First, the uncertainty of decline and glory.
This is the first poem in this series. The first two sentences of the poem say: "Decline and prosperity are uncertain, and they are more * * * mutual." These two sentences illustrate a universal law of historical development: decline and prosperity do not exist forever, they alternate with each other. After the poet suggested this universal law, he immediately quoted historical facts as an example: "Being born in Gua Tian is quite like Dongling." Shao Sheng refers to Shao Ping. How glorious Shao Ping was when he was in the Qin Dynasty, and how humble he was when he became a cloth after the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Isn't this "the uncertainty of glory decline"? Then the poet used the metaphor of natural phenomena: "There is metabolism in cold and heat, so is human nature." Decline and prosperity alternate, just like cold coming and summer going, which is often the case in life. Why did the poet make such comments and such feelings as soon as he wrote? Examining these poems in the writing background, we can clearly see that poets were born for the changes of Jin and Song Dynasties. After the poet resigned and retired, he did not forget the world, nor did he indulge in pastoral landscapes, and he was high all day and all night. He sympathizes with people's livelihood and cares about state affairs. Judging from the political situation at that time, he keenly felt that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was about to perish. "Decline and glory are undecided, and mutual change is * * *", which means that a regime change is about to happen, with a group of old dignitaries stepping down and a group of new dignitaries coming to power. It's just that poets are afraid of political harm and dare not say it.
What attitude does the poet take in the face of the upcoming political situation? In front of him, there are two ways to choose: one is to follow the trend and find support; First, continue to live in seclusion and resolutely take the road back to agriculture. According to his own experience, temperament and desire, the poet chose the latter road without hesitation. He wrote in his poem: "When a person understands his encounter, he no longer doubts his death." He knows that "there is nothing to be proud of", instead of following the trend and pursuing wealth, he is determined to live a secluded and poor life in the countryside. Of course, he saw the political darkness and chaos at that time, the rulers killed each other for power and interests, and the suffering of the broad masses of the people during the regime change, and his heart was very painful. Therefore, he had to "suddenly drink the same glass of wine and enjoy it day and night." Does he drink for pleasure? No, he drinks to drown his sorrows, drinks to drown his sorrows, drinks to drown his sorrows. This poem not only saves money, but also explains the natural reasons for drinking. It ranks first among the twenty poems in Drinking, and occupies an important position in the whole group of poems.
The artistic achievement of the poem Drinking has always been praised by people. That is to say, as far as this poem is concerned, the poet expressed his opinions from the philosophical point of view at the beginning, and then casually quoted historical examples and natural metaphors to express his dissatisfaction with reality and his interest in life and drinking. As the preface says, these poems are written casually, "write a few words when you are drunk." They are straightforward after being drunk, unpretentious, true feelings, true feelings and natural traces.
Second, there are rewards for virtue.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is about to perish, is very corrupt politically. Warlords within the ruling class scuffled and killed each other, and Huan Xuan and Emperor Wu of Song successively usurped power; The broad masses of the people are oppressed, exploited and in dire straits. Under such a dark rule, the social atmosphere at that time was very corrupt, the wind of simplicity and sincerity in society disappeared, the wind of hypocrisy and deception prevailed, the moral integrity of honesty and concession disappeared, officials climbed up by hook or by crook, honest and kind people were slandered, and right and wrong were upside down.
The poet is in such a dark society where black and white are reversed and right and wrong are indistinguishable. He tried his best to escape, tried his best to be "self-biased" and maintain inner peace. But can he really calm down? I can't. He is an ambitious man, and it is difficult for him to be "completely silent" in such an era. He felt aggrieved, indignant and depressed. Whenever I get drunk and write poetry, these things will naturally flow out of my chest. This poem "One good deed deserves another" expresses the poet's anger and accusation against the dark society at that time, regardless of good or evil.
