Confucius
Change. Confucius said, "Six arts are also used to cure one. Rites are used to save people, music is used to make peace, books are used to teach things, poems are used to express ideas, which are easy to deify, and spring and autumn are based on righteousness. " Confucius attached importance to the Six Classics because he saw the pre-Wang Zhidao contained in the Six Classics.
Poetry, calligraphy, etiquette and music are the learning subjects of aristocratic children in the Spring and Autumn Period. Speaking of rites and music, poetry and calligraphy, the house of benevolence and righteousness, rites and music, benevolence and righteousness, the foundation of benefit. Aristocratic education "follows the poems, books, rituals and music of the former king to train scholars." Teach music in spring and autumn, and teach poetry in winter and summer "[6]. Governing the country by virtue: neutrality, moderation and filial piety. Teach the country with music: carry forward Taoism and speak sarcastically "[7]. Teach three lines: one is filial piety, and you should be close to your parents; Second, to make friends, we should respect the sage; Third, go straight and be a teacher. " [8]
Civilian education is "teaching the public with three things in rural areas": first, Liu De, knowledge, benevolence, holiness, righteousness, loyalty and harmony; Two lines, filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, appointment and sadness; Three words and six arts, courtesy, music, shooting, imperial, writing and counting. " [8]
Confucius believed that education should be based on poetry, books, rites and music. "When you enter his country, your teaching can know that he is also gentle and honest, and he teaches poetry." Is far from telling, book teaching; Broad and easy to be good, "music" teaches also; Clean and subtle, "Yi" teaches also; Zhuang Jing and Li also teach; It's a rhetorical matter, taught in the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, the stupidity of poetry, the falsehood of books, the extravagance of music, the theft of the Book of Changes, the annoyance of rituals, and the chaos of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is gentle and honest, but he is not stupid, but deeper than a poet. If the notice is far from empty, it will be deeper than the book; Wide, easy, good, but not extravagant, deeper than yue. Being pure and subtle without stealing is deeper than the Book of Changes; Respect and thrift are deeper than "ceremony"; If it is words rather than chaos, it is more profound than Chunqiu. " [9]
Confucius sighed when reading The Book of Songs Xiaoya: "In Baizhou, it is difficult for a person to stick to his ambition. In Qi 'ao, learning can be a gentleman. I am not bored when I see a hermit in the Examination. " [10] The Book of History compiled by Confucius takes Yao as the starting point, "Ancestor Yao Shun, Charter", and expounds the politics of Yao Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and Shengwang. On the one hand, Confucius advocated benevolent governance, on the other hand, he advocated moral clarity, careful use of punishment, and supplementary education with punishment. Confucius said, "The ancient rule of the world is also ruled by six ministers. "These six officials are officials in charge of governing the country, Si Tuleideng in charge of education, Zongbo in charge of etiquette, Sima in charge of soldiers (military and political), Scott in charge of punishment (litigation) and Sikong in charge of civil engineering. In addition, Confucius "aspired to the Spring and Autumn Period" and thought that there were "ancient last words" in Zhouyi [1 1].
Pre-Qin Confucianism
Pre-Qin Confucianism refers to the original Confucius and Mencius thought that has not been transformed by the theory of harmony between man and nature of Han and Confucianism. For example, Confucius said "beyond Liuhe" and Confucius said "away from ghosts and gods", which shows that Confucius is not actually talking about fantasy ghosts and gods. On the other hand, Mencius said, "Everyone has compassion ... I have compassion not from the outside, but also from the inside." It is clearly stated here that the "four ends of goodness" are born in everyone's heart and do not involve the external metaphysical laws of the universe. Pre-Qin Confucianism paid attention to individual's own efforts, not external conditions. For example, Mencius said: "The husband is not good, and the crime of non-talent is also ... I am also inherent, so I will think twice. Therefore, if you ask, you will get it, and if you give up, you will lose it. " Everyone has a kind heart, as long as they carry forward the four ends, they can all be kind. If they give up being good people, they lose. "As long as there is a will, everyone can get better." Compassion is innate and heartfelt, so you don't need to forge external conditions, just ask yourself if you want to be a good person. There are many differences between pre-Qin Confucianism and Confucianism after Han Confucianism.
Ten philosophers of Confucius
"Confucius teaches with poetry, and his disciples cover 3,000, and there are two people who are proficient in six arts." Confucius' Ten Philosophers are the top ten outstanding disciples in four subjects: morality, language, politics and literature. "De: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong. Word: Kill me, Zi Gong. Politics: You Ran, Lu Ji. Literature: Ziyou, Xia Zi. "
Eight factions in warring States period
Because the system of Confucius' thought theory covers a wide range, Confucius disciples have different understandings of Confucius' speech and thought, which will inevitably lead to differences. So after the death of Confucius, Confucius disciples began to divide gradually. In the middle and late Warring States period, Confucianism became a "prominent school", and at the same time, eight different factions were formed within Confucianism. The theory of eight schools of Confucianism began in Han Feizi Xianxue: "Since the death of Confucius, there have been Zhang Zhiru, Zi Si Ru, Yan Zhiru, Meng Zhiru, Zhi Ru, Zhong Liang Ru, Zhi Ru and Yue Zheng Ru."
1. Zhang Zhiru
Zhang Zi, surnamed Zhuan Sun, was born in Yangcheng (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and was a famous teacher. He was born in 503 BC, and the date of his death is unknown. A child is a hole.
