(1) Poetry is written with images.
Think in images when writing poems. The so-called thinking in images first means that when you go deep into life, you should feel life in images, experience life in images, observe life and analyze life.
Thinking in images should be good at capturing images on the basis of image feelings. Ai Qing pointed out: "The activity of thinking in images is to fix everything that is difficult to capture and everything that is erratic, and present it clearly to readers, as clear as a seal on paper." So he said, "People who write poems often look for images to express an idea." Can capture the image of the novel, but also have the material to write poetry. So how do we capture images? It depends on inspiration. Mayakovski gave an example of capturing the image: he returned to Moscow from saratov in about 19 13. In order to show the woman on the same journey that he has no evil thoughts about her at all, the poet said, "I am not a person, but a cloud in pants." After saying this, he immediately thought that he could write it into a poem-but he was worried that oral uploading would be abused in vain. So what should we do? He is very anxious. For almost half an hour, the poet asked the girl a lot of questions, and he didn't breathe a sigh of relief until he believed his words flew out of the girl's other ear. Two years later, he used Clouds in Pants as the title of a long poem.
(2) Poetry is the expression of imagination. Shelley: Generally speaking, poetry can be interpreted as an expression of imagination. Breslet: "Poetry is the language of imagination and passion." Ai Qing said, "Without imagination, there is no poem". "The most important talent of a poet is to use imagination." The imagination of a poet is different from that of a scientist. Poetry is a kind of knowledge, which is limited in the rhythm of literature, but extremely free in other aspects, which is related to imagination. Imagination, because it is not bound by material laws, can combine things that are naturally separated at will, and can also separate things that are combined. This leads to illegal spouses and divorce. Poetry distorts everything it touches. In his fairy tale creation, Andersen wrote: A young man who loves to write poems was distressed because he couldn't write good poems, so he went to a witch. The witch put on her glasses and receiver. He heard the potato singing the history of his family, the wild plum tree telling stories, and the crowd kept turning one story after another. What I'm saying here is that to be a poet, it is not enough to have ordinary people's hearing, but also to wear the poet's deformed glasses and headphones. Therefore, when writing poetry, we should not only accurately observe the characteristics of life, but also have the courage to change these characteristics. Due to deformation, the images of poetry often have symbolic significance. For example, the old horse in Cang Kejia:
You have to let the cart fill it up. You don't know your life at the moment.
It didn't say a word, but swallowed its tears in its heart.
The pressure on the back buckled into the meat, and a whip shadow floated in front of me.
It hangs its head heavily! It looked up at the front.
What is written here is not only a poor old horse, but also the indomitable spirit of northern farmers in the 1930s. "Old horse" is a symbolic image.
(3) Creation of poetic images. Creating images means "looking for the objective counterpart of ideas". There are many specific methods, such as: virtual and real conversion; The transformation between people and things; Transformation between things; Internal and external transformation; Size transformation; Far and near transformation; Less and less; Part and whole transformation; The transformation between history and reality; Reality and future transformation, etc.
What needs to be emphasized is that both the poet image and the landscape image in poetry are to express emotion, mood and interest. Emotion is more important than image in poetry. Without lyricism, we need to construct images at will, which can only damage poetry.
Second, cleverly conceive the poem.
(A) the inspiration of poetry
Conception is the most important stage in the process of poetry creation. What caused the pregnancy? The short answer is: the impulse to create-the explosion of inspiration.
Ai Qing said: "The so-called inspiration is nothing more than the poet's new excitement about things, his sudden excitement and the flash of his fleeting mind. The so-called inspiration is the most pleasant encounter between the poet's subjective world and the objective world. "
For a poem, inspiration is the reason; For the objective world, inspiration is the fruit. Get inspiration from the objective world and start writing from inspiration. This is how poets write poems. After the "inspiration" broke out, the creation entered the concrete conception.
(B) the concept of poetry
Poetic conception is very important. As for the content of poetic conception, Hegel pointed out in Aesthetics: "First of all, we can immediately exclude purely external and natural things, at least to a relative extent, about the content suitable for poetic conception. The unique object or theme of poetry is not the sun, forests, mountains and rivers or the external forms of human blood, pulse and muscle, but the spiritual purport. Although poetry also appeals to perceptual observation and vividly depicts it, even in this respect, poetry is still a spiritual activity, which only plays the role of providing inner observation. What is the way poetry is conceived? The conception of poetry is inner experience. Hegel said: "Since poetry can express all spiritual connotations most profoundly, we should ask the poet to have the deepest and richest inner experience of the subject matter he expresses. "A poet must understand human life from both internal and external aspects, absorb the vast world and its diversity into himself, sympathize with them, deeply experience them and make them profound and clear. Therefore, although poets write poems, not every poem is written by themselves. However, every poem is written by yourself-that is, through your own heart. Following this method of conception, when writing lyric poetry, because the real source of lyric is the inner life of the creative subject (the poet himself), the poet should only express simple feelings and feelings, and not describe the specific external situation from the appearance and form. "
The process of poetry conception includes the following contents:
(1) Refine poetry. It is to find the unique feeling that expresses the general feeling from the general feeling and the specific feeling that expresses the same feeling from the same feeling.
