Shi Jianwu
Shi Jianwu (780-861 AD), whose courtesy name was Dongzhai and whose name was Qi Zhenzi. In the 15th year of Yuanhe (820 AD) of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty, he became a Jinshi and the first number one scholar in Hangzhou. Born in the Tang Dynasty in Zhaoxian and Zhaoxiande Townships, Xincheng County, Hangzhou Prefecture (Xindeng County, now Xiande Village, Dongqiao Town, Fuyang). Due to the division of districts in the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), a township system was established. Xindeng County was divided into Zhaoxian and Zhaode Townships. Fenshui County, on August 10, 1961, the organizational system of Fuyang County was restored. The original administrative areas of Fuyang and Xindeng counties and the original Fenshui Xiande Commune were merged and resettled in Fuyang County, so there is a saying that Fenshui County people are born. He is a historical legend who is a poet, a Taoist, and the first folk pioneer in Penghu, Taiwan.
In his early years, he studied in Wuyunshan, Longmen and other places. In the second year of Yuanhe (807), he was elected as a Jinshi. He was awarded the title of 13th person by Li Jian, the Taichang Shaoqing, who wrote "Taiqian Buhe Fu" and "Early Spring Maoxue Poems". However, he was indifferent to fame and fortune and returned east without waiting for an official appointment. Before leaving, Zhang Ji and other famous scribes wrote a farewell poem for him and passed it down as a rhyme. After returning, he admired Xishan in Hongzhou (now Xinjian County, Jiangxi Province) as the place where the twelve ancient immortals emerged. He built a house and lived in seclusion, concentrating on practicing Taoism and refining elixirs. In his later years, he led his people to cross the sea to escape the chaos and settled in the Penghu Islands, becoming a pioneer in the development of Pengchao by the mainland people. The poem "Inscribed on Penghu Island": "There are many ghost cities on the noisy seaside, and the island barbarians live in no rural areas. The black-skinned boy learns to fish for pearls, and the rhinoceros in his hand shines in the salt water", and the poem "Reflections": "For the time being, I will hold a reed Towards the east, it is always peaceful to follow the waves. Suddenly I see floating gulls returning to their docks, and I see flying geese landing in front of the pavilion." This tells a lot about the scenery of the place. Jianwu Gongshi was friendly with Bai Juyi. He is the author of "Xishan Collection" and "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" which contains 197 poems.
In the Dazhong Xiangfu period of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was another Taoist named Shi Jianwu, named Xisheng and Huayangzi. His works include "The True Records of the Xishan Immortals Meeting" and "The Collection of Zhonglu's Preaching", etc.
Chinese name: Shi Jianwu
Foreign name: Dongzhai, Haoqi Zhenzi
Alias: Shi Zhuangyuan
Nationality: Tang Dynasty
Ethnicity: Han
Birthplace: Xiande Village, Dongqiao Town, Fuyang District, Hangzhou
Date of Birth: 780
Date of death: 861
Occupation: Poet, Taoist scholar
Belief: Taoism
Main achievements: The first person to privately develop Penghu in Taiwan
< p>Representative works: "Xishan Collection", "Xishan Immortals Meeting", etc.Basic overview
Shi Jianwu came from a poor family when he was young. He was eager to learn and was not afraid of hard work. He worked hard every day. He went up the mountain to learn calligraphy and essays, and was awarded the first prize in the palace examination in the tenth year of Tang Yuanhe. In the thirteenth year of Dazhong in the Tang Dynasty (859 AD), the world was in chaos. Shi Jianwu led his people in a wooden boat and after many days of wandering, they arrived in Penghu and finally settled here. He also brought the advanced production methods and agricultural production technology from the mainland there, and participated in productive labor with the local people to develop the treasure island. He was hailed as "the pioneer in developing Penghu" by later generations.
Shi Jianwu has been with poetry all his life. His poetry and Taoist works are extremely rich. There are ten volumes of poetry collection "Xishan Collection" handed down to the world, and "Ten Thousand Tang Quatrains" contains 151 of his poems. First of all, later generations commented that his poems were "novel and magnificent, with a style as high as pottery and a rhyme as good as thanks. His character must not be inferior to that of Li Du".
