-"Zhengzitong" I hold a pair of white jade, I want to offer a king, I want to play a pair of jade, I want to be with my father. -Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty "Historical Records of Xiang Yu" 2. Fighting with wine.
Take, the table of righteousness is also. -Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty "Bao Ren An" 4. Make friends and win without helping five countries.
-Su Xun's Six Kingdoms in the Northern Song Dynasty suppressed the lack of people in Sri Lanka and took it from Ye Song. -Song Ming Lian's < Name > 1 Looking at the Temple of Song Dynasty. Party peace; Cronies; Similar and harmonious, square and harmonious.
Follow it. Follow it. Harmony.
-Xu Shen 2 in Shuowen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Allies, people captured by kings of friendly countries, and land seized by tyrants. -Xunzi 1. Follow; And; With the minister and will be four.
-The Warring States Policy Wei Ce 1. And it is mostly used for small doubts. Ask for it? Depressed? -Are there more and more teachers of The Analects of Confucius Learning? -Advanced Analects of Confucius and Dynamics 1. Zhong Ni and Yu Lubin, who participated in the past.
-"Li Yun Datong" and yú 1 are both "Yi". What is it? Depressed? -The Analects of Confucius, jǔ and Ju, recommend and vote. The trip to the avenue is also for the public, choosing talents and talents, and honesty.
-Book of Rites.
2. Usage and Meaning of Common Words in Classical Chinese 1. Pronouns: Pronouns are words that replace words, phrases and sentences.
Its function is to avoid repetition of the same words and make the article concise. Common words-preposition 1 and preposition 2 are words that lead nouns, pronouns or noun phrases to verbs and adjectives to express the place, time, way, reason and object related to them.
Can not be used alone, it must form an object-object phrase with the object it carries to modify or supplement verbs and adjectives and act as adverbial or complement of sentences. Prepositions can be divided into six types according to their functions: location, time, reason, object, dependence and passivity.
Prepositions with high frequency and complicated usage. Third, conjunctions: conjunctions are words that connect two or more words, phrases or sentences to express a certain relationship between them. They have no real meaning in themselves, but they can help us understand the grammatical structure and logical relationship of sentences and understand the meaning of sentences more accurately. Conjunctions can be classified according to the structure and logical relationship they represent.
(Table juxtaposition, surface progression, selection, table inheritance, table turning, causal purpose, hypothesis, modification) Fourth, adverbs expressing various moods such as affirmation, negation, speculation and backchat. V. Auxiliary words Auxiliary words are words that can't be used alone in ancient Chinese, nor can they act as sentence components, but only play a certain auxiliary role in sentences.
1. and 1 indicates a turning point, which is equivalent to "however", "however" and "however". 2. Express the positive relationship, connect the adverbial and the head word, which is equivalent to "zhe" and "di", or do not translate.
3. Represents the hypothetical relationship and connects the subject and the predicate, which is equivalent to "if" and "if". 4, indicating juxtaposition, equivalent to "and", "you", "and" or not translated.
5. Expressing inheritance is equivalent to "harmony", "harmony", "rigidity" or not translating. 6. Pass "Ru": It seems, like.
7. Pass "er", you, yours. 8. The usage of the compound structure (1) "Just": just.
Example: A ventriloquist sits in a barrier with only a table, a chair, a fan and a ruler. (2) "then": just, just.
Example: Help from Cape Frye, and then see the body. (3) "and the situation" means "what's more", which is a rhetorical question.
Example: Zhong Qing was placed in the water today, although the wind and waves could not sound. And the situation is stone! Second, he 1. What?
2. how about it. 3. Where is it?
4. How come. : 5. Why?
6. What? 7. As an auxiliary word, it is equivalent to "ah".
8.Ho: pass "ha" and ask questions. Who is he? Oh, ask him who he is and what he means. )
9. Usage of "He Ru" in composite structure (1): How, how. Exodus: What a pain! (2) "Why to laugh": It is unnecessary.
Exodus: Naturally, there is no need to ignore it. (3) He Ruo: How, how.
Example: Why is this human? (4) "Why": No.
What you said in Exodus is true. (5) "What": (1) What is?
For example: What is an "official protection symbol"? (2) How? Exodus: Then why are people not aggressive? (3) what to do. Example: ① Who is the guest? (2) More respect and wealth, why not? (6) "What do you mean": (1) What do you mean?
