First, what is poetry?
The word "poem" is the abbreviation of the Book of Songs among the four books and five classics (poem, book, ceremony, book of changes, spring and autumn). The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music.
1, the definition of poetry:
"1" is the earliest literary genre. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms.
< 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic and rhythmic language.
2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to Modern Chinese Dictionary)
(1) A rhythmic language.
Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.
① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone.
△ Wang Wei's Acacia:
Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/a few branches are sent. I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick.
△ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.
Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village?
Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm. Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm."
(2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry. Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry.
△ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua). According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street.
The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.
2. Literary common sense of poetry and songs
Poetry is one of the basic literary genres, which originated from religion. There is another form, which comes from labor. The most essential feature of poetry is lyrical beauty. Ci is a new style word that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, also known as tune, long and short sentences and idle poems. It is a song and poem, the abbreviation of Qu Qu and Yuan Qu, and one of the famous literary genres in the history of China literature. Yuanqu is a combination of Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, and people generally think it refers to Yuanqu. In fact, Qu is a generalized opera. The art of traditional Chinese opera occupies a very important position in China literature and even in the whole cultural history of China, and its achievements are no less than poetry, ci and fu. According to the different needs of content expression, the ancients created three types of poetry styles: poetry, ci and qu, and each style has its own merits, which can be described as the same strain and self-perfection. Poetry is the earliest literary style produced by any nation. So is China. Since the Book of Songs, the history of poetry development has been thousands of years, and the form of poetry is difficult to describe. Generally speaking, poetry can be divided into classical poetry with little emphasis on meter and modern poetry with emphasis on meter. There are also classical poems, songs of Chu, Yuefu poems (ancient Yuefu, new Yuefu), folk songs, seven-character ancient poems and five-character ancient poems. Directly reflect the reality and express freely. Modern poetry includes five-character or seven-character poems and five-character or seven-character quatrains. Their general characteristics are conciseness, gracefulness, implication, indirect reflection of reality, rigorous meter, great leap from poem to poem, and quatrains emphasize ethereal charm. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ci, a new poetic style, began to appear and developed rapidly, keeping pace with poetry. The middle tune is similar to the seven-character modern poetry in scale, which is divided into two parts, but it pays attention to change, seeing implication in simplicity and seeing the whole in separation; Long tune is also called slow character, because the beat is slow and the length is long when singing. Because of its long length and large capacity (The Preface to Birds is the longest, with 256 words), poets can give full play to their talents, narrate and express their feelings, write scenes calmly, pay attention to the turning point and structural changes, and thus tend to be unified. The songs that appeared in the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Qu is divided into drama, Sanqu and meat) have different flavors. Different styles of poems and songs are just like people's different costumes to meet the needs of different seasons and aesthetics. Recognizing this, we have to admire the wisdom of the ancients in creating different styles of poetry. The ancients have long recognized the difference between the three and discussed it many times. However, some of them are too abstract. For example, Wang Guowei believes that "poetry is vast and long-lasting"; Some of them are too intuitive. For example, Wang Shizhen took Yan Shu's words, "I can't help falling flowers, and I feel familiar with Yan's return" and Tang Xianzu's lyrics, "What a beautiful day, who is happy?" Give an example to illustrate the difference between words and songs; Some of them are too simple, for example, Li Yu thinks that the word "is not like poetry in the world, but not like music in the world, standing in the middle". In fact, the differences between the three are reflected in the theme, artistic conception, style, technique and form.
3. Literary common sense about ancient poetry
The Controversy between Cao Gui and Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Born in sorrow and died in happiness is selected from Mencius' Gao Zi Xia Dynasty: Pre-Qin Dynasty. Author: Mencius and his disciples.
Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a Preface to Peach Blossom Garden Poetry, which is selected from Tao Yuanming's Collection.
The Story of Little Stone Pond is the work of Liu Zongyuan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The work originated from Liuhe East Collection.
The Story of Yueyang Tower comes from Fan Zhongyan's Fan Wenzheng Gongji in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The Analects of Confucius was jointly compiled by Confucius' disciples and his disciples, and was written in the Han Dynasty.
"Humble Room Inscription" is selected from 608 episodes of "Quantang Wen" written by Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Guo Fengqin Feng Jiajian is one of the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period, and its author is anonymous.
Viewing the sea was written by Cao Cao in the 12th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 207). Walking out of Xiamen to view the sea was selected from Yuefu poems.
Building a house by drinking in a humanistic environment is the fifth in a series of poems by Tao Yuanming, a great poet in Jin Dynasty.
4. Literary knowledge of poetry
China ancient poetry culture originated from sacrificial ceremonies, sprouted from folk songs and flourished in chanting records.
Unfortunately, the earliest extant collection of poems is The Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into a Sao style, simple and profound, which is a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture.
With the death of Qin and Han, Yuefu flourished and the poetry garden was renewed. When I entered Wei, I heard five words, especially the brilliant creation of "three sons of Cao" and "seven sons of Jian 'an".
At the turn of Wei and Jin dynasties, there were "seven sages of bamboo forest"; There were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one Zuo in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and singing became more and more popular.