There is also Shi Jianwu, a native of Dazhong Xiangfu period in the Northern Song Dynasty, whose courtesy name is Xisheng and whose name is Huayangzi. He is the author of "Zhen Ji of Xishan Immortals Meeting", "Taibai Jing", "Yellow Emperor Yin Fu" "Jing Jing Jie", "Zhong Lu Chuan Dao Ji", etc.
Biography of the character
Shi Jianwu (780-861), a Jinshi scholar in the 15th year of Yuanhe (820 AD) of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty, with the courtesy name Dongzhai (some say Xisheng), a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty The cultivator Huayangzi Shi Jianwu (both have the same name) was born in Xiande Shijia Village (now Xiande Village, Dongqiao Town, Fuyang District, Hangzhou City) in the first year of Jianzhong (780) of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty. He was a famous poet, Taoist and the first private person to develop Penghu in the Tang Dynasty. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), Emperor Mu Zong of the Tang Dynasty ascended to the rank of Jinshi (one theory is that Xianzong "Jinshi in the tenth year of Yuanhe"). In his youth, he formed the Donglin Poetry Club with fellow poets from his hometown. Donglin is located in the Zhongtangfan area of ??Guangling, 35 miles west of Xindeng City. It has steep mountains and lush forests and beautiful scenery. In the Five Dynasties, a hermitage was built, which was later changed to Jingyan Temple and Zhongtang Temple in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most of the poems written by the Donglin Poetry Society have been lost. The "Daoguang Xindeng County Chronicle" contains only one poem "You Donglin" by Shi Jianwu: The fire is fierce and the clouds are floating. It is autumn when we arrive in Donglin. There are guests but it is not late at night. The pine trees The wind is boiling at the top of the mountain. After entering Taoism, he was called Qizhenzi. During Changqing (821-824), he secluded himself in Xishan, Hongzhou (in present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi Province) to study immortals (or it can be said that "in Taihe, Emperor Wenzong went from Yanling to Xishan to visit Taoism"). He said in "Books with Xu Ning" that "Although my servant was lucky enough to become famous, he knew that his fate was poor, so he lived in Xinxuanmen and cultivated his nature in the forest valley. Thanks to the support of the ancestors, although he was late in life, he was spared the dragon bell, and that was all he got." He also said in "Shu Ling Xiang Ci Preface" that "I have been advocating for Taoism for a long time", read the "Three Jing Sutras" and practiced the "Three Jing Guan" method. On the first day of the first month of the third year of Kai Cheng (838), I "closed my house and studied by myself, without any communication." Personnel", and then "all three of these". He is the author of ten volumes of "Xishan Collection" and more than 100 "Poems of Leisure Residence". "Complete Tang Dynasty" contains "The Jue of Preserving Health" (or "Discrimination of Questions"), etc., and "The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty" also contains his poems. Its theory of health preservation can also be found in "Daoshu".
Shi Jianwu is the first number one scholar in Hangzhou (in the words of the Hangzhou Confucius Cultural Memorial Museum). He is a historical figure who is a poet, a Taoist, and Taiwan's first folk pioneer.
According to the three surviving "Dongan Shi Family Genealogy" and various historical records, among Shi Jianwu's ancestors, the early Dukes, Wang Qing, Shangshu, Taiwei, General and other high-ranking officials a lot of. Shi's original surname is Ji, and she is a descendant of Zhou Gong. The fourth son of Zhou Gong, Bo Qin, was enfeoffed to Lu (now Shandong) and was called Lu Huigong. His son Wei was also granted a title to Wuxing (now Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province), Shi Bo. This is the origin of the surname Shi. Shi Jianwu is the 44th generation of the Shi family.
So, why did Shi Jianwu's grandfather move from the prosperous Wuxing to the area at the junction of Xincheng and Fenshui, and it was a sparsely populated and remote mountainous area with "nothing to do"?
