“Those who are in ecstasy can only say farewell.” (Jiang Yan’s “Farewell”). Due to the rugged and difficult roads and backward means of transportation, the ancients often separated for many years, and it was difficult to see each other again. Therefore, the ancients paid more attention to the farewell. parting. When literati and officials bid farewell, they not only prepare wine and farewell farewell, but also often write poems to send to travelers (farewell) or leave them to residents (leave farewell). Therefore, expressing parting sadness is a common theme in ancient poetry.
1. Because everyone’s circumstances are different, the specific content and ideological tendencies of farewell poems often vary.
First, express the feelings of separation directly.
For example, Li Bai's "Gift to Wang Lun", "Yellow Crane Tower to Meng Haoran in Guangling", Liu Yong's "Rings in the Rain", Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song", etc. are either chants or poems about friendship. They write about the farewell between lovers and relatives, as well as about the farewell between colleagues, and even about the farewell between passers-by.
Second, one uses poetry to vent the accumulated anger or clarify one’s aspirations. This kind of poems are often written by poets in difficult times, and there are often many excellent works that reflect emotions, such as Wang Changling's "Farewell to Xin Jian at the Furong Tower" "Luoyang's relatives and friends are like asking each other, and a heart of ice is in a jade pot." Self-comparison Curling expresses one's open mind, noble will and strong character.
Third, it focuses on exhortation, encouragement, and comfort. For example, in Wang Bo's "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan", the poet has washed away the gloomy and sentimental mood of his previous farewell poems, with a high-spirited style, grandeur, and boldness. He looked at the matter of separation with great detachment and sang a heroic song. Especially the neck couplet "There are close friends in the sea, and we are neighbors as far as the end of the world." The language is vivid and concise, full of affection and philosophy, showing that the man is broad-minded and heroic, giving people great comfort and encouragement. The two sentences in Gao Shi's "Farewell to Dong Da" "Don't worry about having no friends in the future, and no one in the world will know you" are "speaking from the heart, but also have the spirit and strength". Because they are close friends, their speech can be simple and bold, and because of separation, Only then can we take hope as comfort and pour confidence and strength into the comfort.
From an emotional point of view, these poems may be like "holding hands and looking into tearful eyes, speechless and choking" (Liu Yong's "Yulin Ling"). They have strong sad emotions, are extremely sad, and can make people cry. Next; or wash away the sad state, blow the heroic horn, the passion is rippling, and the energy is flowing through the rainbow.
2. The common images in farewell poems are as follows:
First, Changting, Laolaoting, Xieting, Balingting and Nanpu. A long pavilion is a pavilion set up by the ancients on the main road for pedestrians to rest. People often bid farewell in the long pavilion. Laolao Pavilion is about fifteen miles away from the ancient city of Jiankang; Xie Pavilion, also known as Xie Gong Pavilion, is located in the north of Xuancheng. It was built by the Southern Qi poet Xie Tiao when he was the prefect of Xuancheng. He once bid farewell to his friend Fan Yun here. Later, Xie Pavilion became the The place where we bid farewell to Xuancheng; Baling Pavilion is located thirty miles southeast of Chang'an. There used to be a Ba River there, and because Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was buried there, it was called Baling. In the Tang Dynasty, people often sent friends out of Chang'an there. Breaking up; Nanpu, Jiang Yan said in "Farewell": "It hurts me to see you off in Nanpu." Since then, people have used "Nanpu" as the image of farewell poems.
Second, willow. "Liu" means "Liu", and the two are homophonic, so the ancients had the habit of breaking willows to say goodbye. This ancient custom first appeared in the Han Dynasty. There is an ancient song "Breaking the Willow Song" by the Han Yuefu: "Mount the horse without catching the whip, and bend the willow branches instead."
Third, the setting sun and sunset. Many poets like to associate farewell with the sunset and sunset to express their deep feelings of separation. This is because the sad emotions are in harmony with the vast twilight. For wanderers far away from home, the twilight gradually rises and gradually becomes vast, which is the most charming. It arouses their emotions of separation, just as Meng Haoran said in "Su Jiandejiang", "Moving the boat to Yanzhu, the guests are worried about the new arrival at dusk."
Fourth, wine. The ancients often held farewell banquets when parting, "I urge you to have a glass of wine, and there will be no old friends when you leave Yangguan in the west" (Wang Wei's "Send Off the Second Envoy of the Yuan Dynasty to Anxi"), "People separated thousands of miles away are happy in a cup of wine" (Li Bai's "Jiangxia Farewell") "Song Zhi Tie"), so many farewell poems are filled with the aroma of wine, and the wine is full of family affection, friendship, the feeling of hometown, and the feeling of being in time.
