Jian 'an was the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, and the Jian 'an period was 196 to 220 years. Jian 'an literature in the history of literature generally refers to the period from the first year of Chuping in Xian Di (190) to the sixth year of Taihe in Wei Mingdi (232), that is, the Wei Chu period at the end of Han Dynasty centered on Jian 'an.
In the early years of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, a group of writers such as Cao Cao and Wang Shen began to write.
During this period, years of war, warlords scuffle, Cao Cao pacified the north. In Jian 'an 13, Cao Cao went south to Wu Dong and was frustrated in Chibi. Since then, Wei, Shu and Wu have stood on their feet. At this time, the large-scale war has basically ended, and social production and people's lives have gradually returned to normal.
Later, Cao Pi officially replaced the Han Dynasty, established the State of Wei, and officially entered the Three Kingdoms period.
The social characteristics of this period are from war and division to relative stability. In such an era, the literati personally experienced hardships, but also held the idea of making contributions and pacifying the war.
Jian 'an literature is mainly concentrated in the north. In the process of pacifying the north, Cao Cao vigorously recruited scholars, including advisers such as Guo Jia and Yu Xun, and pure literati. Cao Cao and his son also like literature, which is Cao Cao's fief, Yecheng, forming a group of people under Ye with Cao Shi and his son as the core.
Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Liu Zhen, Cao Shi, Cai Yan, Fan Qin, Wu Zhi, Ying Kun, Mi Heng, Miao, etc.
This is the so-called three caos and seven sons. Kong Rong is a veteran, he is not a subordinate of Cao Cao, and Kong Rong also listed him as the seventh son, but he does not belong to Ye Group.
02 Jian' an figures
Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long;
"Poetry" has six meanings, and the wind comes first. Si is the source of feeling and the symbol of ambition. It expresses feelings with melancholy, and it must start with the wind; Shen Yin's words were written before the bones. So think of words as bones, such as the skeleton of the body; Love contains wind, and it is still shaped by gas. When the words are straight, the bones become awkward; If you have a calm spirit, your style will be clear. If there are a lot of algae and the strength of the wind does not fly, the vibration will lose its freshness and the negative sound will be weak. Therefore, we should consider and cut articles, keep our spirit full of business, be vigorous and realistic, and shine with new ideas. Used in literature, it is also a metaphor for the wings of birds.
Therefore, those who practice to the bone must analyze the text accurately; Those who are deep in the wind will show their feelings. It is also the strength of character to be firm but hard to move when talking, but not stagnant when the heart is condensed.
Poetry is infectious, and the key to expressing emotion in poetry is to have wind. And words and sentences must have backbone. Love contains wind and is infectious. Just like the human body, the human body contains air. Without wind, people are like dead people, without life, people can't stand up with only meat and no bones. Therefore, if a language wants to be powerful, it must have backbone, and if an article wants to be infectious, it must have wind. The power of character, from form to content, can infect and impress people.
"Wind" mainly refers to the appeal of content, while "bone" mainly refers to the vitality and strength of language. Zhong Rong's Preface to Poetry;
Down to Jian 'an, Cao Gong and his son, so gentle; Brother Pingyuan, I am Wendong; Liu Zhen and RoyceWong are their feathers. The second time, climb the dragon to help the phoenix, since it belongs to the car, it will cover everything. When you are polite, you are ready for time! Later, the mausoleum declined late and finally advanced. Tai, San Lu, Er Zuo, Bohr revival, heel king, romantic, and the resurgence of the article. Yongjia, expensive yellow, old, still empty talk, in the article, reasonable words, tasteless. Therefore, the microwave is still spreading, and Sun Chuo, Huan and Yu are all the symbols of virtue, and the wind of Jian 'an has passed.
Use this to describe the characteristics of Jian 'an literature. Jian 'an style, to describe Jian 'an literature.