According to the "Shi Family Genealogy" and the old and new "Tang History" and "Zizhi Tongjian" and other relevant materials, there are no more than two versions:
The first is the mid-Tang Dynasty A rare famine occurred in Wuxing, and people fled in all directions. Shi Jianwu's grandfather used a basket carrying his father Shi Guangguo on one end and his aunt on the other to escape from Wuxing to the junction of Fenshui and Xincheng counties. See here The mountains and rivers are beautiful, the land is fertile and there are few people, so I decided to settle down in Lei. There are a lot of doubts about this. First of all, the ancestors of the Shi family were from a famous and wealthy family. In Wuxing, a land of plenty, they should be able to survive even a rare famine. Furthermore, even if you want to move, you don't need to settle in such a "three-nothing" area.
The second version is related to Shi Banglun, the great-grandfather of the Shi family, who was a scholar in the official calendar. The "female prime minister" of the dynasty at that time was Shangguan Wan'er. When Shangguan Wan'er was fourteen years old, she was highly valued by Wu Zetian because of her intelligence and good writing, and she was in charge of the imperial edicts in the palace for many years. According to the "New History of the Tang Dynasty": "Sanqi often served as a servant to Qin Ke for his medical skills, and Guanglu Shaoqing Yang Jun was good at cooking. They all went in and out of the palace. Fortunately, Empress Wei was in trouble. Princess Anle wanted Empress Wei to come. In the imperial dynasty, she was the princess of the imperial family, but she conspired with her to poison the cakes. On Renwu in the sixth month, Zhongzong died in the Shenlong Hall. "Zizhi Tongjian also records that in the first year of Shenlong (705), After Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty was restored to power, Shangguan Wan'er, Princess Taiping and Queen Wei gained favor and were responsible for drafting imperial edicts. In the fourth year of Jinglong (710), Zhongzong died. Empress Wei wanted to imitate Empress Wu and claim the throne. Linzi King Li Longji led Yulin soldiers into the palace, killed Empress Wei and her party members, and launched a coup to kill Empress Wei and Anle. The princess and Shangguan Wan'er supported their father, Tang Ruizong, as emperor.
Shi Zhuangyuan's great-grandfather, Shi Banglun, was a member of the Zhongshushe family at that time. Therefore, Shi Zhuangyuan's grandfather was afraid of being implicated, so he took his family into hiding and came to settle in Xiande, a place with "three no-minds". It goes without saying. But there are also doubts about this. For example, "Old Tang History" does not say that Queen Wei, Princess Anle and the imperial doctor conspired to poison Tang Zhongzong.
The author went to Xiande to inspect, and several local elders told us that Shi Jianwu’s grandfather came to settle in this "three no matter" place, which was a very smart move at the time. It is said that there were people here back then. A stone ridge is the junction line between the two counties. Kanshang is under the jurisdiction of Fenshui County, Muzhou County, while Kanxia is under the jurisdiction of Xincheng County, Wu County. At first, Shi Jianwu's father built a thatched hut on the ridge and lived there (that is, within the boundaries of Fenshui County, Muzhou). Later, after his life became stable, he built a house in Xincheng County, Kanxia and settled down, using the original hut as a place to store debris. They lived next to their houses in Xincheng County and cultivated land. Because Shi Jianwu's grandfather was a very educated, educated and humble gentleman, and he was also hardworking and charitable, people in both counties respected him very much. Shi Jianwu was born in the newly built house in Xiande.
The dispute over hometown
As for where Shi Jianwu’s former residence is, there is a story about "Two Magistrates Fighting for the No. 1 Scholar" that has been passed down from generation to generation.