Exodus: It doesn't hurt me, but it doesn't matter if you cooperate with me. Unexpectedly, unexpectedly. Exodus: There is no deviation in women's behavior, so why not be rough? (7) "Why": How about (1).
Exodus: What's the point of getting wet at night? (2) What is the reason?
Example: What is the reason? Due to illness (3) Where did it come from?
Exodus. How do you know what I can do? (8) "He Nai": How can. Exodus: He Naitai is just a toy! (9) "He De": How can.
For example, few people were born and many people were destroyed. Why can't we become rich in the world? (10) "He Jia": What are the benefits? Example: Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! (1 1) "He Zeng": What are the benefits?
Exodus: But it's nonsense. Have you seen him? (12) "How": How. Exodus: What a failure! Third, Hu 1. The interrogative tone is equivalent to "mom" and "that".
2. Expressing rhetorical tone is equivalent to "horse" and "you". 3. Adjective suffix, sometimes equivalent to "land".
4. It means tuning, which is equivalent to "putting". 5. Same as "Yu".
6. Expressing exclamation tone is equivalent to "ah" and "ya". 7. Expressing the tone of discussion is equivalent to "horse" and "ba".
8. Used in sentences to indicate a pause. Fourth, it is 1. So just ...
2. Only, only then. Step 3: cheese
4. Yes, that's right. It turned out to be. 5. I didn't expect it
6. Say it again. 7. You, yours.
⑤ its 1. Used as the third person, it means affiliation, which is equivalent to "his, her, his (her)." 2. Among them, among them.
3. Live in the first person. Equivalent to "I (mine)" and "myself (mine)."
Used as the third person, it is equivalent to "he, she, it (them)." 5. Expressing rhetorical mood in sentences is equivalent to "don't" and "how".
6. It means people, things and things, and refers to distance, which is equivalent to words like "that". 7. It means people, things and things, and sometimes it means near, which is equivalent to the word "this".
Imperative mood in the sentence is equivalent to "can" and "or". 9. Expressing a speculative tone in a sentence is equivalent to "I'm afraid", "possible", "impossible" and "possible".
10. represents a hypothetical relationship, which is equivalent to "if". Six, and 1. Temporarily, temporarily.
2. Will Will. 3. besides, there is.
4. Let's talk about it. 5. still, still.
6. Connect two adjectives to express the relationship: again, again.
Here we go again.
7. the same as "husband", the first auxiliary word of the sentence.
8. Connect two verbs to indicate a coordinate relationship: one side.
One side
; a party
a party
7. If 1. If, if.
2. Just like. 3. you, you.
4. Here it is, so, so. 5. as for.
Eight, 1. Location, location. 2. Used before the verb or "preposition+verb" to form a noun phrase, equivalent to ".
Things and things? " .
This place.
People "and so on.
3. The usage of compound structure (1) "So": (1) indicates the behavior mode. Method or basis, equivalent to "accustomed to".
Method'' is used for.
"and so on.
(2) indicate the reasons. Equivalent to ".
Reason ".
(2) "so-called": what is said. (3) "Where": (1) Everywhere.
(2) location, location. 9. For 1, become, become.
2. Do it. 3, as, as.
4. Yes. 5. Think, think.
6. Yes. 7, modal particles at the end of the sentence, expressing doubt or backchat.
8. Governance. 9. pretend.
10, here, is. 1 1, right, right.
12. Because. 13 is "Yu".
3. Usage of the word "Zhi" in classical Chinese: 1. The word "zhi" is used as a demonstrative pronoun.
How much do you know about Erchong? "Know" means "this", which means "How do these two fish know?" (2) "It's my teacher, why destroy it?" "Know" means "like this" and means "(he) is my teacher". How can I slander him like this? (3) "Please stay in Beijing." "Zhi" refers to the place, which means "there".
(4) "See its goal nine times out of ten, but it is a little embarrassing." "Zhi" refers to archery in nine cases out of ten.
2. "Zhi" is used as the third person pronoun. This situation often appears in the text, mainly referring to "he", "she" and "it".
Confucius said,' What's wrong with me if I study silently and never tire of learning and never tire of teaching?' "Knowing" means "it", and "knowing silently" means keeping it in mind silently. (2) "Huan Hou asked him", "knowledge" refers to him (Bian Que), which means "Huan Hou specially sent someone to ask him (Bian Que)".
