From Wang Wei's "Send Yuan and Twenty Shores Xi" in Tang Dynasty
The rain in the early morning moistened the dust of the land, the inn of the inn, the branches and leaves of the inn, and a new leaf
Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their loved ones when they go out to Yang Guan in the west.
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Wang Wei (70 1~76 1), a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote this song "Send Yuan Er An Xi" (also known as "Yangguanqu"), which has been widely read throughout the ages. In my opinion, this poem is a rare flower in China's poetry. Strange is strange, which is different from ordinary farewell poems; With the help of the transformation of time and space, it creates an intriguing farewell atmosphere, achieves a shocking artistic appeal, and has a high artistic conception. However, for thousands of years, literati and scholars failed to accurately grasp the style of the poem and misinterpreted the meaning of the poem on the hope of literature, thus reducing its style and taste. This is a poem to send a friend to the western regions to defend the border. Anxi is the abbreviation of Duhu House established by the central government of Tang Dynasty to govern the western regions. In the era of Wang Wei, conflicts among various ethnic groups intensified, and the Tang Dynasty was constantly harassed by Tubo in the west and Turkic in the north. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), Cui Dayi, the deputy envoy of Hexi Festival, defeated Tufan. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Wang Wei to go to the frontier fortress to comfort him and visit the military intelligence. Along the way, he wrote famous frontier fortress articles such as To Frontier fortress and To Frontier fortress. Yangguanqu is a work written by Wang Wei in his later years. Its creation date is estimated to be after the "An Shi Rebellion". According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, in July of the first year of Germany (756), "recruiting soldiers from Hexi and Anxi"; In February of the second year of Zhide, he wrote: "Fengxiang is on the tenth day, and there will be military meetings in Longyou, Hexi, Anxi and the western regions." Therefore, when it was learned that the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, a large number of border soldiers made internal adjustments. This poem is written when friends are going to Anxi. At the same time, there are poems such as "seeing Zhang Hexi" and "seeing Anxi straight". There is no doubt that when the poet says goodbye to his parting friends, he will not fail to consider the influence of war on their future. The first two sentences of the poem are about the holiday scenery at the time of farewell, depicting ordinary scenery, but full of poetry and painting. Three or four sentences express a deep affection for friends. However, in some authoritative dictionaries and textbooks, the last two sentences are explained as follows: "Friend, you will never see your old friends again if you drink this cup of wine ..." The author thinks that this explanation is obviously subjective and arbitrary, and it does not really reflect the profound meaning of Wang Wei's sentence, nor does it reveal the beauty of these two sentences in expression. First of all, with such a simple and straightforward explanation, this poem seems to be nothing new, and there is nothing special compared with his similar works in this period. It can only be regarded as a very ordinary farewell poem, which is obviously inconsistent with the title that later generations have always praised it as "a masterpiece of Tang poetry". There must be some other meaning, but we have not paid attention to it and excavated it; Secondly, this is a poem to send friends to protect the border. Faced with the cruelty of war, poets who have been to the frontier fortress know well that "how many wars were fought in ancient times?" It is generally impossible for him to say "you will never see your old friends again" to hurt friends and offend poems-this is unreasonable; Besides, from the analysis of the meaning of the poem itself, friends don't have to wait until after the "sunshine" to see the poet. Isn't it the same for poets after watching the Acropolis? In fact, even if a friend really goes to Anxi, he can meet an "old friend" from his hometown. For example, Cen Can wrote in the poem "Liangzhou Pavilion and Judge's Night Gathering": "There are many old friends in Hexi Curtain, so I won't come on March 5." So, what is the special significance of the word "Yangguan" in this poem? In my opinion, the poet's two sentences actually use the inverted arm (that is, the "flashback" of the narrative theme) combined with the writing technique of ellipsis to guide the reader's thoughts to go to the territory with his young friends, and then go through all kinds of difficulties and obstacles, and finally return home in triumph, while "I", now saying goodbye, is afraid that I will not be alive because of my old age and illness ... The historical truth