It is said that after Shi Jianwu became the top scholar in high school, Xincheng and Fenshui counties respectively sent out capable government officials to do everything possible to find out the news of the arrival of the good news official in the capital. One day, both magistrates and counties knew important news such as the date and route of the arrival of officials from the capital. The magistrate of Xincheng County immediately set up colorful signs in Luzhu to prepare for the announcement of the good news, and it was very grand. Of course, all this cannot be hidden from Fenshui County. On the day of the arrival of the good news official, Fenshui County personally led the officials to take a boat in the dark and arrived at Zhaixi very early to greet him, preparing to intercept the official at the previous stop in Luzhu to make it a fait accompli. As everyone knows, Xindeng County walked by land and received the good news official at Tongzhousha (a few stops before Zhaixi) to Xincheng. As for Luzhu building colorful cards, that was just a false shot. The Fenshui County Magistrate was so angry that he was deceived and complained that Xincheng County had robbed Fenshui of the top prize. Xincheng County insisted that Shi Jianwu was from Xincheng. Both sides insist on their own opinions and will never give in to each other.
So, why did the two magistrates deliberately compete for Shi Zhuangyuan? It turns out that the imperial court at that time, in order to encourage more talents from various places, made a rule: in any county where the top scorer in high school is ranked first, the county official can be promoted to three levels in a row, and the people in the county can be exempted from tax for three years as a reward. Therefore, the two magistrates and counties refused to give in to each other and fought endlessly.
Later, the fight went all the way to the capital, and the emperor became the peacemaker. Both magistrates and counties were promoted, and the people in both counties were exempted from taxes.
So, how did the saying that Shi Zhuangyuan’s hometown was dividing water come from? According to the "Nanxin County Records" written during the Taiping and Xingguo period: "At the age of Bingyin (906) (King Qian) in the reign of Emperor Tianxuan of the Tang Dynasty, he cut off Nanxin Township (today's Wanshi, Nan'an, Nanxin) and Ningshan Township (today's Dongqiao Town). Five townships, including Guangling Township (today's Sanxi Township), Xindeng Township (today's Xukou Town excluding Bangkan and Xukou) and Tongyan Township, are affiliated to Lin'an County. "
Xincheng County Chronicles of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. It is called: "Nanxin Town, fifty miles west of the county, Nanxin Township, formerly Nanxin County. This Jiande Road divides the eastern boundary of Shuishui County, and later belongs to Xincheng County.
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According to the Xincheng County boundary map in Song Xianchun's "Lin'an Chronicles", Xin'an Township (now Nan'an Township, most of the original Tongyan Township) belongs to Xincheng. In the map of "Xincheng County Chronicles" in Wanli Ming Dynasty, Yuan Tong Yanxiang areas (such as Shibi Village, Shangshijia Village, Yejia Village, etc.) are also within the jurisdiction of Xincheng County.
From the above records, it can be confirmed that Tongyan Township in the east of Fenshui County was located in Aizongtian of Tang Dynasty. When you were Bingyin years old (906), it was separated from the jurisdiction of Fenshui County. It was initially attached to Lin'an County and later to Xincheng County.
Due to the emergence of Shi Zhuangyuan, Fenshui County will be. The township where Shi Jianwu's family once lived was renamed Zhaoxian Township, and Xincheng County also changed the name of Shi Jianwu's residence to Zhaode Township. Later, when the administrative division was changed, the two townships were merged into one township, and its township name was changed. They took one word from each of the two township names, saying: Xiande Township. The farm where Shi Zhuangyuan's family once farmed was also called Shi Gongfan, and these place names are still used today because of Shi. Jianwu's grandfather and his family lived temporarily in Kanshang, which was under the jurisdiction of Fenshui County. This is the origin of the saying that Shi Jianwu was from Fenshui in Muzhou.
Shi Jianwu. Why did he resign from office to seek Taoism and move to Penghu?
Shi Jianwu is not only a top scholar, but also a famous Taoist. He is the author of "Yangdi Yin Fu Jing Jie", He is also the first person in my country to develop Penghu among the people, and is also a great poet. His "Xishan Collection" has ten volumes. Currently, one volume has been found in mainland China and is included in the "Complete Collection". There are a total of 198 poems in "Tang Poems". The complete collection of "Xishan Collection" is preserved in Taiwan.