(3) "If you want to go to Wancheng, carry a ghost on your shoulder and hug it urgently." "Zhi" refers to it (ghost), and "grasping quickly" refers to catching it (ghost) quickly.
The word "zhi" is used as a verb, meaning "go, go", such as ① "What is my longing for the South China Sea? "Zhi" means "Go", and this sentence means: "I want to go to the South China Sea. How's it going? I don't know what to do. "
"ambition" means "going" 4. The word "zhi" as an auxiliary word is relatively common, but I think it is also the most complicated, which can be divided into the following three types: (1) "zhi" as a structural auxiliary word is equivalent to "de", such as (1) "The way of a saint died in Shandong and was passed down."
Confucius' knowledge was eventually handed down by Zeng Shen, who was not very clever. (2) "Benevolent people don't drink water from stolen springs, and honest people don't get food from others", and both "ambitions" mean that "benevolent people don't drink water from stolen springs, and upright people don't accept insulting alms".
⑵ Use the word "zhi" between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence. Such as; (1) "Huan Hou said:' Good medical care is a credit for not getting sick.
"Zhi" has no practical meaning here, and is used to cancel the independence of sentences. (2) "I don't know how many miles there are in the South China Sea."
Similarly, "zhi" has no real meaning here. It is worth noting that this usage is easily confused with the word "zhi" when used as "de", so we should pay attention to the distinction to avoid mistakes.
⑶ The word "zhi" only plays the role of regulating syllables in sentences, and has no practical significance. For example, "After a long time, my eyes seem to fade and I am very idle."
"Long", a long time, "zhi", regulating syllables, has no substantive meaning. 2 "Fill it up."
The word "zhi" here is just a simple tone, which has no real meaning. Basically, the common usage of "zhi" in classical Chinese is the above. As long as we master its laws, it is not difficult to find its usage and significance.
The usage of the function word "zhi" in classical Chinese is flexible, and it is difficult for many students to analyze its usage. Memorize some examples and forget them later.
How to master it simply and conveniently, the author makes a simple introduction based on his own teaching, that is, using sentence structure analysis method. There is a formula in sentence structure analysis: "Subject-predicate object is complementary, with distinct branches and leaves.
The former is a form, while the latter is a supplement. "This shows the structure of subject-predicate, verb-object and partial correction in ancient Chinese.
The usage of "zhi" can be determined according to its position in the sentence. Look at the following analysis: (1) is used as a pronoun when it is shaped like "predicate+zhi".
Such as: ① make the Shi Shuo make it. People are not born to know.
(3) A two-pronged approach is preferable to passive pro-taking. The word "zhi" in the above three situations is a pronoun, which is used as the object of predicate verbs "yi", "zhi" and "jun" respectively, forming a verb-object structure.
On the contrary, the function word "zhi" follows the predicate verb, and this "zhi" is used as a pronoun. (2) When the form is "subject+zhi+predicate", the independence of the subject-predicate sentence will be cancelled.
There is Kong Ming in the lonely and water in the fish. (2) The teacher's way is not passed down for a long time.
In the above two examples, the words "Gu", "Yu" and "Shi Dao" before the word "Zhi" are the subjects in the sentence, and the words "You" and "Bu Chuan" after the word "Zhi" are the predicates. In this case, the function word "zhi" can be omitted in translation.
That is, "there is a hole in the sky, and the fish has water"; "I haven't learned from you for a long time." (3) When it is shaped like "noun+zhi+predicate verb/preposition", it is a sign of the object of preposition.
What was the crime of the Song Dynasty? (2) What's the matter? In the above two cases, the word "zhi" appears in the interrogative sentence, with nouns "sin" and "ugliness" in front, followed by the predicate verb "you" and objects "sin" and "ugliness" in front of the predicate verb. The "zhi" here is the symbol of the prepositional object.
The function word "zhi" is not translated, and the object part can be directly restored after the predicate verb. (4) When the shape is "noun+adjective", it is used as a sign of attributive postposition.
Earthworms don't have the advantage of claws, but their bones and muscles are strong. (2) The horse is thousands of miles away.
(3) The stone is loud and clear. In the above three cases, profit, strength, a thousand miles, noisy ears and fatigue after the function word "zhi" are adjectives, which modify the nouns "minions", "bones", "horses" and "stones" before "zhi".
