others.
The development of new poetry can not be separated from the reference of old poetry. The creation of new poetry should comprehensively inherit and develop the fine tradition of Chinese classical poetry for thousands of years in content and form, and strive to create and carry forward new poetry in a national form that the people like. This paper only gives a brief introduction to the history of China's poetry, and sorts out the basic ideas of a context, which needs to be continuously enriched and improved.
Poetry in the Ming Dynasty moved forward in the repetition of imitation and anti-imitation, and there were no outstanding works and poets.
There are many schools of poetry in Qing dynasty, but most writers have not got rid of the archaism and formalism, so it is difficult to surpass their predecessors. In the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen (1792- 184 1) broke the silence of poetry circles since the middle of Qing Dynasty with his advanced ideas and led the trend of modern literary history. His poems often pay attention to social, historical and political views to expose reality. Let poetry become a critical tool of the real society. Later Huang Zunxian (1848- 1905), Kang Youwei (1858- 1927) and Liang Qichao (1873- 1929).
Eight;
During the May 4th literary revolution, modern literature in China was born. In 2007, Hu Shi (1879- 1942) published eight poems in vernacular Chinese for the first time in New Youth, and put forward the idea of "great liberation of poetic style" and advocated liberation from rules and regulations. Liu Bannong, Liu Dabai, Kang and Yu Pingbo are the main creative forces. Through their efforts, the new poetry has formed a basic * * * character, which has no certain rhythm, does not stick to phonology, does not talk about carving, does not seek elegance, but only seeks simplicity. The earliest published new poetry collections are: Hu Shi's Attempt Collection, Yu Pingbo's Winter Night, and Kang's Grass and
Guo Moruo's Goddess, with the May 4th sturm und drang spirit and distinctive artistic features different from other vernacular poems, laid the romantic foundation of new poetry. Goddess is also a sign that new poetry really replaces old poetry. It successfully created and used the form of free verse, pushing new poetry to a new height.
After the pioneering stage, new poetry has formed a relatively perfect form, mainly free poetry, both new metrical poetry and symbolic poetry.
Writers of the Literature Research Association have created a large number of free poems, most of which are lyrical, showing the pursuit and anguish of awakened petty-bourgeois intellectuals. Among them, Zhu Ziqing's achievements are more outstanding. His poems highlight the initiative and enterprising spirit. For example, the poem "Light" expresses the author's desire to seek without giving alms, while poems such as "Hurry", "Self" and "Destruction" all show ups and downs. Adhere to the pursuit of ideals. Bing Xin, a writer in the literary research society, was influenced by Tagore's Birds, and wrote and published two poems, Stars and Spring Water. These poems are all called "stars". Her poems "Stars" mostly show maternal love, innocence and nature, full of tenderness and sadness.
Roaring poems refer to the political lyrics of party member writers such as Qu Qiubai and Jiang Guangchi, among which Jiang Guangchi (190 1? /FONT & gt； 193 1) has the most poems. His poems have distinctive socialist colors, such as Evil Elephant in the Pacific Ocean, Song of China's Labor, and Lenin's Crying, which swept away the lingering tone of many new poems at that time and were full of masculine voices. However, his political lyrics have the shortcoming of vague content.
In the creation of new poems, the field of love poems is the most striking among the poems of Hubin Poetry Society, including Wang Jingzhi (1902-), Ying Xiuren (1900- 1933) and Pan Mohua (1902-/kloc-0).
Feng Zhi (1905- 1994), who writes free verse, is also an accomplished poet. His poems are about love, affection and friendship. He has published poems such as Song of Yesterday and Journey to the North.
It is the crescent school that advocates metrical poetry. Wen Yiduo (1899- 1946) has made great contributions to the theory of metrical poetry. In order to build new metrical poems, Wen Yiduo put forward the beauty of music, painting and architecture, and made painstaking creative practice for this purpose. Wen Yiduo has two books of poetry, Red Candle and Dead Water. His poems also show the aggressive pursuit spirit during the May 4th Movement. His artistic expression is romantic. He often chooses an image to express his feelings. He makes good use of appropriate metaphors to enhance the image and artistic appeal of poetry. His poems include the beauty of music, painting and architecture. This feature has a great influence on the whole metrical school. Xu Zhimo (1896- 193 1) is another important poet of Crescent Society. His poems mainly express the pursuit of light, hope for ideals and dissatisfaction with reality. Poems expressing personality liberation and love pursuit occupy an important position in Xu Zhimo's creation. His poetic style.