Specifically, "Jian 'an style" mainly refers to the writer's ambition to express the sufferings of the times and people's livelihood in his works, and to pacify the war and restore national unity. The works are rich in content and depressed in feelings, forming a generous, sad, vigorous and fresh style.
Wen Xin Diao Long Time Series:
When reading and writing, it is elegant and generous, good things are scattered in the world, the wind is light and vulgar, and the ambition is deep and the pen is long, so the outline is rich and full of vitality.
This shows what Jian 'an's character is, focusing on reality and showing the worries of the times.
03 The Basic Features of Jian 'an Literature
Advocate natural communication. During the Jian 'an period, the dominant position of Confucianism was gradually shaken, Taoism and other thoughts became popular, and the writer's thoughts and behaviors tended to be natural and true, which was manifested in his works, resulting in a free and easy style of writing and a creative consciousness of advocating individuality and true feelings.
Lu Xun said that the so-called communication is freedom of speech. This period is because people are emancipated and relatively free, so writing articles is very casual and they can say whatever they want. Cao Shi and his son played a leading role in this respect.
Pursue gorgeous writing. By the end of the Han Dynasty, people's attitudes towards life had changed. They are informal and pursue happiness. They began to advocate the richness of aesthetic taste and like to create and appreciate things full of formal beauty. In the era of Cao Pi, literary creation has begun to deviate from the purpose of political enlightenment and practical utility and turned to meet the needs of spiritual enjoyment. It is in this context that the gorgeous style of writing is popular.
Strong sense of life. Mr. Yao Yao once said: "When we read the poems of Wei Jin people, we find that the most common, profound and exciting thing is that poetry is full of thoughts and feelings about fleeting time and short life." (On the history of medieval literature) This strong sense of life is the main reason for the sadness and depression of Jian 'an literature.
Jian 'an writers often feel the shortness and fragility of their personal lives. They like to describe the pain and troubles of life, and also pour their sympathy into the weak who suffer misfortune and lament their fate. This sense of life constitutes the sad and depressing feature of Jian 'an literature.
Creative ways to give full play to one's talents. "Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Ming" said: Jian 'an poets are "generous and open-minded", and their creative characteristics are related to the creative background of Jian 'an writers and influenced by the atmosphere of advocating nature and pursuing wayward feelings at that time. Its creative principle embodies the Taoist value orientation of attaching importance to nature and individuality, which is the expression of people's high self-awareness in Han and Wei Dynasties.
Show yourself and shine, and you can create wonderful works. In the final analysis, it is still Taoist thought.
04 Cao Cao and Jian 'an Literature
Cao Cao (155-220), the word Meng De, the word Xiao Azhen. Cao Cao is the leader of Ye Group and the pioneer of Jian 'an literature.
His father, Cao Song, is the adopted son of the eunuch. However, when Cao Cao was young, he read Confucian works and entered the official career by raising filial piety. Later, he pacified the unrest at the end of the Han Dynasty and became the de facto ruler at that time. This is his experience, so he has both Confucian scholars and warlords.
He is regarded as a minister capable of governing the world and a traitor in troubled times.
His ideas are eclectic. In addition to Confucianism, he also advocates Taoism and nature. In addition, he led the troops for many years, presided over the state affairs, and was deeply influenced by Legalism. Because in that case, without strict laws, it is impossible to command the army and govern the country in troubled times.
Cao Cao has a very close relationship with Jian 'an literature. He is not only the most important writer of Jian 'an literature, but also the pioneer and organizer of Jian 'an literature. He not only made great achievements in his own creation, but also recruited a large number of scribes to encourage his own creation.
05 Cao Cao's poems
There are more than 20 poems by Cao Cao, and the general characteristics of these works are generosity, sadness, simplicity and modesty.
Zhong Rong's poem: Cao Gong is ancient and straight, with a sad sentence.
Taosun Ao's Poetry Review: Wei Wudi is like a veteran of Youyan, with great charm.
Liu Xizai's Introduction to Art and Poetry: Cao Gong's poems are majestic and all-encompassing, making him a distinguished scholar.