(5) When the form is "attribute+noun", it is used as a structural auxiliary word and translated into "de". Such as: ① the disease is in the skin, and it is beneficial if it is not treated.
(2) If wuyue can compete with China. In the above two cases, the function word "zhi" is followed by nouns "disease" and "zhong", which are modified by the preceding words "Jun", "Wu" and "Yue" respectively, and "zhi" is translated as "De".
(6) When the form is "Zhi+Location/Location Noun" and the sentence lacks the corresponding predicate, it is used as a verb. Gold in summer.
I want to go to the South China Sea. What is it? (3) Tillage on the ridge. In the above three cases, the word "Zhi" is followed by "Jin (Guo)", "Nanhai" and "Langshang" as the place nouns, and there is no predicate verb corresponding to "Jin", "Nanhai" and "Langshang" before "Zhi".
In this case, as a verb, "zhi" is translated as "go, go and arrive". (7) When the form is "adjective/adverb+zhi", they are combined into two-character or four-character syllables and are not translated.
For a moment, the smoke was burning for a long time.
4. The usage and examples of "zhi" in classical Chinese 1. As a pronoun, it can express people, things and things. Most generations are in the third person. It is translated into "he" (they) and "it" (they). For example, if you don't follow the policy, you can't make the best use of it, but you can't be reasonable. When you carry out a policy, you will face it. (Ma Shuo) 2. Used as the auxiliary word (1) structure, the symbol of attribute. Used between the attributive and the head word (noun), it can be translated into "de", and some cannot be translated. For example, if you can't visit a small prison, you must be emotional. (2) structural auxiliary words, symbols of preposition objects. (Gong Bo) (3) Structural auxiliary words. When the subject-predicate phrase is used as the subject, object or clause in a sentence, the word "zhi" is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence and can be omitted in translation. For example, if you love lotus flowers alone, you will never touch mud. (4) Syllable auxiliary words. Used of adjectives, adverbs or some. (for learning).
5. The usage and meaning of the word "er" in classical Chinese are more complicated in ancient Chinese (classical Chinese), with two pronunciations of ér and néng; ; It can be a real word in some sentences and a function word in another sentence; Content words can be nouns, verbs or pronouns; When making function words, they can be conjunctions or auxiliary words. There are about a dozen meanings and usages. Here, according to the explanation in the preferred ancient Chinese reference book "Ci Yuan", I add some sentences in classical Chinese in middle school textbooks as examples, and give you a call at the same time. One, two cheek hairs are shaped like hair. Anything with drooping scales is also called it. For example, Zhou Li Gao. The pronoun "er" ru means the second person address, which can be translated into "you" and "you". For example, the three conjunctions of "somewhere, but my mother is here" in Lingzhi indicate a coordinate relationship, and the two conjunctions are insignificant in meaning. It can be translated into "he", "he", "you" and "he" or not. For example, in the debate between two children, "this is not a small one, but a big one" means an inheritance relationship, and the two conjunctions can be translated as "Jiu", "Then", "Lai" and "Lai". It can be translated into "besides", "besides" and so on. For example, "learning while using" in The Analects of Confucius indicates a modifying relationship, and the modifier in the previous paragraph connects the adverbial and the head without translation. For example, ⒌' s "One Mountain in Gong Yu": "He laughs repeatedly" indicates a turning point. The subject and predicate in clauses are often linked together and can be translated into "if", "if" and "if". For example, China said: "Make the whole country teenagers", so for example, Xunzi advised: "Jade is lush in the mountains, pearls are born in the depths, and cliffs do not fade." Four auxiliary words, used with locative words such as up, down, direction, etc., indicate time or range and can be translated into one. For example, China's ancient paintings, from the perspective of portraits, are mostly constructed by meaning. 1. is equivalent to a branch. For example, The Analects of Confucius. Already! Today's politicians are at stake! "Five links" are like ""similar ""similar ". For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya Durham: "Durham is a gentleman and a woman with curly hair." Second, néng's six-way "can". 1. Yes. For example, Mozi's Reference: Middle School Classical Chinese Etymology and Index Dictionary Answer: 2007-10-16: 22 Revision: 2007-10-1821:50.