is that the poet bid farewell to my friends less than six years ago. We don't know whether they will meet again in the future, but these two poems by Wang Wei can reflect the long military career of friends and the helplessness of thinkers. Therefore, the poem's "going out of Yangguan in the west" does not mean that a friend has recently gone out of Yangguan, but that a friend will pass through Yangguan when he returns from a successful mission in the future. For a long time, "Going out of the Yangguan in the Western Heaven" has been simply understood as a friend going out of the Yangguan, but here it is a pun: according to the development order of time and space, it has two completely different scenes. The first "going out of Yangguan in the west" means that a friend just walked out of Yangguan during the trip, and the Acropolis is in the east and Yangguan is in the west, which is called "going out of the west". Most people hold this view; Another painting, "Going out to Yangguan in the West", shows a friend who left Yangguan after going through all kinds of hardships and triumphantly completing his task. The Acropolis is still in the east, and the Yangguan is still in the west, but it is called "going out to the west". This is the poet's original intention. It can be seen that ordinary people misunderstand friends who come out of the West as coming out of the West! It is not difficult to understand that in the face of the vast and unknown future after their separation, the poet can't help daydreaming endlessly, and once this kind of thought crosses time and space and individuals, it will produce a gripping artistic conception with unparalleled shocking power, which is also the reason why the poet successfully transforms and compresses time and space. It must be pointed out that Yangguan, located at the western end of Hexi Corridor, is opposite Yumenguan in the north. Since the Han dynasty, it has been the gateway from the mainland to the western regions and a military fortress. The outside of Yumenguan is basically the sphere of influence of the Turks, while the inside of Yangguan belongs to the territory of the Tang Dynasty. In the poet's view, only when a friend can get out of the "sunshine pass" in the future can he really show that he has come back safely. We can find from the words "Three Records of Yangguan" in Chun Xue in Yuan Dynasty that the ancients always interpreted it this way: "... don't worry, I advise you to drink more wine. I'm afraid you will wander like a dream for no reason when you go out to the West Yangguan. I'm afraid people have no reason to go to the west ... "Therefore, an accurate and complete interpretation of this poem should be like this:
friend
Please have another glass of wine.
When you come home in triumph in the future.
When I left Yangguan in the west,
I'm afraid I'll never see me again.
Only this
The drizzle in Weicheng
Qingqingde rest house
Willow dances with the wind.
Just like today.
Waiting for you here
Look! It's not like the poet is seeing off his friend, but it's obviously the friend who is seeing off the poet! The poet Wang Wei skillfully used this writing technique, and with the help of the transformation of time and space, he closely combined the national security, the cruelty of war, the friendship of friends and the brevity of life, and achieved a shocking artistic appeal. In fact, this grammatical structure has been used many times in Wang Wei's poems. For example, the phrase "I know where my brother climbs the mountain, and there is no one in Cornus officinalis" in "I miss my brothers on vacation in the mountains of Shandong" expresses the poet's thoughts for his loved ones from another angle; In the poem Farewell in the Mountain, which is similar to Yangguanqu, we can also appreciate the poet's ingenuity in this respect: "Friend, I have been watching you go down the mountain until it is dark; The grass turns green again in spring, but what about you, my friends' prince? " . Wang Wei's grammatical skills even inspired later poets. For example, in Bai Juyi's poem "Winter Solstice in Handan", "I want to sit at home late at night, but I also want to talk about people who travel far away", so it is not difficult to feel his influence. Re-understanding the significance of Wang Wei's "Yangguanqu" makes us feel strongly again: as a poet, only by closely linking personal destiny with the rise and fall of the country can we create great works belonging to that era. Wang Wei, a poet, clearly understands the cruelty of war, knows that his friend's expedition can be described as a narrow escape, and knows that this separation may mean farewell. But he still wishes his friends, expecting them to return safely, and expecting the country to be peaceful and prosperous from now on-although he may not wait for that day ... "Advise you to drink a glass of wine" not only saturated the poet's deep friendship with his friends, but also filled with his good wishes for peace and tranquility of the country! -This is the charm of Yangguanqu, which has been sung for thousands of years!