(1) landscape pastoral poetry (landscape poetry):
Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry, focusing on singing landscape pastoral in natural scenery. Landscape pastoral poetry formed a poem card in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, so it is listed separately. As for the number of landscape poems other than pastoral poems, it is not very prominent. Ancient excellent pastoral poetry is an artistic representation of the natural beauty of mountains and waters, so it has strong artistic appeal and gives people beautiful enjoyment. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that all scenery words are sentimental words, that is, the natural scenery written by the author is integrated with the author's subjective feelings, or the scenery is used to express the author's thoughts and feelings. The appreciation of this kind of poetry first lies in grasping the characteristics and implications of images, then feeling the artistic conception of the blending of scenes in the poem, and finally grasping the emotions expressed by the poet's scenery writing. The main representatives of landscape pastoral poetry are Xie Lingyun, Tao Yuanming, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli. Of course, Li Bai, Du Fu, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi also have a large number of excellent works describing landscapes. For example, Jiang Xue of Liu Zongyuan said, "There are no birds in hundreds of mountains, and there are no footprints in thousands of paths. A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing in the cold river-snow. " Just a landscape poem. What are the feelings in the scene? Knowing the background of this poem, it is not difficult to find that this poem is a lonely fisherman who lived in seclusion between mountains and rivers after Liu Zongyuan's relegation to Yongzhou, expressing his aloof and uninhibited feelings and resentment against political frustration, so it is both a landscape poem and a deep and implicit political lyric poem.
(2) Poetry:
The characteristic of poetry chanting things is to support ambition with things. When appreciating poems about objects, we should pay attention to the author's feelings when describing things. Of course, the emotional expression of some object-chanting poems is implicit, which requires us to appreciate it carefully when reading. For example, Yu Qian's Ode to Lime: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle. I am not afraid of broken bones, but I want to remain innocent in the world. " This is a simple and straightforward poem about objects. Among them, the word "naive" is not only the chanting of the morphological characteristics of the chanting object, but also a high summary of its charm and character. The value of this poem lies in the metaphor of lime everywhere, expressing his determination to serve the country faithfully, not afraid of sacrifice, and to stick to noble sentiments. Singing lime is to sing your open mind and noble and innocent personality.
Frontier poems: Frontier poems are the product of the times and the works that can best reflect the rise and fall of national luck. For example, in frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, unrestrained and unyielding is its main theme (representative figures such as Gao Shi and Cen Can); The frontier poems in Song Dynasty mainly show the resentment and depression of serving the country and the hopeless sadness of returning home (representative figures such as Fan Zhongyan). The frontier fortress poems are characterized by showing the times from different angles. When appreciating, we should first grasp the characteristics of the times, and then scrutinize the different thoughts and feelings contained in the works. Cen Can's frontier poems, for example, are characterized by the heroic spirit of being generous to serve the country and the optimistic spirit of not being afraid of hardship, and describe the richness and variety of frontier life more. Of course, Cen Can also wrote some frontier homesick poems, such as "On the Messenger of the Capital", which was read by later generations: "My hometown has a long way to go east, and I don't want to cry." I will meet you immediately without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. "Things are small, but affectionate.
4. Reminiscent poems: If writing scenery poems is lyrical through scenery, then the characteristic of reminiscence poems is lyrical presentation. The author often feels something because of one thing, and writes a poem to express his feelings. To appreciate this kind of poetry, we must first understand what the author wrote, and then appreciate what feelings the author expressed. If enlarged, this kind of works can cover almost all lyric poems. Because of the relationship between "poetry expressing ambition", there are quite a few works of chanting. Let me give you a simple example. Li Shangyin's Notes to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night: "Ask Jun to return, it rains late in the autumn pool. When * * * cuts the candle at the west window, it talks about the rain at night. " The first two sentences of the poem describe the immediate environment in the form of questions and answers, that is, "what is happening", and expound the loneliness and deep nostalgia for his wife, that is, expressing feelings. The last two sentences imagine the joy of meeting again tomorrow and talking, which sets off the loneliness tonight, which is a further expression. The whole poem is simple and affectionate, implicit and meaningful, well-known and memorable.
⑤ Poem-chanting: Poetry-chanting is mostly based on concise words and selected images, combined with feelings about nature, society and history, or lamenting the rise and fall of dynasties, or lamenting the sudden change of years, or satirizing the profligacy of politicians, thus expressing the author's meditation after reading all the vicissitudes of life, which contains deep sadness and nostalgia. The representatives of the epic are Liu Yuxi and Du Mu. Liu Yuxi's famous poems include "Xibao Mountain Nostalgia", "Wuyi Lane", "Stone Town" and "Temple of the King of Shu". Du Mu's quatrains on history are called "Twenty-eight Words on History", which have been circulated for thousands of years, showing his profound artistic attainments. His famous poems are Bo Qinhuai, Guo Huaqing Palace Jueju, Red Cliff, Leyou Tomb, Understanding Jiangting and so on. A careful taste of their historical masterpieces is conducive to appreciating other similar works. The problems that should be paid attention to when appreciating poetry are as follows: firstly, we should understand the historical facts, relevant figures and allusions involved in the works (for allusions, we should not only understand the content of allusions, but also clarify the author's allusions); Then try to figure out the author's intention to write this history and this ancient person; Further refine the author's attitude towards this past and this ancient person; Finally, it comes down to the author's thoughts and feelings. Xin Qiji's "Nostalgia at Jingkou Gubeiting" can be regarded as a model of using allusions to praise history. Candidates should take this as an example to appreciate the ideas and methods of chanting history.
6. Farewell poems
Due to the rugged roads and backward means of transportation, the ancients were reluctant to leave for many years and it was difficult to meet again, so the ancients paid more attention to parting. Scholar-officials not only prepare wine to fold willows, but also write poems for travelers (farewell) or residents (farewell). Therefore, expressing farewell is a common theme in ancient poetry.
Most of these poems are touching and full of sentimental feelings, such as Liu Yong's Lin Yuling. Most of these poems are lyrical in artistic techniques, and they also use imagination and association to shape images. Graceful poets and poets write more.
Regarding the practice of farewell poems, several poets and legalists have summarized it as: "The first narrative topic is interesting; The second joint talk about personnel, or farewell, or discussion; The third combination of scenery, or with vision, or things; The fourth said when to meet again, or entrust, or expect. It can be said that you can be in the middle of the second league or upside down, but you can't repeat it. You must have the second place. The last sentence should be reasonable, meaning that it is better to stay away. "