(2) Select the angle. We should choose a suitable angle to express poetry. Generally speaking, there are two major angles. One is to express one's feelings directly, and the poet stands up directly to express his feelings. When writing poetry from this angle, we should avoid ambiguity and create a distinctive and personalized image of the poet, otherwise it is easy to show it directly. Another angle is symbolic sustenance, borrowing things to express feelings, borrowing people to express feelings, and borrowing scenery to write feelings.
(3) Layout planning. How to write the beginning and end of the poem and how to form an organic whole between the parts need serious consideration. It is necessary to think about what I use to connect the poetry in this poem. Generally speaking, lyric poetry always runs through the level of emotional (emotional) changes.
(4) temper the language. Language is the most important factor in poetry expression. It is extremely important in the process of conception, which is a long and repeated process.
Pay attention to the skills of poetry conception when writing poetry. Guo Xiaochuan advocated: "If you don't have new ideas and new creations, don't start writing". Therefore, creativity must be: new, strange and ingenious. Summing up the experience of predecessors, some skills can be used for reference.
Such as: symbol concept, radiation concept, "prop" concept, metonymy concept, proposition concept, contradiction concept, virtual concept, anti-meaning concept, side concept, contrast concept, dialogue concept and so on.
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The language of poetry
Poetry is actually a language ","as a means to convey the concept of poetry, the factors of writing are also different from those used in prose. This is the purpose of poetry itself and should be refined. " "Poetry can't stay in the inherent concept of poetry, but should use language to express the image created by intention. In this respect, poetry should do two things: first, poetry must adapt its internal (spiritual) image to the expressive ability of language, so that the two are completely matched; Second, the language used in poetry cannot be regarded as daily consciousness, and language must be treated with poetry. No matter in the choice and arrangement of words, or in the tone of language, it is different from the expression of prose. "
The basic language of poetry is image language. Image is a concrete feeling and emotion. Image language has the characteristics of intuition, expressiveness and transcendence, and it should conform to the laws of the poet's subjective sensory and emotional activities rather than the objective grammatical laws. This is the essential difference between poetic language and practical language. Therefore, the art of poetry cannot take the daily practical language as the medium.
Only by "destroying" and "transforming" the practical language and "breaking the neck of grammar" as Eliot said, can a poet make it the language of poetry. Therefore, it is necessary to study the language rhetoric of poetry, that is, to master the language expression of poetry. The language expression methods of poetry mainly include metaphor, awakening, metonymy, contrast, symbol, synaesthesia, contradiction modification, combination of reality and reality, etc. In addition, there are other methods of revision, all of which contribute to poetic expression. Only by reading more, researching more and writing more can learners master the rhetorical skills of poetry. Writing poetry should not only pay attention to rhetoric, but also pay attention to the tempering of words and expressions. Famous poets in ancient and modern times pay attention to the scrutiny and tempering of poetry. The scrutiny of a poem is by no means a simple matter of formal skills, but is closely related to the poem, its taste and the theme of a poem.
Six elements to distinguish between good and bad poetry writing.
First of all, inject "freshness" into your poems.
Poetry avoids "Chen".
Novelty is the soul of poetry. The conception, conception, artistic conception, image, imagination and language of poetry are all innovative. Seeking novelty means avoiding "old", that is, avoiding cliches, cliches, and frying leftovers.
Creation, creation is the lifeline, no matter how good it is.
How come? Don't paint a cat as a cat, and don't paint a tiger as a cat! Don't say what others have said, don't use what others have said, don't repeat others and don't repeat yourself. The first person who compares a beautiful woman to a flower is a genius, the second person who compares a beautiful woman to a flower is a mediocre person, and the third person who compares a beautiful woman to a flower is a fool.
When you write about pine trees, you blindly imitate the ancients, saying that they are evergreen all the year round and never grow old. You write plum, praising it for deceiving frost and snow, intoxicating and fragrant. Beauty is beauty, but it is not new and will not become a poem. What is new? New and old, relatively speaking. The philosophical view is that "the new cannot be separated from the old, and the old breeds the new". For example, the "seven laws" are new compared with the "ancient style", but they are old compared with the new poems since the May 4th Movement. Therefore, innovation is developing and changing.
The novelty of poetry is not to write a "heavenly book" that no one can understand. The so-called novelty means that the author should write new life into the poem with new feelings, new techniques and new artistic conception.