"Good deeds are rewarded, and Uncle Yi is in Xishan." The poet hit the nail on the head and revealed a very ridiculous contradiction: it is said that good deeds are always rewarded, but in fact Boyi and Shu Qi starved to death in the Western Hills. They are two sons of the solitary bamboo king in Shang Dynasty. After their father died, they gave way to each other's throne. After Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he ate shamefully, hid in shouyangshan, ate the European Union, and finally starved to death. They are typical of noble chastity in feudal society, and people generally praise them as the best people. However, their "good deeds" were not rewarded, but starved to death. Therefore, the poet immediately asked: "Since good and evil should not be, why should we talk empty?" Since good is rewarded with good and evil with evil, why did the ancient sages say such empty words? The poet learned a lesson from historical facts and real life, and thought that the goodness and goodness mentioned by ancient sages were empty and impossible to realize. In the real society, there is no distinction between good and bad, and good and evil are reversed everywhere.
"90 lines with cables, hungry and cold." The poet also quoted the deeds of Rongqi period to continue to prove his "empty talk". Rong Qiqi is a man who lives and works in peace and contentment, and a good man in feudal society. But at the age of 90, this good man still lived a life of hunger and cold with deerskin as his clothes and rope as his belt. "When he was hungry and cold," he was even more hungry and cold in his eighties than in his prime, which shows that he lived a poor life all his life. From the perspective of life in the period of peace and harmony, where is the "reward for accumulating goodness and clouds"?
However, Boyi, Shu Qi and Rong Qi did not get a good result before their death, but their fame spread far and wide after their death. "The school festival is not bad, who will pass it on!" The poet believes that his reputation can be passed down to future generations by sticking to poverty and moral integrity. Therefore, no matter how corrupt the social atmosphere is and how dirty the surrounding environment is, we must maintain the noble integrity of "thinking about change if we are poor", even if we do good deeds without being rewarded. In Tao Yuanming's anthology, there is a group of poems "Ode to the Poor", which praises many famous poor people, that is, praises the noble moral integrity of the poor. Isn't the poet himself a poor man who strictly adheres to poverty? His good reputation has been praised by later generations.
This group of poems is based on history and people-oriented. In poetry, it is really difficult for readers to tell which one is about the past, which one is about the present, which one is about people and which one is about themselves. Really reached a seamless level. There are both angry questioning and calm thinking in the poem; It not only strongly condemns the dark society where good and evil are indistinguishable, but also warmly praises the noble people who are impregnable. The poet writes what he thinks, expresses what he thinks, and his feelings naturally flow out of his chest.
Fifth, building a house is under human conditions.
The fifth song "Drinking" is a well-known song.
At the beginning of the poem, I asked a question and said, "Building a house is in a humanistic environment, and there are no horses and chariots." The human environment is full of horses and chariots, and poets are building houses, but there is no noise of horses and chariots. This phenomenon is difficult for ordinary people to understand. The poet only uses a word "harmony", which is natural and concise with a slight turn. Mr. Zhu Ziqing said that this is "a syntax not seen in previous poems."
"What can I ask you? The heart is far from being biased. " Since I have asked a question, I will ask myself and answer it with these two sentences. "Ask Jun" is that he asks himself. Why can't others do "no car and no horse", but he can? Because "the heart is far from being biased." His heart is far from the world, and the land seems far away. Why is this happening? Are there so many horses and chariots that Yuan Ming turns a blind eye and listens but doesn't hear? I thought I stopped traveling because I was far-sighted. Although I live in a human habitat, there are no horses and chariots, so there is no noise from them. In this way, human land is still remote and barren. We savor carefully, although these are short sentences, they convey the poet's carefree tone, and his expression of contempt for the secular is also vivid on the paper.
"Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely." This is a fragment of his life in building a house, and it can also be seen that his land and the environment in Shandong can be seen from a distance. Some versions of the word "see" are written as "hope". Which word should I choose? There have been arguments since the Song Dynasty. Su Shi said: "You can see Nanshan leisurely under the chrysanthemum fence, the mountains because of chrysanthemum picking, the environment because of chrysanthemum picking, and the understanding because of chrysanthemum picking. This sentence is the most beautiful. In recent years, the custom is' looking at Nanshan', so this article is boring. " This does have some truth. Because "looking at Nanshan" means that there is a Nanshan in your heart first, and then looking at it, there is nothing novel and interesting, so the dancing says "it's stuffy." If you don't get it by accident, your mood when picking chrysanthemums will inadvertently coincide with the interest contained in Nanshan Scenic Area, so it is wonderful.
But it doesn't matter. What matters is the image represented by chrysanthemum and Nanshan. Mr. Zhu Ziqing said: "Chrysanthemum can be eaten ... while enjoying it, it is also intoxicated with wine ... It may be an elegant thing for the ancients to drink chrysanthemum wine on the 9 th." This is very correct. But I'm afraid it's mainly for "leaving the world", based on the character of chrysanthemum. As for his feeling of "seeing Nanshan", he may not just think of "life in Nanshan", but may have a feeling of awe like "stopping at the top of the mountain". What is the beauty of Nanshan, which makes the poet feel embarrassed? Then the next two sentences: "The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are coming back every day." Why is the future "mountain atmosphere" "good"? It turned out that it pointed out the twilight of Nanshan and paved the way for the return of birds. A group of birds returning to the forest flew back freely in the arms of distant mountains. What a delightful picture! And this song "Birds and Return" is of great significance. If you think of the sentence "A cloud comes out of a hole unintentionally, and a bird is tired of flying, then you know that it is as good as its source". The returning bird, the lost bird and the supported bird all have their own meanings. Therefore, when he was enjoying himself while picking chrysanthemums in Dongli, he occasionally looked up and saw the sight of "the mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are returning every day", which naturally produced his own association. This is the "truth" contained in the twilight of Nanshan mentioned below.
"That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say." After reading the above, we already know where the poet's "true meaning" lies. But what is "true meaning"? This true meaning is a moment's feeling. With such a life experience, it is enough. Why waste your spirit to find and solve the "true meaning"? The so-called "good reading, not asking for a very understanding, every time I know one thing, I will be so happy that I forget to eat." This is his attitude and style. Zhuangzi said: Debate without words. It means that profound truth depends not on language but on it since the Enlightenment. He also said: The speaker cared so much that he forgot to speak proudly. It means that the purpose of language is to distinguish and obtain real meaning. Now that you have obtained the true meaning, you don't have to consider using language to distinguish expression. Both Yuan Ming's "true meaning" and "true interest" were obtained in the environment of building a house, so the ending of this poem just echoes the "far heart" at the beginning.
The whole poem writes ideas first, then context. However, when writing about the heart, we should also write about the environment. When writing about the environment, we should use the environment to set off the heart. It is based on the intention in the environment and the environment in the heart. So the whole article is about the environment, the heart, the person or the image? However, we feel that our vitality is too strong to be found. It's hard to say whether the returning bird became Tao Yuanming or Tao Yuanming became a returning bird. Anyway, it's all in the twilight of Nanshan, just hanging out with solitary pine. This is called transformation. Wang Guowei said that "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" is a state of selflessness, which refers to the state of forgetting things and forgetting myself.
Yuan Ming loves nature. He often turns himself into nature. The natural world in his eyes seems to be his own illusion, with his magnificent personality. But at the same time, he is endowed by heaven and earth and nurtured by nature, which makes him a unique poet and a darling of nature.
Song Qing was in Dongyuan in July and August.