Things have changed, and the years have passed to the Song and Qi Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are four characters, five characters, six characters and seven characters, among which "Big and Small Xie", "The Ancestor of Seven Characters" and "Eight Friends of Jingling" stand out, with pastoral poems and landscape poems as the mainstay, beautiful and elegant, and Qi Liang style can be called the exclusive spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a prosperous time for poetry. The poetic work, the beauty of rhyme, the refinement of every sentence and the breadth of artistic conception are really the pinnacle! However, although Du Li was crowned as a "poet saint", there are still stars shining through the ages! There are words in the poem, which have been seen in the northern and southern dynasties, and prevailed in the teaching workshop in the late Tang Dynasty. As for Da Song, it gradually jumped out of the string and became a ups and downs poem, which is unique in the history of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci has more extension and inheritance, and also shows hearty lyricism.
There are thousands of Ci poets in Song Dynasty, and Yan Xin is the most outstanding one. In addition, it is true that there are thousands of epigrams rhyming, but it is not ancient to the predecessors, and later generations often tie their hands and feet and become the wind of lyrics.
The interpretation of poetry in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties more and more catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "Street Melody" and "Country Square Minor" were very popular and eventually blossomed and became a wonderful song. There is a cloud: there are no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no words after the Song Dynasty.
Generally speaking, this is a generalized theory of poetic realm; In a narrow sense, not necessarily. Gao Qi's poems in Ming Dynasty have the brilliance of Han and Wei Dynasties and the beauty of Tang and Song Dynasties, which is quite a model of connecting the past with the future.
Sighing that the green hills are there, writing is a taboo, risking embarrassment, and suffering from waist-cutting in the prime of life. It is better to say that there is no poetry after the literary inquisition than after the Tang Dynasty.
As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and countless poems, but most of them were smoked in the slippery air of princes, lacking character and few people handed down masterpieces. There are more than 10 thousand poems, but I haven't seen one or two. What can I say? However, it is Gong Zizhen and Banqiao who can admire integrity.
5. Knowledge and stories about poetry
(1) The Origin of Poetry Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. It originated from ancient people's labor songs and folk songs, and was originally a general term for poetry and songs. At first, poetry and song were not separated, but combined with music and dance, collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu, and the works of countless poets. Poetry in western Europe. Poets such as Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece, Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome opened the source of creation. (2) The characteristics of poetry Poetry is a literary genre that highly reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. The language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious phonology and musical beauty. Sentences are generally arranged in branches. Pay attention to the beauty of structure and form. He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, once said: "Poetry is the literary style that most strongly reflects social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often expressed in a direct lyrical way. Moreover, its language is different from prose in the degree of exquisiteness and harmony, especially in the distinct rhythm. " This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: First, it is highly concentrated. The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty. (3) There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional expression of poetry, which was first popular in China and has been used ever since, is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is fu." This kind of "Fu, Bi and Xing" is the expression in poetry. Fu is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of The Book of Songs: "The doer should tell the truth about Chen Qi's affairs." For example, Ge Tan and Fei Du in The Book of Songs used this technique. Write attached things, and threaten to break things. Zhu said, "If you compare, you can use this to compare things." For example, the Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, is written in this way. Xing: It is a way to support things, that is, to write out what you want to describe and express your thoughts and feelings through the beginning of things. In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, talk about something else first to arouse the words you recite." For example, Guan Ju and Yao Tao in The Book of Songs used the expression of "interest". These three expressions have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties. Exaggeration, repetition, overlapping, jumping, etc. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is another important expression, symbol, which is simply "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. There are three main types: 1. Analogy. In his book Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said that Bixing means "either Bixing speaks with sound, or Fang looks with appearance, or imitates the heart, or Bixing is useless." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a common method of analogy, that is, "personification": imitating things. /I waved gently,/bid farewell to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /colorful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. I regard "Cloud" and "Golden Willow" as people. For example, "Because of the Wind" of love: ... my heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/a little ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light up one. In the final analysis, the essence is personalization. 2. Exaggeration is to enlarge what you want to describe, just like "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in movies, so as to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it's not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "It's doubtful that the Milky Way has set for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Mountain) vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's * * *, which is not only acceptable to readers, but also convincing and surprising. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "The head of a cotton bag/truck is stuck/stuck, three feet high/seems to be the same." It can't produce the feeling of beauty. Metonymy is to replace another thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference is that analogy is generally compared, and the comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and thus causes readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said: "Put wings on your thoughts, dress your feelings, color your voice, and solidify those who have changed." To shape the image of poetry, we can not only use the materials absorbed from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch. Reflect the image in many ways and be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, sang on a donkey that "a bird stands by the pool, and a monk pushes the door under the moon", but he thought it was ok to use "a monk knocks at the door under the moon". He couldn't decide whether to push or knock, so he made a thoughtful decision with his hand. Unexpectedly, this donkey blocked a big official's way, and this big official is the great writer Han.