Other answers ***2 Answer comments ┆ Report the usage of the word "two" in the classical Chinese of The Wise. Grammatically, there is no difference between the two verb-object structures before and after the connection of "er", and there is no progressive and turning relationship. And (1) the second personal pronoun, (2) is generally used as the attribute of a place, where the mother is. (2) Adverbs are translated into "JIU". But when can we be happy? (3) The coordinate relation of conjunctions is generally not translated. The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. Progressive relations are translated into "harmony" or "harmony". A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by participating in daily activities. Inheriting relationship is translated as "JIU", "knot" or not. We are eager to return, but we send it into the water loudly. The turning point is translated as "but" or "but". ⑥ Modifying the relationship and connecting the adverbial and the head word can be translated into "ground" or not. I have been thinking all day, but it is not as good as what I learned in an instant. Causality translates as "therefore". I'm sorry, too. It didn't have the pleasure of traveling with my husband. 8 metaphor, translated as "like". The army was shocked. This article took 20 * *. Understand their respective tones and explore the reading rules of "Er". (1), the satrap and guests are drinking here ... and the year is the highest (progressive, rereading) (2), Ruofu ... Cave (career, light reading) (3), back to back, returning at dusk (modified)
6. The usage of "he" in classical Chinese and the meaning of J-i verb: 1, knowing the word.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions-shaped, from people to hands. It means that the people behind catch up and catch the people in front with their hands.
Original meaning: catch up; Hold on. And, catch also.
-"Shuowen" made people chase Song and killed him. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu" There is no doubt that there must be self-sufficiency.
-"Zuo Zhuan Yin Gongnian" 2, to; Reach out. Moreover, to also.
-Guangya and its release. -"Ili Bride's Gift" is not as good as the grave, and we didn't meet.
-"Zuo Zhuan Yin Gongyuan" and the county, Yi Taishou, said so. -Tao Qian's Peach Blossom Spring and Rivers in the Boat.
-"Thirty-three years of Zuo Zhuan Gong" is also within reach of Tang ironing. /the needle stone is also within reach.
-"Everything is wrong, Yu Lao" is terrible, but how can it be? -Han Jiayi's On Accumulation is a disaster. -Wei Ming Xi "The Biography of the Big Iron Vertebra" 3. Wait; Wait until.
And Japan and China are like plates. -Liezi Tang Wen and Japanese-Chinese exploration of soup.
Lu Su went to find Yang. -"Zi Tongzhi Han Jian Ji" is the enemy's artillery attack again.
-Qing Xu Coe's Qing Paper Money and War. -Qing Yao Nai "Mount Tai" 4. Pain.
The man with a short shovel is close to the enemy. (and the enemy: injured by the enemy.
An unusually fierce war. )-"Everything is wrong" 5, comparable; Can be compared with.
How did Gong Xucan contact you? -"The Warring States Policy and Qi Ce" The disciple of Scorpion is not as good as Confucius. -Han Yu's "Shi Shuo" 6. Bring troubles; Relevance.
I am old, and I am old. -"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang" is like this, and it will definitely affect me.
-"Biography of Li Hanguang" 7. Pass "give" Supply.
However, if the money in the big field runs out, why not? -The preposition meaning of the preface to Guanzi is 1, while.
The others are outnumbered and not in Gigi. Please hit them. -"Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Twenty-two Years" has a link meaning: 1, and; With.
Twists and turns and bridges. /twists and turns and the surrounding.
-"Zi Tongzhi Ji Jiantang" interpreted his hometown and surname. -the music and poetry of Wei Ming Xi's biography of the great iron vertebra.
-Cai Yuanpei's "Map" has a synonym: 1, which means rhetorical question and is equivalent to "qi". What failed my predecessors? -"Zuo Zhuan" 2, which means frequency, which is equivalent to "you".
Children are poor and should be raised by disciples; Rent a house in time to provide food and clothing. -"Historical Records" 3. The degree of expression is equivalent to "extreme".
Originally, he was born in six cases of Confucius in our government, and his knife and pen were good. -The meaning of the name of Water Margin: 1, surname.