"Song Qing is in the East Garden, and the grass has no posture." The "grass" here refers to many grasses and trees. How can grass bury the richness of pine trees? After the wind and frost, pine trees did not wither, but many grasses and trees withered and scattered, so pine trees saw tall branches in Li Zhuo. "Li Anlin" means that pine trees are mixed among many trees, but they are not prominent; "Unique" means that pine trees are independent and never wither, so they are rare. The author carries a pot to pour wine and soothes it. "Cold branches" refer to cold pine branches that do not wither. "If you look far, you will return", that is, "If you look far, you will return". After you leave the pine tree, you will always look at it from a distance and write down your love for it. My Dream Room refers to my life as an official, which is really like dreaming. "What's with the dust?" . Why do you care about the world? Seeing first frost in Song Qing never withers, Yuanming stands out from the crowd, which is completely different from the withering of other trees. Therefore, he lamented that his career was like a dream, too unconscious, too concerned and fettered by the worldly officialdom, and could not compare with Song Qing's character. With profound moral integrity, and so on, it shows that he is strict with himself.
Nine. The smell of knocking at the door in the morning.
This poem was written in the early morning. The poet heard someone knocking at the door and hurried out to open the door. "upside down" means that it is too late to get dressed. At first glance, it turned out that the farmer thought it was inappropriate for him to abandon his official position and return to the field, so he brought a pot full of wine to meet the exhortation. "rag", rag. The farmer thinks that he lives in a thatched cottage and lives a poor life without clothes, so he is not a hermit. Now I have been paying attention to collusion between government and business all my life. I hope you can also muddy the water and make it turbid. Why flatter yourself? Big mouth, stirred the mud. The farmer advised him to go out and be an official. He was deeply impressed by the enthusiasm of his elders, but his temperament rarely kept pace with the world. "Hang in there" and loosen the reins, which means asking for an official. Although this can be learned, it is not a mistake to go against your own will! Let's drink this pot of wine happily. My original intention will not change.
The poem "I will live in Shang Tong all my life, may you gurgle through the mud" comes from the poem "Fisherman" written by Chu Ci, and the conception of this poem is very similar to that of "Fisherman". But in The Fisherman, Qu Yuan said, "It's better to go to the fragrant willow and bury it in the belly of a river fish, so that your white face will be covered with the dust of the world!" Very decisive, in line with Qu Yuan's character. The attitude of this poem is moderate, which also conforms to Yuan Ming's character. In The Fisherman, it is written that the fisherman "smiled" at Qu Yuan's words, which shows that he didn't care enough about Qu Yuan. This poem is about Tianfu's concern for Yuanming, and Yuanming is also very grateful to him. Therefore, although this poem has a strong imitation trace, it writes different characters and is still a creation of Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
Thirteenth, guests often stop together.
This poem is an intoxicating expression of indignation against the world. The whole poem consists of ten sentences, which can be divided into five layers: "Guests often stop at one place, which is the first layer." The meaning of this layer is to ask a question: the realm of a weak and secular hermit is very different from that of a celebrity who keeps up with the times. Why? "A gentleman is drunk alone, and his husband wakes up all year round." One wants to be drunk for a long time, and the other stares at worldly fame and fortune without blinking. What can we say when such two people are together? This is the second level, not only to answer questions, but also to lead to the following words. "Laugh when you are drunk, but you can't express your meaning." There is no * * * in the same language, but they can't help talking, so they can only speak separately, and no one can understand anyone. This third layer implies the author's inner pain. "How stupid is this rule? Arrogance is wisdom, and arrogance is wisdom. " This is the fourth floor. The author laughs at the ignorance and pity of the awakened people-ordinary people. They are cautious and think they see the world most clearly, but in fact, drunkards are smarter. Because in the dark reality, everything is upside down. The drunkard saw through this, but he was unable to change the reality, so he was intoxicated. Here, the author also uses the story of "Frog in the Pit" in Zhuangzi Qiushui. The so-called "how stupid a rule is" comes from the "lost rule" in Autumn Water. The author compares the so-called awakened one who pursues fame and fortune to a frog in a pit, and its disgust and contempt for nature are self-evident. The conclusion, of course, is: "Sending a message is a guest, and the sun can't shine a candle." People who are already drunk will continue to drink by lighting candles at night. This is the fifth floor, the end of the poem.
