The overall problem-solving method of poetry appreciation
Appreciate the words and sentences of poetry; Appreciate the image of poetry; Appreciate the emotional theme, feelings, things and subtleties of poetry; Examine the requirements of the test questions and grasp the starting point of the answers and the key points of the test questions.
Subjective problem solving method
Subjective questions include fill in the blanks, short answers and descriptions. When answering them, we should start from the following aspects: starting with keywords; Start with key verses; Starting from rhetoric; Starting with the relevant background information of works and writers; Starting with the specific content of poetry; Starting with the writer's style and language characteristics.
Five topics on appreciation of ancient poetry
1, pay attention to the "image" in the work
Starting from images, we should fully consider the characteristics of creating images when appreciating classical poems.
The image of classical poetry is a subjective emotional image with the help of objective images, which we can call "image". When appreciating specific works, we should not only focus on the objective images they describe, but also see the thoughts and feelings injected into them through appearances; Pay attention to the degree of integration of subjective and objective aspects. Only by grasping the image of the work, as well as the theme contained in the image, the emotional appeal embodied by the image, the social significance and appeal of the image, can we truly appreciate the works of ancient poetry.
2. Pay attention to the artistic conception in the works.
Poets pay great attention to artistic conception when writing, and as appreciators, they must also pay attention to the grasp of artistic conception when appreciating poetry.
What is the artistic conception? It is the harmonious unity of emotion and scenery. Emotion refers to thoughts and feelings; Landscape refers to the artistic realm.
Artistic conception is the combination of thoughts, feelings and artistic realm. As the critics of ancient poetry said, emotion and scenery are harmonious, and thinking and scenery are * * *. Poetry with perfect artistic conception, the harmonious unity of emotion and scenery, is not only a blend of scenes, but also a contrast of interest, and thoughts and feelings complement each other with artistic realm. Artistic conception is indispensable to poetry, but it is not uniform and has different forms of expression in different works.
Touching the scene: when you see a scene, the expression of some emotions arises spontaneously, which is often reflected in the consistency and integration of emotions and scenes in the works. In Du Fu's "Spring Hope", the words "Where the petals have fallen like tears, and the lonely bird has been singing" are stained with the author's own feelings. The beauty of flowers and the singing of birds are pleasing to the eye, but for the author in the war, they have become "tears" and "birds are surprised"; In Ouyang Xiu's "Dead Hua Lian", "Tears ask flowers for silence, flowers fly over the swing", and the flowers here have become something consistent with the author's feelings. People "have no plans to wait for spring", so do flowers.
Scene separation: In poetry, the boundary between the scene description part and the lyric part is very clear. On the surface, emotion and scene are juxtaposed and separated. In fact, the scene is consistent and blended. In a word, the first half of the sentence depicts the scenery, and the second half is lyrical, such as Du Fu's "Jiang Ting", in which "the heart of water is indisputable, and the cloud can't care about it". The first sentence and the second sentence describe the scenery in half, and express feelings in half. "Shuiyunju" is the scenery, and "heart is indisputable" and "meaning is still unfinished" is the feelings; In a song, the first half describes the scenery, and the second half is lyrical or the first half is lyrical, such as Du Fu's "Shuxiang: Where is the Shuxiang Ancestral Temple?" In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. Worried about what is happening in the world, he gave his heart to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. The first part of this poem depicts the scene of the ancient temple in Shuxiang, and the second part is lyrical, eulogizing Zhuge Liang's foresight and diligence and regretting his unfinished business. Although it is divided into scenery and emotion, scenery and emotion are one.
The scenery is a little sentimental: some poems, on the surface, are lyrical, which is just the opposite of the form of sending feelings to the scenery. Is there no artistic conception in such a poem? There are also some. This is touching the scene, and the feeling is consistent with the scene, but when writing poetry, the scene is omitted and the mind is directly expressed. For example, Chen Ziang's You Zhou Tower: Where is the time that passed before me? Behind me, where are the future generations? . Only the boundless universe, boundless, can't stop the tears full of sadness. This poem was a lament when I went to Youzhou Taiwan. From this voice of dissatisfaction with the status quo, we can not only understand the atmosphere of Youzhou Taiwan, but also perceive the social environment at that time. So although the scenery is slightly shorter, the artistic conception is perfect.