7. The usage and significance of function words in junior middle school (super detailed edition) and 1 classical Chinese. Used as a conjunction. It can connect words, phrases and clauses to express various relationships. (1) indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally do not translate. Sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example, a crab kneels six times and has two claws. (2) Represents a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "he" or "and". For example, a gentleman is learned, but he cares about himself. (3) indicates the undertaking relationship. It can be translated as "just", "then" or not. Take it out of blue, but it's bluer than blue. ("encourage learning") (5) indicates a hypothetical relationship, which can be translated as "if" and "if". For example, those who are interested can expect the horse's head. (Feng Wanzhen) (6) indicates the modified relationship, that is, the linking adverbial. You don't have to translate it. For example, I've been thinking all day ... and occasionally as the subject, translated as "you". Weng Changquan, for example, will have to wait on his mother day and night if he moves to Beijing. (Remember Zhong Wang's Business Flight) 3. The disyllabic function word "gang" is placed at the end of the sentence, which means that the modal auxiliary words are limited and equivalent to "gang". For example, one person, one table, one chair and one fan. That's all. (Shi Shuo) and 1 together as prepositions. There are mainly the following situations: (1) tools and methods used to express actions and behaviors can be translated into "use", "take", "rely on", "according to what identity" and so on. For example. (Cao Gui Debate) All the other ships are inferior to each other. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Dazhong Cheng Fu Wu is Wei's private property ... (Monument to the Tomb of Five) (2) It acts as a guest, which can be translated as "ba". For example, Qin did not give Zhao Chengchi, and Zhao finally rejected Qin Bi. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (3) No way. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) When he was in command of the army, he was hungry and half dead. (Battle of Red Cliffs) (4) The time and place of introducing actions and behaviors are the same as "Yu", which can be translated as "in" and "from". For example, in December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, there was a snowstorm in Beijing ... As for Taian. () Sometimes it can be translated as "leading" and "leading". For example, when the world changed, the king cut Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. ("Warring States Policy") (Childe) wanted to be a guest and died with Zhao. (Xin Lingjun stole the charm to save Zhao) 2. Used as a conjunction. There are many similarities between usage and "he", but it can't be used for turning relations. () can be translated into "and" "and" and so on, or it can be omitted. For example, if foreigners are nearby, there will be a lot of tourists ... (Traveling in the mountains) (2) It indicates the inheritance relationship, and the behavior before the "one" is often the means or way of the later behavior. It can be translated as "and" or omitted. For example, Yu and. It is often the purpose or result of previous actions. It can be translated into "er", "lai", "use" and "as a result". For example, writing Shi Shuo makes it last forever. (Shi Shuo) Take the money and send it away. (Monument to the Tomb of the Five) It is not appropriate to belittle yourself ... to block the road of loyalty and advice. Dare not add soldiers to ask Wei for more than ten years. The ancients ... were everywhere because of their profound thinking. ("You Bao Chan") (5) indicates a modified relationship, connecting adverbial and head language, which can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example, the trees are flourishing and the flowers are blooming in spring. (Tao Yuanming's "Wave upon Wave" leads to the result of the development or inference of things. For example, many people regard the book as a false surplus ... (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang) The surplus is to remember it, hide the simplicity of Li Yuan and laugh at Li Bo's ugliness. (Shi Zhongshan period) is based on 19 years, but the blade is new. ("Knowing Cows") means "doing". It can also be used to judge the word "yes". These words belong to the scope of notional words. Here are some usages used as function words. 1. Used as a preposition. Generally speaking, this sound is pronounced except passive. (1) The objects of actions and behaviors can be translated as "image" and "pair". For example, China people say, "Others are not humane enough." (The Story of Peach Blossom Garden) (2) indicates the substitution of action and behavior, which can be translated as "substitution" and "giving". For example, when it spread all over the world, it eliminated the residue and filth for the Han family ... (Battle of Red Cliffs) was dedicated to me. (Hongmen Banquet) (3) The time of action and behavior can be translated as "time" and "time". For example, in order to come, I asked you to tie a man across the king. (Yan Zizuo "Chu") 4 indicates action and behavior. All the noise in the world is for profit. (Preface to Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi) ⑤ indicates the reason of action and behavior, which can be translated as "because" and "because". For example, I see it is difficult, I am afraid to take a warning, and I will act late. (6) indicates a passive relationship. Reading may sometimes have no initiative; Sometimes it is combined with "suo" to form "Wei suo" or "Wei suo". For example, those who insisted on blasphemy in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties would be laughed at by Tang Wu. (Wu Zhu) If they are not, they will be captured! (The Hongmen Banquet) If you don't hurry today, you may be the first to do it. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 2. Used as an auxiliary word Read Yang Pingsheng and put it at the end of the question to indicate cross-examination.