Fifth, autumn. "Autumn has been a sad and lonely time since ancient times" (Liu Yuxi's "Two Autumn Poems"). The ancients felt the passage of time when they gazed at the autumn scenery, and felt the shortness and ease of aging in life. "Autumn" can make people with lofty ideals lose their ambitions and become disillusioned with reality. Disappointed and pessimistic about the future. Being sad about autumn has become a common cultural psychology among ancient literati. Like Du Fu, who is often a guest in the sad autumn of thousands of miles ("Ascending"), facing the autumn scenery of Wushan and Wu Gorge in his later years, the author felt that his close friends were scattered, his ambitions were difficult to realize, and his country was in decline. The exclamation "A boat is connected to the heart of my hometown" ("Eight Poems on the Rise of Autumn") expresses his concern for the country and his feelings of loneliness and depression. Autumn represents depression, loneliness and depression, and is a commonly used image in farewell poems.
Throughout the ancient farewell poems, whether it is a farewell or a farewell, it is the scenery in front of the eyes that triggers the emotions in the heart. Frankly.
3. Accumulation of Farewell Poems
1. King Luo Bin's "Farewell to People in Yishui"
Farewell to Yandan here, the strong man is crowned with glory. The people were gone in those days, but the water is still cold today.
- Respecting Jing Ke's past and present, omitting the branches and vines and going straight into the historical events, there is a kind of excitement in it.
The spirit of Jing Ke still exists for thousands of years. Although there is no parting scene and no one knows who he is sending it to, there is the poet's deep feeling for the real environment.
2. Meng Haoran's "Farewell to Wang Wei"
How can we wait for silence? We will return to the sky. I want to find fragrant grass, but I regret not meeting my old friend.
Who knows who is lying on the road? Good friends are rare in the world. You should only stay lonely and cover the door of your hometown.
——There is a bitterness in the resentment, and the feelings are sincere and touching. There are neither beautiful pictures nor gorgeous words. The sentences are bland and almost colloquial. The duality is not very natural, and the words are shallow but the meaning is deep. There is an aftertaste.
3. Wang Changling's "Farewell in the Mountains"
Let's see each other off in the mountains, and the sunset will cover the firewood. The spring grass will be green next year, will the king and grandson return?
——Do not write farewell, but write about the feeling of loneliness, loss, and sorrow after farewell, which often become more intense and dense at dusk on the day after farewell, but they can only be expressed by covering the firewood. Picking up seemingly ordinary materials from life and using simple and natural language to show deep and sincere feelings are often strange and far-reaching.
4. Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran in Guangling"
The old friend left the Yellow Crane Tower in the west, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. The shadow of the lone sail in the distance is gone in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River can be seen flowing in the sky.
"Farewell at the Jingmen Gate"
Crossing the distance outside the Jingmen Gate, I came to travel from the Kingdom of Chu. The mountains end with the plains, and the river flows into the wilderness.
Under the moonlight, there is a flying mirror, and the clouds are rising from the sea. Still feeling pity for the water in my hometown, I send my boat sailing thousands of miles away.
5. Cen Shen's "Sending Deputy Envoy Li to the Official Army in Qixi"
The volcano should be hotter in June, and there will be no pedestrians at the Chiting crossing. Knowing that you are used to Qilian City, how can you worry about seeing the moon on the platform?
Take off your saddle and temporarily enter the restaurant, and send you thousands of miles west to attack Hu. He only takes fame from horses. He is truly a heroic husband.
——It does not write about the singing and dancing feast at the farewell, nor about the difficult feelings of leaving. It just speaks and acts as a close friend, and the passion is rippling between the lines. The opening chapter creates a special background, highlighting Deputy Ambassador Li's determination to move forward. The cherished farewell message is implicit in it. Three or four sentences clearly describe the friend's experience, encouraging him to move forward. Five or six sentences turn melancholy into boldness, and the last sentence directly expresses his heart. Qi penetrates Changhong.
6. Jia Zhi's "Farewell to the Eight Members of the Royal Family at Baling Night"
Farewell to Luoyang when the catkins are flying, and go to Sanxiang after the plum blossoms bloom. The feelings of the world have dispersed like floating clouds, and the separation and hatred are as long as the river.
——This is a sentimental and unique farewell poem. The poet first wrote it when he left Luoyang, leaving his hometown with the frustration of being demoted, and expressed the changes of time with changes in phenology. Deeply impressed by the legacy of plucking Wei. The first two sentences are free and easy, and the scenes blend together. They not only point out the season and place, but also exaggerate the atmosphere, giving people a sense of life being fleeting and unpredictable. The worldly sentiments in the three sentences are extremely meaningful. The worldly affairs are like floating clouds, and the feelings of separation are as long as flowing water. The empty word at the end expresses a helpless and reluctant affection. There are many poems in the Tang Dynasty that describe the pain of relegation and the hatred of separation, and each one is wonderful. In this poem, the person who was relegated sent off the person who was relegated again. The situation is doubly embarrassing, and the writing is gloomy and desolate, and there is no end to it.