3. Pay attention to the author's "logical thinking"
In classical poetry, people usually pay attention to the thinking in the image and make a full analysis of it, but ignore the analysis and understanding of the necessary logical thinking of the work, so that at some point they can't fully and objectively appreciate the true meaning of the work.
Thinking in images cannot exclude logical thinking, but must be based on logical thinking. While discussing the characteristics of thinking in images, we can't ignore logical thinking. If we grasp the poet's logical thinking in his works and understand the logical relationship between words and sentences, then we can thoroughly understand the ideological content and expression of his works.
For example, Zhang Ji's a night-mooring near maple bridge: On a cold night, Jiang Feng sleeps while fishing. In the lonely Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, the bell that rang in the middle of the night reached the passenger ship.
This is a landscape poem. On the surface, the poet writes about scenery, but in fact he has feelings. Causality is an inevitable connection that exists universally in nature or human society. We can analyze this poem from this angle. At that time, the poet stayed at Fengqiao at night, and it was already late at night. From the perspective of vision and hearing, he could see all kinds of scenery and hear all kinds of sounds. This is a ...
All kinds of scenery and sounds are closely around the specific environment of "night parking maple bridge", which is the second.
The poet first looks from a distance, and then from a close distance, which embodies the observation process from far to near. "Moonfall", "Raven" and "Frosty Sky" can be seen and heard in the distance; Fishing fire, fisherman's sleep, Hanshan Temple, bells and passenger ships are all visible and audible nearby. These scenes and sounds constitute a bleak and cold night scene in late autumn. Faced with this night scene, it will inevitably evoke the poet's loneliness of wandering in a foreign land. This is the third one.
The descriptions of all kinds of scenery and sounds are not piled up at will, but arranged in order according to the conditions and causality of things. The "moon sets" at midnight. Only in the middle of the night can you hear crows and see thick frost dew; Because it is late at night, there are "fishing fires" and "fishing fires" to see the "anxiety" of fishermen when they sleep; "Hanshan Temple" is the place where poets park. Monks in the temple have the custom of ringing bells in the middle of the night, so the poet naturally wrote "Hanshan Temple", which led to "bell" and then "passenger ship" from the bell. This is four.
It can be seen that the poet grasps the causal relationship between things to carry out thinking activities.
Another example is Lu You's Wind and Rain on November 4th: I'm lying in a remote village. I don't feel sorry for myself, but I still want to defend my country. Lying in the middle of the night listening to the wind and rain, iron horse glacier dream.
This is a lyric poem. The poet adopted the method of step by step. The relationship between "sleeping in decadence" and "not feeling sorry for yourself" in the first sentence is a turning point. That is, although "stiff and lonely", it is not "self-pity". If others are in the old, lonely and weak position of the author, they will certainly be pessimistic and depressed, but Lu You is not. The second sentence is a continuation of the first sentence. That is, not only "don't mourn for yourself", but also miss "guarding the wheel platform", which shows the poet's ambition of "being poor and strong". The last two sentences inherit the meaning of the first two sentences, but they are more in-depth semantically. Because the poet missed him so much, he couldn't sleep until late at night. He could hear the sound of wind and rain outside the house. It was suspected that there were thousands of troops in Ma Benteng, which prompted him to ride a horse in his sleep and rush to the northern front in the snow and ice, and launched a heroic struggle with the enemy. This writing style of thinking day and night completely conforms to the logic of life, and also profoundly and vividly reflects the poet's urgent mood of killing the enemy and serving the country.
4. Pay attention to the use of rhetorical devices.
Rhetoric is widely used in classical poetry. Generally speaking, metaphor, exaggeration, personification, rhetorical questions and parallelism are all common and easy to understand. This paper focuses on two uncommon and difficult rhetorical devices.
① Intertextuality
Intertextuality is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, the application of ancient poetry has two forms:
First, synonyms are sometimes used alternately in writing to avoid monotonous repetition of words. From this point of view, it is consistent with Bianwen. The characteristic of this intertextuality is that in the same or basically the same phrase or sentence, words in corresponding positions can explain each other. Mastering it, we can sometimes infer another unknown meaning from the known meaning, such as "loyalty and righteousness don't need Xi, sages don't need to seek" (Shejiang), in which "Yong" and "Yi" are in corresponding positions, from which we can infer that "Yi" means "Yong".
Another example is the sentence "seeking perfection and blaming", in which "perfection" and "responsibility" are in corresponding positions, from which it can be inferred that "responsibility" means "seeking". This intertextuality is easy to understand and master.
