In terms of time, the Victorian literature period coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria (1836- 190 1), which is the most glorious period in British history. In the early stage of Victoria's implementation, Britain was faced with rapid economic development and serious social problems. 1832 after the reform bill was passed, the state power was transferred from the decadent aristocrats to the emerging middle-class industrial capitalists. Soon, the great industrial revolution reached its climax again and again, and various scientific and technological inventions and innovations brought new strength to the national economy, such as trains, ships, textile machines and printing presses. Britain once became a "factory of the world", and accumulated a lot of wealth by developing overseas markets and exploiting various resources in the colonies. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, Britain became the first economic power in the world. But what is hidden under this prosperity and wealth is the poverty and misfortune of the working class. In order to make a living, even women and children have to be employed as coolies in dangerous and dirty factories and mines. The increasingly sharp class contradiction finally triggered the famous British constitutional movement from 65438 to 1836. The working class united to launch the People's Charter, demanding that the government protect human rights and improve the living and working environment. The movement swept through almost all cities. Although the movement declined in 1848, it made some achievements and also marked the awakening of the working class. In the next 20 years, Britain will be relatively prosperous and stable. The life of the middle class is characterized by being promising, respected and rich. On the whole, the people also pursue a national spirit of enthusiasm, self-esteem, humility and patriotism, and Queen Victoria is also an example of these qualities. At this time, the themes of morality and common sense, which had been abandoned for many years in the Romantic era, returned to the mainstream of literature. However, in the last three decades of the19th century, the values of the British Empire and Victoria gradually declined. Although Britain is still the largest overseas colonist with invincible economic and military strength, its leading position has begun to face the challenge of rising Germany, and the competition with the United States has also hurt Britain's economic and trade monopoly position. The Irish national problem in China has not been solved, and the growing proletariat has broken the political balance between Whigs and Tories. Victorian values lost their luster at the end of the century, and the original modest and decent lifestyle was replaced by indulgence and extravagance. This kind of sadness at the end of the century is well reflected in the works of aesthetes Oscar Wilde (1854- 1900) and Walter Patel (1839- 1894). All these aesthetes strongly advocate the idea of "art for art's sake". In terms of ideology, the Victorian era experienced great changes. The great development of science and technology and new discoveries in various fields have broken people's firm religious beliefs in the past, and religious buildings have begun to collapse. Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) and Human Evolution (187 1) both shook the theoretical basis of traditional beliefs. Poet Tennyson clearly expressed his doubts about religion and God in his long poem Mourning. On the other hand, pragmatism is popular, and everything can be valuable only after practice, because matter further overcomes spirit. Religious classics such as the Bible and the Gospels are regarded as outdated superstitions, or simply have to be tested by pragmatism. All these ideas make capitalists further cruel exploitation of working people, and they no longer have spiritual and moral care. Dickens, Ahmed Khalil, Ruskin and many other writers with a sense of social responsibility have strongly refuted the realistic money worship, especially its depreciation of cultural morality and indifference to human emotions. As a product of an era, Victorian literature naturally has the characteristics of grandeur and diversity. It reflects the great changes in people's lives from all angles, including romance and reality, and a large number of indomitable literary giants have been born in this era. During this period, novels were widely popular and prospered. Famous novelists include Dickens, Thackeray, Bronte Sisters, Lady Goskell (18 10- 1865) and Trollope (18 15- 1882). On the one hand, these critical realist novelists advocate18th century realism again, on the other hand, they shoulder the responsibility of criticizing society and defending people's interests. Although their creative angles and styles are different, the common feature of * * * is that they care about the life and destiny of ordinary people. They are deeply indignant at the inhuman social system, the degenerate social morality, the prevalence of money worship and the widespread poverty and injustice. The true portrayal of people's life and ruthless criticism of social system in their works have awakened the public's awareness of social problems and social development. At the end of 19, the brave female novelist George Eliot and writer Hardy not only exposed and criticized the ugly phenomenon of society, but also boldly attacked the traditional Victorian morality. The Victorian era also produced many great essayists, such as Thomas Ahmed Khalil (1795- 188 1), Thomas B. McCaw and J. (1800-1859) and matthew arnold. John Stuart Mill (1806- 1873), john ruskin (18 19- 1900), Thomas Henry hax ray (1825-/kloc). Many of them, together with critical realist novelists, exposed and attacked the dark side of society and had a decisive influence in the ideological field. They have created a large number of important historical events, religious papers, essays and speeches on various topics, and at the same time, they have also developed English prose and literary criticism to a new height. The most famous prose works at that time were the French Revolution by Ahmed Khalil (1837) and the Charter (1840), and the History of England by Macaulay (1849- 186 1). Victorian poetry has the characteristics of innovative style and expression. Robert browning, a poet who tried this reform, created a poetic novel, that is, he quoted the characterization in the novel into poetry. This makes the focus of poetic novels change from simple story narration to the exploration of the inner world of characters, which makes Victorian poetry have psychological analysis factors. Other poets, such as Tennyson, matthew arnold, Edward Fitzgerald (1809- 1883), Dante Crosetti (1828- 1882) and his brilliant sister Christina (1). And algernon Charles Swinburne (1837- 1909) all made great attempts in poetry reform, paving the way for modern poetry in the 20th century. Victorian literature truly reflects the reality and spirit of the times. Among them, the high vitality, down-to-earth spirit, well-meaning humor and unrestrained rich associations are unprecedented. In all literary fields, the works of this period are ready for the arrival of the new century.
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