Of course, new forms can also be tried. Such as ancient palindromes and Tibetan poems, were new forms of poetry at that time. The modern poet Zhou wrote a poem called Monument to the People's Heroes, which is arranged as follows:
one
elder
huge
big
about
grind
knife
Stoneboog
acute
state will
The shape of this poem is like a monument, which is very creative, but it is not always there. Innovation still needs to work hard on new feelings and new artistic conception.
The prescription for "Chen"-always write something new, neither repeating others nor yourself.
Second, add some spices to your poems.
Poetry should not be "light".
The light here refers to the "bland" light. Poetry is to give people a taste. It should not be water, but wine and tea. It's not rich, but it's mellow and tasty (sweet, sour, bitter, bitter and astringent). There is a strong fragrance and a faint fragrance. If a poem is written like water and wax and tastes tasteless, why should people read it? For example, you write a poem praising your hometown: hometown/your house is magnificent/your street is spacious/there is Yuxi River in front of you/Tian Ling is riding behind you/there is 107 national highway next to you/hometown is beautiful. ...
This poem is of course boring. Where is tasteless? No interest, no image. Interest and imagery are the necessities of poetry. Without them, you have no ability to create "taste".
Taste: Han Han's poem "Weight" praises Zhang Zhixin, the hero of the anti-Gang of Four: she puts her head/on the scales of life/makes all the survivors/lose weight-/lose weight.
This poem has only five lines. It is straightforward and implicit, natural and magnificent, with emotional and special image and strong shock.
Cure "light" prescription: put profound thoughts, beautiful artistic conception and colorful tastes into poetry as seasoning.
Third, let your poems have some real feelings.
Poetry avoids "Hua".
"Hua" was originally a good word, which meant brilliance and prosperity, and was often used as a compliment. When I say China, I mean "flashy" China. Avoiding "China" means avoiding rhetoric without substance.
Beginners who write poems (essays) think that more beautiful words and expressions in poems (essays) can add color to poems (essays), but they are not. Beauty should be goodness first. If a girl has a beautiful appearance and soul and dignified manners, then she is beautiful without makeup; For example, her appearance, mind and behavior are not beautiful, but heavy makeup is even uglier.
The beauty of poetry (literature) lies not in its rhetoric, but in its true feelings, appropriate language, and the unity of thought and art. For example, when you are with friends, "Until, raise my cup, I ask the moon, give me my shadow, and let the three of us", the music should not be rough and magnificent, but the oratorio of the nightingale and the roar of the frog drum are the same as this scene. On the contrary, it is inappropriate for you to use soft words and pile up some gorgeous adjectives when reflecting the bloody battlefield of soldiers.
Such as "the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river." But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " All the poems are simple and clear, but from far to near, from scenery to meaning, the whole poem is harmonious and appropriately sublimated, becoming a famous sentence through the ages.
Therefore, the prescription for treating "Hua" is true feelings, proper language and unity of thought and art.
Fourth, find out the deep angle of your poem.
Poetry avoids "all".
This "comprehensiveness" means covering everything, and writing poems alone is not enough. A poem has its own capacity, just as a pocket can't hold a building. I care about everything, but I just lack light. Literature is a work or a work of art, and it needs typicality and essence, not an encyclopedia. Zhang Daqian's lotus flower has only half a leaf and a bud, which is "quite critical" and reflects the charm of the lotus flower.
Therefore, the "complete" prescription: not all aspects, carefully tailored.
5. Let your poems speak with images.
Poetry should not be "dry".
Avoid dry and boring, avoid only bones and no meat. The material is only skeleton, with bones and no meat. After reading it, it was dry and blistered. If you are not too thirsty, I will read you a dry poem: The basic line refers to the direction/Mao Zedong Thought shines brilliantly/the dictatorship of the proletariat is firm/the revolution continues to advance. -this poem is dry enough, so dry that there is no meat at all, and the food is tasteless.
Literary thinking in images speaks in images. In China's classical poems, Bi Xing is only a word with images. Poetry must be an image if it is not dry. How can you tell the truth about life without doing it?
The prescription of "dry": speak with images.
6. Make your poems subtle.
Poetry should not be "straight".
People should be straight and the text should be bent. The same is true of poetry, which looks like a mountain, not like peace.
Although good poems can be written occasionally, such as "the wind and rain are like a note, the water is endless, and the strong men are gone forever", which has become a swan song through the ages because of its straightforward lyrics and strong feelings, but it is rare.
When we say no to "straightness", we mean that poetry should be written implicitly and poetry should be written implicitly. For example, writing poems about the darkness of the palace and the bitterness of the ladies-in-waiting, and the poem "Palace Ci" by Zhu Qingyu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty: Say things passionately in the palace/dare not say anything in front of parrots. Think about it. In front of talking parrots, they live in fear. What freedom did they have before feudal emperors? This poem is a good one.
The "honest" treatment is implicit. Poetry and songs are implicit but not explicit.