Secondly, sometimes, due to the limitation of words and rules or the need of expressing art, it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences. Therefore, only one of them appears in the context, and the other is omitted, that is, the so-called "two things are given to one side and the text is omitted", in order to achieve a concise and complicated effect, which is its structural feature. Let's talk about the specific application of intertextuality with some common poems.
(1) is common in the royal residence of Qi, but it has been heard several times before Cui. ("Meeting Li Guinian on the River")
Among them, "seeing" and "smelling" complement each other to see the meaning. That is, "(in those days) I often saw you and heard your songs in the homes of Qi Wang and Cui Jiu", which doesn't mean that I only saw the people in Qi Wang's family and didn't hear the songs; Cui didn't just hear his voice, but he didn't see him.
(2) Open my East Pavilion door and sit on my West Pavilion bed. ("Mulan Poetry")
The first sentence omits "sit in my Dongting bed" and the second sentence omits "open my Xiting door". Two sentences mean: open the East Pavilion door and sit on the bed, and open the West Pavilion door and sit on the bed to express Mulan's love for her long-lost family. Otherwise, since the Dongting door is open, how can I sit on the Xiting bed?
(3) a trip to the sun and the moon, if you go out; Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise. ("Looking at the Sea")
Among them, "Xing" and "Yan" complement each other. That is, "the bright sun, moon and stars all ran out of the sea." It's not that the sun and the moon only run but don't shine, nor is it that Xinghan only shines and doesn't run.
② Jin Lie.
The so-called "Jin Lie" is a rhetorical device in which all nouns or noun phrases are skillfully arranged together through selection and combination to form a vivid and sensible image, so as to set off the atmosphere, create artistic conception and express emotions. Using "Jin Lie" can get a good expression effect.
Jane Yuan Mei
The so-called simplicity refers to the selection of things with great generality, which are condensed into rich and profound ideological content and emotions through the clever handling of the writer. In Yue Fei's "The Red River", there is a famous saying, "Thirty fame, dust, eight thousand miles of clouds and moons", which is connected by nouns and has endless meanings. In the past 30 years, Yue Fei, who took "serving the country faithfully" as his duty, fought in the south and fought in the north, recovering a large area of lost land for the Southern Song Dynasty, while the ignorant and corrupt rulers were willing to be prisoners of the Eighth Jin Army, voluntarily surrendering and passively resisting the Japanese war. Full of ambition to serve the country, he was repeatedly snubbed and rejected by the imperial court, but regarded fame and fortune as dust and sand, determined to gallop on the battlefield all his life, recover the Central Plains and drive away the invaders. Looking back on the past and looking forward to the future, these two sentences are full of complex and dignified thoughts and feelings: there are sighs about their repeated exclusion and hard-to-pay ambitions, resentment against the Southern Song Dynasty's partiality and neglect of the Northern Expedition, and deep love for the people occupied by the Central Plains. A few words, a tall image with an open mind, regardless of gains and losses, fame and fortune, going through fire and water and never giving up, stands out in front of readers, with rich words and far-reaching implications.
B, the artistic conception is beautiful
Artistic conception refers to the artistic realm formed by the combination of the life picture (or natural scenery) depicted in literary works and the expressed thoughts and feelings. The first three sentences of Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianshajing 6 1 Qiu Si", "Old vines are faint crows, small bridges are flowing, old roads are thin horses in the west wind", write nine typical things with nine nouns, and vividly show a picture of an autumn outing in the wild suburbs: several old bald trees are set up in Shan Ye, covered with withered vines, and crows who come home at dusk live in the trees. These three sentences describe the scenery on the surface, but in fact the scenery is full of emotions and scenes. In particular, the use of words such as "withered, old, faint, small, ancient and thin" effectively renders the melancholy and depressed thoughts and feelings of travelers who are unable to reunite with their families after a long absence. Scenery is born of emotion, and emotion is obvious because of it. Emotion and scenery merge into a natural artistic whole, creating a desolate and profound artistic conception, which leaves a strong and profound impression on people. No wonder Wang Guowei praised: "A few words are better than the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty." ("Words on Earth")
5. Pay attention to the "implicit beauty" of the works.
When appreciating ancient poems, we must pay attention to the "implicit beauty" in the works. Generally speaking, the implicit body in poetry is now in the following situations:
(1) It's meaningful to lift things up.
