The historical Jewish Arab-Israeli conflict naturally began after the founding of Israel, but its historical roots can be traced back to the Zionist movement or even longer.
According to the Bible, Abraham is the ancestor of the Hebrews and was born in Ur of the Chaldeans. Later he moved to Harlan with his family. From BC 1900 to BC 1850, Abraham led his family and entourage to Canaan. In BC 1720, when Hyksos ruled Egypt, there was a great famine in Canaan. Jacob (Abraham's grandson) led the Hebrews into Egypt and lived in Goshen near the Nile Delta. Around 1290 AD, the Hebrews left Egypt and came to Canaan under the leadership of Moses, and then formed the initial Israeli alliance in the south of Canaan. During BC 1200- 1020, the Hebrews conquered many areas of Canaan, but it was not until the era of King David (BC 1000-96 1 year) that they achieved complete control over Canaan. Solomon (96 BC1-922 BC) was the heyday of ancient Israel. He established a temple in Jerusalem and gradually became the religious center and spiritual life center of the Jews. Later, the kingdom disintegrated and split into the Kingdom of Israel (922-722 BC) and the Kingdom of Judea (922-586 BC), which were destroyed by Assyria and Babylon. Jerusalem and the temple were destroyed, and the Jews became "prisoners of Babylon". When Babylon fell into the hands of Ju Lushi, Jews were under the rule of Persians. Until BC 166, the Jews liberated Jerusalem and established the kingdom of Macabies. In 63 BC, the Roman Empire occupied Jerusalem and the whole of Palestine. In order to suppress the resistance of Jews, the Roman emperor destroyed Jerusalem, the ruins of temples were plowed into fields, hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed, and the survivors were forced to leave Palestine and flee to Europe, North Africa and all over the world. Since then, Jews have ended their life in Palestine and started the diaspora period in Jewish history. "The history of Jews is no longer the history of Palestinians,".
In different historical periods, Palestine was ruled by Persian Empire, Arab Empire and Ottoman Empire of Turkey.
The social and historical conditions for the emergence and development of the Zionist movement began at the end of 19. 1897 The Zionist Congress was held and the World Zionist Organization was established, which marked that the Zionist movement became a worldwide organized political movement. It is no accident that the Zionist movement came into being in the19th century and developed further after entering the 20th century. The reasons are extremely complicated, but the most important thing is:
1. The social background of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitism and the long-standing concept of returning home. The wave of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitism in history originated from religious differences and religious discrimination and persecution. Jews believe that Judaism is the religion above all else, that Jehovah is the only true God with incomparable power, and that Jews are God's voters and the best race. On the other hand, Christians believe that Jews are guilty of Christ's death. St John Christchurch, an early Christian priest, declared that Jews were always traitors to God and were eventually abandoned by God. This sharp religious opposition will inevitably lead to all kinds of persecution. With the passage of time, various prohibitions and restrictions on Jews "were gradually incorporated into the structure of medieval laws and charters." In the 4th century AD, Constantine the Great issued a decree declaring that Jews and other pagans could not be effective witnesses in public prosecution cases. In the 5th century, the code of Khodorkovsky II also contained anti-Semitic content. After the two tranter conferences, Jews can no longer hold public office, and they must also wear eye-catching signs; The inquisition established by Domingo deepened the suffering of Jews. The struggling Jews believe more in the revelation from religion, the ideas of GALUTH and GEULLAH, and believe that the Jews will eventually return to the promised land under the rescue of MAHSIAH. In the long-term diaspora life, whenever the situation of Jews deteriorates and suffers persecution, this concept of returning home becomes more intense. On the contrary, it is relatively weak. For example, during World War II, the Nazis committed genocide against Jews, and the bloody reality that millions of Jews were killed made more Jews join the Zionist movement.
2. The influence of Enlightenment, French Revolution and European nationalism. Until the French Revolution, European Jews, who accounted for the majority of the Jewish population in the world, lived in the Jewish quarter and were almost isolated from non-Jewish society. Conservative Jews not only satisfied Geduyi's life, but also regarded Geduyi as a fortress against assimilation. After the French Revolution, European Jews gradually liberated and gained human rights. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the French Revolution and European nationalism, liberated Jews, especially Jewish intellectuals, put forward the idea and theory of establishing a Jewish state through writing books, which made ideological and theoretical preparations for the rise of the Zionist movement. The theories and propositions of Moses Hayes, Pinske and theodor herzl have the greatest influence on the Zionist movement, and their main contents can be summarized as follows:
The Jewish nation is an excellent race, and Jews should not and cannot integrate with non-Jews in order to maintain their excellent racial attributes; Anti-Semitism is not an individual historical phenomenon, but is deeply rooted and will never disappear. The Jewish problem involves Jews in many countries. It is not a social problem, nor a religious problem, but a racial problem. Because Jews with excellent racial characteristics should not and cannot be integrated with other ethnic groups, the only way to get rid of persecution is to establish a Jewish state; The establishment of a Jewish state is a historic right of Jews, which can only be realized in a historic state (Palestine). Zionists also use some accounts in the Bible and the Talmud as the theoretical basis for Palestinian national restoration and establishment.