Almost at the same time that the Crescent School was active, symbolism poetry appeared in China. Symbolic poetry does not really directly describe or express their thoughts, but often uses associations, metaphors, hallucinations, hints and other means different from normal to create hazy and mysterious colors. Li Jinfa (1900- 1976) is a representative figure of symbolism. He is the author of Xiao Yu, Ode to Joy and other poems. His poems reflect the pessimism of some intellectuals in the face of a blank future after the May 4th Movement. Li Jinfa is called a "strange poet" because of his grotesque and poor readability, but his poems also have many successes, such as a lot of vivid metaphors, vivid language and strong feelings, which are beyond many people's reach.
In 1930s, left-wing poets led the poetic world with high fighting passion. Yin Fu (1909- 193 1) is an important political lyric poet. His poems enthusiastically praised the proletarian revolution and vividly described the battle scenes of the workers' movement. Because of his actual combat experience, his poems are rich in emotion and sincere and simple in artistic style. Representative works include Blood Word, May 1 Zhi 1929, Our Poetry and so on. The important representative group of the left-wing poetry school is the Chinese Poetry Society. Their artistic proposition is the popularization of poetry, advocating that poetry should face the lower class and praise the anti-Japanese national salvation movement. The representative poet is Pu Feng (19 18).
After the Crescent School, there appeared a school of modern poetry that described the modern feelings of modern people in modern life. Dai Wangshu (1905- 1950) is the main poet of modern poetry school. He won the reputation of "Rain Lane Poet" for his poem Rain Lane published in 1928. His published poems include My Memory and Wang Shucao. These poems show the disillusionment and loneliness of intellectuals after the failure of the Great Revolution. His poems use a lot of symbolic images, but they are tortuous and obscure, because they are close to subjective feelings. His usual metaphor is fresh and appropriate. The sense of rhythm is another feature of his poems.
After the Anti-Japanese War, the most important school of poetry was the July Poetry School. The important poets of July School are Hu Feng, Ai Qing, Tian Tian, Yimen, Lu Li and Zou Difan. In their creation, political lyric poetry accounts for a large proportion, and its content is full of patriotic passion, calling for people's fighting spirit against the enemy. July school pays attention to touching people's hearts with fiery passion in art, rather than paying attention to carving and rhetoric.
In the second half of the 1940s, new poems called folk songs matured in rural areas after liberation, and their outstanding achievements in folk songs were concentrated in the narrative poems of He Ruan.
Ma Fantuo is the pseudonym of a satirical poem published by Yuan Shuipai (1907- 1983) in the mid-1940s. His poems in this period were included in Ma Fantuo Folk Songs, which was the most influential collection of political satire poems in Kuomintang-controlled areas at that time. Most of them are written in familiar folk songs and minor tunes, which are relaxed, humorous, sharp and inflammatory.
1949 after the founding of new China, poetry entered a new stage of development, and new themes and themes emerged with the new life. The poet wrote an ode to the new era with passion. At the same time, the new society has also produced a number of new poets and brand-new works. They are with his singing "Beijing, Go Far" and the forest poet Fu and his "Logging". I'm back, Li Yingjun's eyes under his hat, Gong Liu's short song Border Town and Dawn City, and Gu Gong's Down the Himalayas, etc. In addition, the forms of poetry are also innovative, such as Tian You, Bubugao, and new metrical poems that absorb the nutrition of folk songs.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the new folk song movement was revived in poetry, and traditional folk songs were developed. As an independent art form, political lyric poetry appeared in 1960s. Guo Xiaochuan and He Jingzhi were two outstanding political lyric poets at that time. Another outstanding achievement of poetry creation in this period is the harvest of long narrative poems. Guo Xiaochuan's "Deep Valley" and "General Trilogy" are well-known in poetry circles for their novel forms and profound thoughts, and Li Ji's "Biography of Levin".
At the same time, however, there are also some shortcomings in the theme, subject matter, form and style of poetry creation in this period.
Since the new era, the poetry circle, which has been silent for ten years, has shown a new scene of letting a hundred flowers blossom. Poetry has been widely used for reference in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad, but its form tends to be loose and free, and its style is diverse. In the early days of the new period, poems cheering for victory and reflecting on history inherited the tradition of realism and continued to develop. At the same time, a group of young poets, such as Shu Ting, Gu Cheng and He Jiang, were in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
After the mid-to-late 1980s, the modernist trend of thought claiming to be the third generation poet appeared in the poetry circle.
I hope it helps you!