6. Knowledge about poetry and poetry
Poetry is the oldest and most basic literary form in the world, and it is a literary genre that expounds the soul. Poets need to master mature artistic skills and express social life and human spiritual world with concise language, rich emotions and rich images according to certain requirements of syllables, tones and rhythms.
In ancient China, the main criterion for distinguishing "poetry" from "non-poetry" was "whether it rhymes" (anything that doesn't rhyme is definitely a poem). After the New Culture Movement, under the influence of western literature, some writers created rhyming new poems. Since then, "Rhyme Poetry" has officially entered the stage of China literature, and even once became the mainstream of poetry.
Originating from ancient social life, origin poetry is a rhythmic and colorful language form produced by labor production, sex and primitive religion. The development of developmental poetry has experienced the development process of The Book of Songs → Songs of Chu → Han Fu → Poems of Han Yuefu → Jian 'an Poetry → Folk Songs of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties → Tang Poetry → Song Poetry → Poems of Yuan Dynasty → Poems of Ming and Qing Dynasties → Poems of Modern Style.
The main features of characteristic poems are highly concentrated reflection of social life, strong thoughts and feelings of the author, imaginative language, conciseness and vividness, and distinct sense of rhythm. In terms of points: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.
There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional way to express poetry, which was first popular in China and has been used to this day, is "Fu, Bi and Xing". There are three main ways to shape the image of poetry: 1. Contrast 2. Exaggeration 3. Metonymy classification 1. Poetry can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry.
Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, which are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. (1) Classical poetry: including ancient poetry (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems.
(2) Modern poetry: Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called modern poetry, which is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. There are two kinds, and there are strict rules on the number of words, sentences, level tones and rhymes. (1) a "quatrains", each sentence four sentences, referred to as five words, referred to as seven words.
(2) One kind is called "metrical poem", each poem has eight sentences, five characters are abbreviated as five laws, seven characters are abbreviated as seven laws, and more than eight sentences are called excluded laws (or long laws). (3) Ci: also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi Ci, Yuefu, etc.
Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. The number of words can be divided into long tune (above 9 1 word), middle tune (59-90 words) and minor tune (below 58 words).
Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A word is called a paragraph, the first paragraph is called money, business and fashion, and the second paragraph is called Hou, Xia and Xia.
(4) Qu: also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju.
Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used.
Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens.
Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. According to the content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems (epic poems), mourning poems and allegorical poems. (1) nostalgic poems.
Generally, I miss people and things in ancient times. Poetry about history often distorts historical facts and reality, or regrets personal experience or criticizes social reality.
There are also poems about history, which only reflect and evaluate history calmly and rationally, or just describe it objectively. The poet's own experience is not among them, and the poet's feelings are just the sound outside the painting. (2) poetry.
Characteristics of object-chanting poems: the content takes a certain object as the description object, and describes it by grasping some of its characteristics. Ideologically, it is often to express one's wishes.
From things to people, from reality to nothingness, write spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast.
(3) Landscape pastoral poetry. Cao Cao created landscape poetry, and Tao Yuanming created pastoral poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the school of landscape pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran appeared.
Landscape pastoral poetry is good at describing natural scenery, pastoral scenery and comfortable seclusion life, with meaningful and beautiful poetic landscape, quiet and elegant style and clear and elegant language. (4) War poems.
Poems about frontier fortress and war have existed since the pre-Qin period and developed into the Tang Dynasty. Because wars are still frequent, rulers attach more importance to martial arts than literature, and it is easier for scholars to win reputation by inviting frontier courts than by passing imperial examinations. In addition, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems with magnificent feelings were greatly developed, forming a new school of poetry, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling. (5) Travel poems and in my heart forever's poems.
The ancient people's long-term exile, long-term wandering, or long-term guarding the border will always cause strong homesickness and homesickness, so there are many such poems. They either write about their nostalgia for a trip, or their thoughts about their relatives and friends, or their homesickness, or their thoughts about being pregnant in the boudoir. In writing, I feel hurt by touching the scene, feeling in time, expressing my feelings with things, expressing my feelings because of dreams, or expressing my feelings with wonderful metaphors.
(6) Farewell poems. In ancient times, due to inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to meet for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to parting.
On the occasion of parting, people often set up wine farewell parties, fold willows to send them away, and sometimes sing poems to bid farewell, so parting has become an eternal theme of ancient literati. Because everyone's situation is different, the specific content and ideological tendency written in farewell poems are often different.
Some express their feelings of parting directly, some express their feelings by spitting out the anger in their chests or expressing their wishes, some focus on the pain of parting without hating, some focus on persuasion, encouragement and comfort, and some have both. To sum up, it can be divided into nine types: 1 satire 2 love 3 philosophy 4 farewell 5 scenery 6 ambition 7 imagination 8 story 9 thought 2. The basic types of modern poetry are as follows: 1. Narrative poems and lyric poems.
This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work. (1) Narrative Poetry: (2) Lyrics 2. Metric poetry, free verse, prose poetry, verse poetry.
This is classified according to the phonological meter and structural form of the language of the work. (1) Metric Poetry (2) Free Poetry (3) Prose Poetry (4) Rhyme Poetry.