This poem reposes the resentment of Tao Yuanming. Tao Yuanming lived in an era of aristocratic rule and strict hierarchy. His background determines his discriminatory stance and his frank and frank character. As a result, as soon as he entered the official position, he couldn't get used to all kinds of ugly phenomena in officialdom, flattering his superiors, arrogant subordinates and running amok. Later, when he became an official under the careerist Huan Xuan, he naturally understood Huan Xuan's dirty deeds of cultivating henchmen, recruiting and making all kinds of good omen to prepare for his usurpation. As for Emperor Wu of Song, after mastering some military and political powers, killing heroes added to the crime and perverting the law aggravated Tao Yuanming's hatred of the dark reality.
However, Tao Yuanming has no power to change reality. He evaded, retired, cultivated and blamed himself. However, it is impossible to calm his resentment. In this poem, Tao Yuanming pretended to be an alcoholic. Not only did he openly declare that he had nothing in common with the "Awakening School" who pursued fame and gain, but he also compared them to "frogs in the pit" and thought that they were well-behaved and insignificant people. This is naturally an irresistible expression of resentment.
"Send a message to the guests, and there will be no candles when the sun shines." Seems a little negative. However, refusing to go with the flow and keeping your innocence in an evil society is not a great personality force!
This poem "Guests often stop together" seems to be talking about homely and plain, without too many allusions or elaborate rendering. However, the phrase "laugh when drunk, but don't get the words" vividly outlines the incompatible state of two different people's personalities, expressions and fire and water, which is the unattainable place of Tao poetry.
Fourteenth, an old friend enjoys my interest.
Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysics has prevailed, and most of the scribes like to reason with poems. However, most of their works are "moralized" and are criticized by later generations. Only Tao Yuanming is highly respected by later generations because of his interesting poetics and profound feelings. The same reasoning is based on poetry. Why are the comments and criticisms of later generations so different? The fundamental reason is that Tao Yuanming and the scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty pursued "reason" differently and expressed it in different ways. Scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty talked about Hyunri in vain, taking it as their spiritual sustenance and taking the words of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi as their articles. The words were redundant, so naturally they were ridiculed as "bland and tasteless". However, Tao Yuanming finally decided to retire from the countryside after experiencing the painful exploration of several officials and seclusion. He found the destination of life in the practice of bowing, realized the true meaning of life in the natural and simple pastoral life, and got spiritual satisfaction. Although he also accepted the influence of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought of advocating nature, his understanding of "the principle of nature" is closely related to the simple and substantial pastoral life, and the "the principle of nature" he pursues is contained in the simple pastoral life. Love, open and empty; Reason, sublime but not mysterious-this is the remarkable feature of this poem.
Let me talk about the feelings in the poem first. Tao Yuanming lives a quiet pastoral life or associates with his neighbors. This time, he invited his friend Matsushita to sit together and have a drink. "Old friends like me and make friends with him." These two sentences come straight to the point and point out the reasons for "drinking". The word "reward" is used accurately. The poet beckons to drink, and his feelings are naturally good; Old friends "enjoy" this interest, and their feelings are elegant. The word "reward" succinctly describes the affection between the subject and the object. And their respective "pots" went to the meeting, which not only showed the unique quaint customs of the countryside, but also made people realize that all the people who came were simple people. Although these two sentences are not sensational, they are affectionate.
"Class Jing sit Panasonic, a few have been drunk. Father and the old man talked nonsense and thought they had lost the line. "These four sentences are written by Panasonic to drink. What does it matter if there are few cases to rely on? Paving the floor, the guests and the host are sitting around, which is particularly cordial. It doesn't matter without silk and bamboo. Wouldn't it be more interesting to listen to the wind blowing pine leaves? Sitting next to me is an "old friend". Facing the clear scenery, how can this scene not be intoxicating! If you are not drunk, you will be drunk, and if you count, you will be drunk. After he was drunk, he even talked and laughed and enjoyed each other. There is a strong feeling in this painting of Panasonic sitting and drinking. This situation has nothing to do with world interests, so it is said to be "open"; This feeling comes from the poet's simple life experience, so it is "not empty".