According to Xiande's "Shi Family Genealogy": Shi Jianwu was admitted to the Jinshi at the age of three. At the age of fifteen, "he became a monk in Xishan, Hongzhou, Jiangxi (today's Nanchang). He devoted himself to studying Taoism for twenty years. After returning to Xincheng, he lived in Shibi Temple. In the early years of Taihe (around 827), Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty led his people to Penghu. He died in Penghu in the second year of Xiantong. Later, the clansmen moved his and his wife’s coffins to their hometown of Xincheng County, Xianluo Meng Mountain (today’s Huajia Mountain) for burial.” He lived to be eighty-two years old.
People can’t help but ask, learn and excel The concept of being an official has been recognized by people throughout the ages. Shi Jianwu is a descendant of a famous family, and he is full of patriotism and serving the country. After becoming a Jinshi, if he does not do the good officials in front of him, how can he enter the door of Taoism?
According to relevant records, in the first year of Yongzhen reign of Emperor Shunzong of the Tang Dynasty (805), Xu Ding, Ling Zhun’s nephew and a talented scholar in Xincheng, came to Shi Jianwu’s house and talked about the great changes that had taken place in the Tang Dynasty. The reformists headed by Wang Shuwen , was frantically attacked and persecuted by Ju Wenzhen's group, and his uncle Ling Zhun was also demoted to Lianzhou, a barbaric place, and "even if he was pardoned, it was not limited by the amount of transfer." Shi Jianwu was furious, and he rose up and became determined. He wanted Nangong to win the title, gain the ladder, and uphold the country's integrity and eliminate evil.
Shi Jianwu did not live up to the expectations of his hometown elders. However, due to the helplessness of his poor family, he had to turn to his mentor for help. Due to bad luck, his mentor died, and he happened to meet his close friend Bai Juyi, who was recommended as an aide to Li Xian, the governor of Hongzhou. He was widely praised for his excellent handling of cases in the local area. In the fourth year of Changqing's reign, he opened a warehouse without permission to catch locusts and relieve disasters, in order to prevent thieves. After robbing food, he returned the ship with apricot-yellow flags in desperation, and went to various places for disaster relief. He rescued a large number of victims who were about to starve to death. The people were grateful and his kindness is still known to this day. However, this move was not allowed by the court, which led to his boss Li Li. Xian was demoted. For this reason, Shi Jianwu also thought of his great ancestor and couldn't help but shudder.
Furthermore, Taoism was once declared the first of the three religions by the great ancestor, and its status in the current dynasty can be imagined. He knew that Taoism was almost everywhere in small cities and famous mountains and valleys, and Taoism deeply won the faith of the emperor and the common people. Therefore, he saw through the darkness of officialdom and quietly resigned to follow Taoism. As the political situation gradually got out of control, wars continued in the Yellow River Basin, the court's exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes became more and more severe, wars broke out in the southeast, Shi Jianwu's family had no food to eat, and there was no pure land in the world. Later, Shi Jianwu led his people to cross the sea to Penghu. Engage in labor and life.
The "Atlas of Taiwan Province" published in Taiwan in 1981 states: "Since the Tang Dynasty, people have migrated to Taiwan and Penghu on the southeast coast to avoid war. Shi Jianwu, a Jinshi of the Tang Dynasty, once led his people to settle in Taiwan. ”
Two poems by Shi Jianwu about moving to Penghu
The title is that Penghu Island is fishy and there are many ghost cities on the seaside, and the island barbarians live in a country without a village. A black-skinned boy learns to fish for pearls, holding a rhinoceros in his hand Looking at the salt water. (Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty, "Dao Pan Xing") Reminiscent of a reed heading eastward, following the waves, and suddenly seeing floating clouds returning to other docks, and flying geese falling in front of the pavilion.
Zhuangyuan Ancestral Hall
Shi Jianwu, also known as Dongzhai, was a famous poet and scholar in the Tang Dynasty and a pioneer in the development of Penghu.