If you skillfully use puns, symbols and other techniques to write, it will be even more chic. For example, Wang Wei's "Acacia" and "When those red berries come in spring", the first sentence is supported by "red beans", which is a metaphor for the acacia in the following articles. The language is pure and vivid. "Wash Your Southern Branches", the message of asking questions is full of interest, and it is more cordial to read. "Take a hug home, for my sake" is still saying one thing and doing another. In fact, it implies that friends cherish friendship and the language is sincere and touching. "As a symbol of our love", this sentence not only hits the name of "Acacia", but also fits the love of Acacia. It skillfully uses puns, and the word "most" is even more subtle and profound. The whole poem chooses red beans symbolizing sincere friendship to express feelings, which is simple and meaningful.
(2) satirizing current events means being alert.
For example, in "Bo Qinhuai" and "Smoke Cage Cold Water Moon Cage Sand", the first sentence describes the misty cold night on the water, and the word "cage" is used together, which is meaningful. "Sleeping at night near Qinhuai Restaurant", the first four words are the beginning of the topic, and the last three words naturally lead to the following. "Businessmen don't know the national subjugation and hate" is a tune, because as we all know, it is the aristocratic bureaucrats who really don't know the national subjugation and hate and indulge in it (Chen Houzhu died of debauchery). "The duet of" Flowers in the Backyard "across the river skillfully connects history, reality and future, showing the poet's acrimony, deep sadness and infinite emotion, which is a thought-provoking work.
(3) See the big from the small, and make a small point.
Often the scenery in front of us reflects the important content, while writing the scenery in front of us pays more attention to the description of details. For example, Wuyi Lane and Wild Grass Flowers by Suzaku Bridge describe the Suzaku Bridge, which was once busy, but now it is desolate and deserted. "Wild flowers and weeds" often symbolize decline, and the word "wild" adds a desolate scene. "The sun sets at the entrance of Wuyi Lane", and the sun sets. Then click the word "oblique". Why is it so bleak? "In the old days, Wang Xietang paid tribute to the Swallow" and imagined the Swallow as a witness of history. It seems handy, but it is enough to remind people of the prosperity of Wuyi Lane in the past. Flying into the Home of Ordinary People and Ordinary highlighted the difference between today and the past, and entrusted the author with infinite feelings about this change. The poem begins with small scenes such as "wild grass flowers", "sunset" and "swallow in front of the hall", but it reflects a profound theme: the feudal dignitaries were in a state of decline for a while, but they could not escape the fate of decline after all.
(4) awkward and want to say.
The so-called "a thousand words, all in silence", in the words of Mr. Lu Xun, "at first, it's over."
For example, "On Meeting Downstream": "It is common at home, when will Cui smell it?" On the surface, these two sentences are in the process of communication with Li Guinian, but what they reveal is the infinite attachment and vicissitudes of life to the prosperous times of Kaiyuan. "It's the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and it's the season of falling flowers." "Good Scenery in Jiangnan" has just become a powerful contrast between troubled times and bumpy life experiences; The season of falling flowers is a description of the real scene at that time, and there is no other sustenance. Reading it can't help but remind people of many things: the decline of the world, social unrest, the wandering of poets, and the hardships of the world? It all flashed in my mind unconsciously. It stands to reason that the two old artists reunited after several storms, and if they have endless words, they will have endless feelings. However, the poet wrote that "falling flowers meet the monarch again", but he closed his pen silently, which contained the sadness of "drawing lessons from a painful experience" and "knowing his worries now and wanting to say goodbye", which can be described as "more silent than vocal".
⑤ Turn reality into virtual reality, and virtual reality and real situation are born together.
For example, "Short Message to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night": "Your return date is undecided", and you have already felt the pain of not returning in the question and answer. "Autumn Night Rain Rising" is about the autumn rain in front of us, and the lines are full of worries about the journey. "When * * * cuts the candle at the west window, it talks about the rain at night." Surprisingly, the poet galloped in his imagination, opened up a new world, and wrote good wishes in his heart instead of complaining and worrying. The whole poem first describes the real scene of the guests, then turns "how to do it" into virtual reality, leads to a new realm, compares the bitterness of tonight with the music of the future, and imagines that the bitterness of tonight will increase the joy of gathering, which is implicit and meaningful, and is worthy of being a masterpiece in the quatrains.
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