Let's talk about the reasons in the poem first. Tao Yuanming regards the quiet countryside as a paradise to return to nature, and thinks that "food and clothing should be well-behaved, and farming should not bully me" is a natural principle. He enjoys the natural pleasure of Ren Zhen in the life of "land to the tiller, study for himself". In his mind, the quiet scenery in the countryside, simple people's feelings and simple rural customs all contain the philosophy opposite to hypocrisy and treachery. Just as he once realized "the true meaning of locusts here" in the scenery of "the mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are returning", he also realized the natural truth in the scene of drinking and laughing in Panasonic. Although these six poems are reasonable at times, their truth and interest are integrated into the images of "taking a pot of water and harmony", "sitting in class" and "father is talking nonsense", which are beyond the pen and ink.
In the second half of the poem, the poet further pondered his feelings with cautionary words: "If you don't know about me, knowing things is more expensive. Long-lost, the wine tastes deep. " The sentence "unconsciously" comes from "I'm drunk after counting" In the hazy drunkenness, self-consciousness disappears, and there is no foreign object entangled in the chest, and the poet enters the realm of selflessness. Although the expression here is a kind of Hyunri, it is consistent with the subjective feelings of "drunk" and "drunk again", so it is not abrupt or blunt, but makes people chew the philosophy together, as if seeing the image of a drunken poet. And "leisure" refers to those who generally pursue fame and fortune. These two poems, one refers to others and the other refers to oneself, are concise and clever. The poet said: those people are obsessed with vanity and fame, but I know that "wine has a deep taste"! This ending is meaningful. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, celebrities have advocated nature and most of them have been addicted to alcohol. The realm they pursue is harmony with the way of nature. Drinking is a means to achieve this goal. This is the deep taste of wine. Therefore, what Tao Yuanming actually means here is that in his life accompanied by poetry and wine, he realized the truth of nature in the pleasure of being drunk with "old friends", and the "deep taste" among them is hard for those who rush to fame and fortune to understand.
From the scene of Panasonic's leisurely sitting and drinking, it leads to the realm of selflessness, and then points out that the highest Hyunri-the "deep taste" of wine is full of interest, inspiring and meaningful. This truth is beyond things, so it is said to be "high"; This principle also contains real experience, which is simple and vivid, so it is said to be "not mysterious". -Love is broad and empty, reason is high but not mysterious, reason is based on love, reason is based on love, and it is not generous. Although many later generations are toddlers, they can't reach the calm and natural state of Tao poetry.
This poem begins with drinking and ends with the "deep taste" of wine, which runs through interest, narration and reasoning, all around the word "drinking". Composition and poetry complement each other, and the thought is healthy and round, which is a seamless article.
Qiqi Youlan has a vestibule.
This poem is rather difficult to understand. One is the year, and the other is the tone of the poem. I think this poem was written by Yixi in 12 or 13 years in Yuan and Ming Dynasties to persuade his friend Yan Yanzhi. Let's enjoy this poem.
The first four sentences of this poem use Bi Xing, saying that orchids are mixed with Xiao Ai, but they are fragrant. When the breeze blows, it gives off its fragrance, which will naturally distinguish it from weeds. In a few simple words, you can write the transcendental character of Youlan. Huang Ming Huan Wen said: "The words" tolerance "and" waiting "are written with an orchid, full of affection and quality." He also said: "The wind is fragrant, or it is the same as the bush." This theory is very accurate. The quality of Gaixiang is inherent in this orchid, but the breeze is far away and the lingering fragrance is unexpected, which is not as good as those who don't dazzle themselves from the media. Isn't this the character and sentiment of orchids? Therefore, the words "tolerance" and "waiting" are very personal and vivid. In addition, it is also wonderful for the poet to write about the breeze blowing and use the word "Yi". Some people make it false and accidental, and it looks more real. My understanding of "detachment" is a relaxed and chic way, and it is very casual to describe it with a breeze blowing. Only such a breeze can match the charm of orchids.