Because of his poor family. When Shi Jianwu was young, he studied at the Wuyun Mountain Monk Temple. There was a "Yuchi Tower" at the foot of the mountain, and a stone tablet was engraved with "The Study Place of Shi Jianwu, the Number One Scholar of the Tang Dynasty"; on the east side of the mountain are the "Yu Yun Pavilion" and "Xi Yun Pavilion". "Guanchi", in the pool there was originally a lotus planted by Shi Jianwu when he was studying. The petals and leaves of this lotus are scattered with ink dots. It is said that Shi Jianwu sprinkled them on it when he was washing inkstones. It is commonly known as ink lotus.
< p> Later, Shi Jianwu and Xu Ning studied at Longmen Temple in Gaoxiang. In the 15th year of Yuanhe (820), Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was promoted to Jinshi. Shi Jianwu was ranked number one. However, due to the corruption of the court at that time, officials formed cliques. Shi Jianwu didn't want to get involved in the intrigues and killing each other, so he wrote a poem called "Chen Qing from the Minister of the Ministry of Rites", "There are no acquaintances in Jiuchong City, and among the eight hundred people, the only surname is Shi. When a weak feather flies, it is dangerous to gather arrows, and when a donkey walks on thin ice, it is dangerous.On a sunny day, it's hard to look at a pot in the sun, but a poor girl doesn't know it like a flower mirror. But to the place where I have always received kindness, I ask the green law to turn into a cold branch. " Expressing that he wanted to return to his hometown, he went to Hongzhou, Jiangxi Province to devote himself to studying Taoism and cultivating immortality before being awarded an official title. He once sent a letter to Xu Ning, saying, "Although I have become famous, I know that my fate is not good, so I live in Xuanmen and cultivate my nature in the woods. "The world is known as Huayang Zhenren. He is the author of many Taoist works. Afterwards, Shi Jianwu returned to his hometown. Not long after living in his hometown, he led his people to cross the sea and settle on the Penghu Islands, becoming the first person to develop Penghu. On the eve of leaving his hometown, he I built a fake grave to pray for my soul to return to my hometown in my old age.
The "Taiwan History" published in 1995 said: "Mainland people came to Taiwan one after another and collectively to work and develop. This was first seen in historical documents. It is the story of Shi Jianwu leading his tribe to move to Penghu. His poem "Inscribed on Penghu Island" is included in "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" and "Continued Edition of Taiwan Prefectural Chronicles".
Shi Jianwu's poetic talent first emerged in the poetry world before he went to Beijing for the imperial examination. One hundred and ninety-seven of his poems handed down were included in "Poems of the Tang Dynasty", including the poem describing the scenery of Zhejiang. Poems account for one tenth; Shi Jianwu left many poems after he led his people to settle in Jiehu. "Inscribed on Penghu Island" writes: "There are many ghost towns on the smelly seaside, and the island barbarians live in no villages. The black-skinned young man learns to fish for pearls, and shines the rhinoceros in his hand into the salt water." Here, Shi Jianwu captured the main points of the scenery of Penghu Island. Characteristics make people feel the fishy smell of sea coming to their faces! There were very few residents on the island at that time, and only a few fishermen came and went during the fishing season. No villages were formed. After being exposed to the sun and rain, the dark-skinned teenagers floated in the sea water day and night, learning to fish, and touching pearls and clams. This is a true portrayal of the life of Penghu fishermen at that time. In another of his poems "Reminiscences", he wrote: "For a while, I held a reed toward the east, and it was always uneasy to follow the waves; suddenly I saw the floating clouds returning to the other dock, and I saw the flying geese landing in front of the pavilion." vividly described. The people of the mainland are gratified that they braved difficulties and dangers, crossed the ocean eastward and opened up Penghu. It can be seen that Taiwan has been the sacred territory of the motherland since ancient times.
Liang Shi's Scientific Examination
The "Complete Tang Dynasty" compiled Shi Jianwu's "Zhen Ji of the Xishan Immortals Meeting" of the Northern Song Dynasty into his works. In the "Daoshu" compiled by Zeng, a Taoist scholar at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, whenever Shi Jianwu of the Tang Dynasty was cited, he was called Qizhenzi, and when Shi Jianwu of the Northern Song Dynasty was cited, he was called Huayangzi or Huayang Zhenzi.