3. Bets in the political game of big countries. /kloc-by the end of 0/9, the capitalist system had been established worldwide, most European countries had completed the national democratic movement, liberal capitalism had basically transitioned to monopoly capitalism, and the three major contradictions in the world were unprecedented. The birth and refuge of the Zionist movement met the needs of western powers to compete for and protect overseas colonies. Therefore, it has been supported and sheltered by big countries, and it has also become a bet in the political game of big countries. World War I was the beginning of the "alliance" between the Zionist movement and western powers. 19 14, the leader of the Zionist movement, Kem Weizmann, flattered the British government, saying, "Palestine will fall into the sphere of British influence ... We can easily move 1 10,000 Jews into Palestine in the next 50 to 60 years, so that Britain will have a strong and effective defense line." During the First World War, the Zionist movement organized a large number of Jews to join the British army as cannon fodder for the imperialist war. In order to win over and control the Zionist movement, Britain published the Balfour Declaration in 19 17, which made the Zionist movement publicly recognized and supported by a big country. While serving the interests of great powers, the Zionist movement has also developed rapidly.
The development of Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel As mentioned above, Jews living in Palestine have been in exile for more than 2,000 years and have no connection with Palestine. Therefore, in the more than 20 years from the first Zionist Congress to the end of the First World War, although six Zionist congresses were held successively and a lot of "ideological" and organizational work was done, the Zionist movement did not "substantially develop". 19 At the end of the 20th century, the population of Palestine was about 1 10,000, including about 25,000 Jews (accounting for 0.2% of the total Jewish population in the world at that time), accounting for about 2.5% of the total Palestinian population, and the ratio of Jews to Arabs was 1: 40. Although the Zionist movement made great efforts to organize immigrants to Palestine, the Jewish population in Palestine did not grow to 50,000 until 19 18. The Zionist movement sought refuge in big countries and showed them that it was a useful force. It is with the protection and support of great powers that the Zionist movement has developed by leaps and bounds and finally achieved its political goal-the establishment of a Jewish state. 19 18, Britain occupied the whole of Palestine, 1920, and was granted "mandated sovereignty" by the League of Nations. In the following 20 years, with the support and encouragement of the British colonial authorities, the scale of Jewish immigration to Palestine expanded rapidly. By 1946, the Jewish population in Palestine reached 608,000, which was more than 20 times higher than that at the end of 19. Jews account for 3 1.4% of the total population of Palestine, and the ratio with Arabs is about 1:2, which has changed the population structure of Palestine and given the Zionist movement "substantial content". As a "rising and erupting" imperialism, the United States actively supported the Zionist movement in order to compete with the old colonialism, and took the Jewish issue as an opportunity to intervene in Middle East affairs. The leaders of the Zionist movement also saw that "the United States has gained world leadership" and turned to the United States from the embrace of Britain. 1942 in may, zionists gathered in new york and adopted the Biltmore plan aimed at ending British rule and establishing a Jewish army and a Jewish state. It was quickly supported by the United States. 1945, Truman wrote to the British government twice, demanding that Britain lift the restrictions on Jews moving to Palestine and allow 654.38 million Jews to move to Palestine immediately. The following year, he published the Yom Kippur Statement, supporting the Jewish National Assembly's request for the founding of the country.
At the same time, the Middle East society that entered the 20th century experienced the baptism of two world wars. From the "Middle East Awakening" to the vigorous development of the national liberation movement in the Middle East, a number of national independent countries have emerged in the Middle East. The establishment of the nation-state in the Middle East and the development of Arab nationalism have made some aspiring Arab leaders sprout the idea of unifying the Arab world again. Of course, this idea of unification is often accompanied by the ruler's personal desire to expand his power, for example, the rise of the Saudi family and the activities of unifying the Arabian Peninsula, the "Greater Syria Plan" of Abdullah, the Amir of Jordan, and the "New Moon Land Plan" of Iraq. However, the establishment of the League of Arab States (1945) objectively strengthened the unity and cooperation among Arab countries and their role in the international political arena, and also contributed to the future political development in the Middle East.
During the two world wars, with the support of western powers and the specific arrangements of Zionist organizations, a large number of Jews flooded into Palestine, causing panic in Arab countries. 193 1 and 1937, they held meetings in Jerusalem and Lu Dan respectively to discuss the countermeasures for the Palestinian issue. At that time, Arab countries that had just achieved independence (some of them had not yet achieved independence) had not had time to form a United front against Zionism, but the further development of Arab nationalism was bound to form a sharp confrontation with Zionism. 1947165438+1On 29 October, the United Nations General Assembly, under the control of the United States, adopted a branch resolution 18 1 on the question of Palestine. The partition resolution ignores the national rights of Palestinian Arabs, but legalizes the activities of the Zionist movement to establish a Palestinian state. Israel was declared in May 1948, and only 16 minutes later, the United States announced its recognition of Israel, which is rare in the diplomatic history. Britain even thinks that "this new country ... was born in new york".
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