Obviously, the poet compares Rambo with others, which is symbolic. If this poem is written for Yan Yanzhi, it naturally means encouraging him to keep his seclusion. Because it is clearly written in Li Sao: Cao Fang didn't work hard to cultivate his moral character, and as a result, he lost his fragrance and became Xiao Ai. This meaning is implied in the above profound sentences, but it is euphemistic and thought-provoking.
But surrounded by officialdom snobbery, it is difficult to keep elegant and pure, not to mention the change of Jin and Song Dynasties. Therefore, in the second half of the poem, the theme of urging delay to retreat quickly and bravely is revealed. If you lose your way in your career, you can get through it. The general idea of this sentence is that if you continue to go on in your career, you will go further and further, and it will be difficult to return to the old road. And retire in seclusion, do whatever you want, and probably get through it. Both poems have their roots. The first sentence is from Lisao, and the next sentence is from Hanshu. It was clever of Yuan Ming to persuade him to postpone it with these teachings of his predecessors. In the last two sentences of the poem, the poet further pointed out the grim situation of "birds waste their bows" and hoped to postpone it until "I wake up and think about it." The first sentence uses the secret code of Historical Records, which means that a good bow is used to shoot birds. If you shoot birds, the good bow will be destroyed. According to the historical facts at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, after Emperor Wu of Song pacified Huan Xuan, his power became more and more powerful, and he constantly cut off his dissidents in an attempt to usurp government. These are the realistic basis for Yuan Ming to persuade his old friend to retire. As for why Yan didn't listen to Yuan Ming's advice, there may be his special considerations.
This is a mystery poem. The poem is full of care and enthusiasm for the old friend, points out the situation and points out the retreat, and speaks very earnestly. But in tone, it is peaceful and diluted, and it is not forced. I will also use some allusions and metaphors to express my meaning euphemistically after several twists and turns, so that the other party can have more room for manoeuvre when thinking deeply and considering. Therefore, this is a good poem that contains the rules and admonitions in the interview.
Twenty-year-old Xi Nong went to see me for a long time.
This last poem, in terms of the depth and breadth of history and philosophy, is worthy of our in-depth exploration. Now, let's talk about it sentence by sentence, then discuss history and philosophy.
"Xi Nong went to me for a long time, and the world is not very real. Take care of the old man in the middle of the road and sew him up. " Xi Nong, Fuxi and Shennong, are the two oldest emperors in Huang San, representing the primitive period of human culture. The poet said, it's a pity that the era of Xinong is far away from us, and there are few people in the world who are so naive. Only Confucius, who worked hard all his life, wanted to make up for the fragmented society of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and let folk customs return to that simple era.
"Phoenix bird is absent, and the music is temporarily new. Our eyes are spinning and floating, holding the crazy Qin. What is the crime of poetry and calligraphy? Once turned into dust! " That is to say, although Confucius' efforts did not achieve the goal of ruling the world, although the phoenix bird that Confucius expected did not fly in the end, after his sorting and research, the poems, books, rituals and music since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties finally recovered temporarily from the incompleteness. However, since Confucius' career of setting up an altar to give lectures between our water and Surabaya stopped, he has never heard any news again. The world went from bad to worse, so that the crazy Qin Shihuang appeared, and he didn't know what the crime was, and he was burned to ashes at once.