On the one hand, it reflects his ambition as a politician and strategist, as well as his resolute character. At the same time, it also reflects the anguish and suffering of the times and his inner anguish in the face of the suffering of the times. His works are simple and natural, vigorous and powerful, with rich weather and deep feelings.
Go out of Xiamen and see the sea.
On the east coast, climb Jieshi Mountain to see the vast sea.
The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea.
Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging.
The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean.
A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected;
Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise.
I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire.
Very vivid pen and ink describe the natural state of the sea. Life is full of emotion, sadness and vitality.
Cao Cao initiated the tradition that Jian 'an poets wrote current events with Yuefu ancient inscriptions.
Hao:
The soldiers of the Kwantung Army rose up against the cruel people.
On the first day of the first date, General Ding Meng went to attack Dong Zhuo in Chang 'an.
Dong Zhuo's army came together, each with its own plans, looked at each other and refused to stand out.
These two sentences led to the battle of various armies, and then the armies of various armies killed each other.
Yuan Shao's cousin Yuan Shu proclaimed himself emperor in Huainan, and the emperor Yuan Shaomou carved the emperor in the north.
Because of the war, soldiers have long been unable to take off their battle clothes, their armor is covered with lice, and many people have died because of years of war.
The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing.
It is extremely sad to think that only one person in a hundred people is alive.
Cao Cao has experienced it personally, and he is affectionate. This is simply a history of poetry. It gives a new example for later scholars to write new poems on Yuefu theme.
Cao Cao's Yuefu poems are all skillful, but four words are the best.
Short song:
Singing to wine, life geometry! For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan.
Be generous, and your troubles will be unforgettable. How to solve your worries? Only Du Kang.
Qingqing is your collar, YY is my miss. But for your sake, I've thought it over.
A herd of deer, yo, ate mugwort in Ye Yuan. I have a group of good guests, playing the piano and playing the piano.
As clear as the bright moon, when can I forget it? The troubles come from this and cannot be cut off.
The weirder, the more useless. Talk about it, and remember the past.
There are few stars on the moon, and blackbirds fly south. Turn around the tree three times, what branches can you rely on?
The mountain is never too high, and the sea is never too deep. The duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart.
Express the ideal of making contributions. This language is easy to understand. Drink to drown one's sorrows. People who expect advice. Can't find belonging, eager for talent. Deep and tortuous feelings, sad mood. But overall, the whole mood is high and full of energy. These places embody the characteristics of Cao Cao's four-character poems.
06 Cao Cao's prose
Cao Cao's prose occupies an important position in the history of prose. The basic feature of his prose poems is beautiful and simple, which shows Cao Cao's thought and personality. Honesty and pragmatism are the foundation of Jun Qing, while Jun Qing and Tong Tuo from Taoism tend to be outspoken and eclectic, so they are unified in Cao Cao's works.
Lu Xun once said that Cao Cao was the founder of the reform article.
His articles are quite different from the prose and style of Han Dynasty. Shows Cao Cao's personality. He advocates Taoism and does things casually and eclectically. So he writes articles casually and says whatever he has.
At the same time, it is very clear, strict and simple.
Cao Cao's writing style has nothing to do with politics, but is often emotional. For example, in "Sacrifice to the High Bridge", he said:
After he died, there was a way. Don't fight with a chicken to cross the river. Don't blame yourself for abdominal pain after driving three steps! Although it was a joke, it was not a close relative, and Hu Ken resigned for it? Bandits say they are angry, they can cure their diseases, but they are nostalgic and sad. Ordered to the east, Tunzi Village, and looking at your land in the north, it is the tomb of the heart. Cut it to thin, it's still delicious!
Qiaoxuan is the forgotten Qiaoxuan of Cao Cao, saying that Cao Cao is an effective minister to govern the world and a traitor in troubled times. He wrote all the jokes at that time into the eulogy.