"Just the old man, sincere and diligent about things; How can it be beautiful? Six people have no relatives? I drive all day and can't see what I want. " Fortunately, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, several old Confucian scholars, such as Fu Sheng, were diligent in teaching the Six Classics. But why didn't the Six Classics have hobbies and closeness under the world (referring to Wei and Jin Dynasties)? Now these people are running around like Confucius, but none of them come to pay tribute to the sages like Confucius' disciples. Tao Yuanming claimed to be a hermit who lived in seclusion and drowned at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and gave a deep sigh to the scholar-officials who were fighting for power and profit at that time!
"If you don't drink quickly, there will be an empty towel on your head; But hate is even more fallacious, you have to be intoxicating. " At the end of the four sentences, I suddenly turned to drinking. What can I say in such a desperate world? If you are unhappy, won't you fail to live up to this headscarf on your head? There are too many fallacies in what I said above. I hope Mr. Wang will forgive me for being an intoxicating person!
After a general understanding of this poem, let's go back and discuss the philosophical content of history in this poem. This poem is not a metaphysical poem, nor is it used to write lectures on Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy. However, the poet used Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's historical and philosophical views to comment on the history of primitive human society since agriculture. The philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi holds that the primitive era was a world where virtue was supreme. As the saying goes, "its politics were boring and its people were pure." "The voice of chickens and dogs is endless, and people don't talk to each other." This is their highest political and social ideal. Although Confucianism took Yao and Shun as its ancestor and made a civil-military agreement, what it yearns for most is the ritual and music culture in the prosperous period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Tao Yuanming's yearning for the agricultural era in this poem is not accidental. Not only in his poems written before he abandoned his post, but also in his poems written after he returned to the fields, he often mentioned the figures of ancient dynasties and repeatedly praised the simple folk customs of ancient times. People who have read Peach Blossom Garden poems should have a deep feeling about this.
However, this poem also praised Confucius' help to the world, and affirmed several old Confucian scholars who worked diligently to spread the Six Classics in the Western Han Dynasty, which was quite different from the Taoist satire on Confucius in the pre-Qin period. It has always been controversial whether Tao Yuanming's thought is mainly inclined to Taoism or Confucianism. This poem, which warmly praised Confucius, was caught by scholars who advocated that Tao Yuanming was a Confucian. In the article The Depth of Tao Poetry, Mr. Zhu Ziqing pointed out: "Truth and Chun are both Taoist concepts, but Yuan Ming put the mission of" restoring truth "and" returning chun "on Confucius. This so-called Taoist doctrine was the trend at that time. Therefore, Shi Tao's main idea is actually Taoism. " Mr. Zhu's analysis and judgment are very cautious. Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, on the one hand, lived in Laozi and Zhuangzi, on the other hand, they continued to respect Confucius as a saint and a teacher. They noticed that Confucius' lofty position among literati was unshakable, so they had to reinterpret Confucius' remarks and some Confucian classics with Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts while accepting the tradition.
What is more noteworthy, however, is that although Tao Yuanming reinterpreted Confucius with Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts, his explanation is still different from that of Wang Bi and others. Wang Bi made Confucius' speech and practice mysterious and blunt. Although Tao Yuanming also put the Taoist task of "restoring truth" and "restoring purity" on Confucius' shoulders, he saw a rare enthusiasm for saving the world in a series of speeches and practices such as Confucius deleting six classics and restoring rites and music. With this poem, Tao Yuanming lashed out at the degenerate upper class who kept their virginity and pursued power all day in the Jin and Song Dynasties. It is precisely because he doesn't fit in with those literati who sing high and don't do well that the ending of this poem takes a sharp turn, suddenly cutting off the surging complaints, suddenly talking about drinking, and deliberately ending with two intoxicating words: self-reproach and self-defense.
Generally speaking, the style of Tao poetry is plain and natural, or peaceful and quiet. Although this poem adopts the traditional method of praising history and talking about philosophy, it somewhat restrains the deep and broad anxiety and anger, but it is uneven and quiet. Perhaps we can borrow a sentence from Zhu, that is, "Bold and unconstrained!"