Zhangzi
Zi's disciples in his later years made great achievements in their after-school studies, and they were as famous as Zi You. He traveled around the world from Confucius and was trapped between Chen and Cai. He is good at asking questions and often discusses various problems with Confucius. The Analects of Confucius records that he studied from Confucius as many as twenty times. He advocated that "a scholar sees danger and is fatal, sees it with reason, and offers it with respect and sorrow" ("Lu Zhang"), and clearly opposes people and things that are "disloyal, faithless and disrespectful". Zhang Zi's nature is a bit extreme. Confucius once criticized him for "being too much of a teacher" and "being too much of a teacher" (Advanced Analects of Confucius). However, he is a caring and tolerant person with a wide range of friends. He believes that a gentleman should "respect the virtuous and accept the masses, but Jiashan can't." Zhang Zi has been an official all his life. After Confucius died, he lived in the state of Chen, where he was an apprentice and gave lectures. Zhang Zi's disciples later became "Zhang Zi's Confucianism" and were listed as the first of the eight Confucianism schools in the Warring States Period.
It is difficult to know Zhang Zi's academic or political views on Confucianism. Xunzi once severely criticized "Zhang Zi's Confucianism" in "Non-Twelve Sons" and called it "base Confucianism", saying: "Although my brother is only the crown, his words are only moderate, and he is Zhang Zi's base Confucianism." This kind of criticism seems to have no academic or ideological basis, just some words and deeds. It is generally believed that Xunzi's reprimand may refer to the "Confucianism of Zhang Zi" at the end of the Warring States Period. For example, Hao Yixing, a Confucian in the Qing Dynasty, thinks that he refers to people who look like Zhang Zi but don't look like him (see Wang Xianqian's Xunzi Collection). According to the characteristics of modern scholar Zhang Zi's Confucianism, Morton thinks that "scholars after Zhang Zi seem to be closer to Mohism" and speculates that "Mo Zhai was influenced by Zhang Zi" (Criticism of Ten Criticism Books and Eight Confucianism).
2. Zi Si Confucianism
Zisi is the grandson of Confucius. As for Zisi's Confucian academic or political views, Xunzi talked about it from a negative perspective in "Non-Twelve Sons": "Although I have a little ignorance of the rule of law, I still have great ambitions and have heard a lot. The case is said to be old-fashioned, called Wuxing. Very unconventional, classless, hidden without words, closed without solutions. The case is decorated with its words, only respecting it:' This is the words of a true gentleman'. Zi Si sang it, Monk reconciled it, and the secular ditch still didn't know what was wrong, so it was collected and passed on. " In the view of most Song Confucians, Zi Si Confucianism developed Confucius' golden mean, raised the spiritual entity of "sincerity" in Confucian moral category to the original position in the world, and made great contributions to the study of Confucian mind and nature.
3. Strict Confucianism
According to the Analects of Confucius, Historical Records and other documents, there are eight Yan disciples, namely: Yan, Yan Hui, Yan Xing, Yan Zu, Yan Servant and He. Up to now, it is difficult to determine whether "Yan's Confucianism" was spread by one of them, and the academic circles generally believe that Yan Hui is the representative. Yan Hui is one of Confucius' most proud disciples. He appeared 32 times in The Analects of Confucius. His thoughts are about abstinence and forgetfulness, and tend to be pure and secluded, similar to Taoism. The most important feature of his school is to live and work in peace and contentment, and pay attention to practicing Confucius' thought of benevolence and virtue. In addition, in Zhuangzi, Yan Hui's theory of self-cultivation such as "sit and forget" and "fast in the heart" is also mentioned.
4. Montessori Confucianism
Mencius
The view that Mencius is the representative of Mencius is untenable. Because Han Feizi is a disciple who evaluates seventy disciples, Mencius can't rely on it. Sima Qian clearly pointed out in Historical Records Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing that Mencius was a disciple of Zi Si. Guo Moruo believes that "Mencius Confucianism" is not only related to Zi Si Confucianism, but also to Le Zheng Confucianism (Ten Books of Criticism).
5. Qi Diao's Confucianism
According to the Analects of Confucius, Historical Records and Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples, there are three disciples of Confucius named Qi Diao, namely Qi Tiaojie, Diaoduo Qi and Qi Diao (the author of Confucius Family is Qi Diao). Academic circles generally believe that the representative figure of "Qi Diao Confucianism" is Qi Diaokai. Qi Diao Kai, "Han Shu Literature and Art Records" was written together. According to the textual research of He, "Qi" was originally called "Qi", but Han people changed it to "Qi" for taboo. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu () was born in 540 AD, and the year of his death is unknown. Qi Diaokai is a disciple of Confucius, who once asked him to be an official. He said that he had no confidence in being an official, and Confucius appreciated it (see The Analects of Confucius, Public Governance). Qi Diao Kai has unyielding courage. In "Everything is done in leisure", he said: "Qi Diao's proposal will not be scratched, and he will not escape. His songs are contrary to Zanghuo's, and his straight line is angry with his ministers. The Lord thinks it is cheap and polite. " On the view of human nature, he advocates that there are good and evil in sex. "On Nature" records: "The disciples of Mi Zi Bian, Qi Diao Kai and Sun Ni Zi also talk about love, which is different from that of Shi Zi. It is said that sex has good and evil. "
According to these data, modern scholars believe that "Confucianism in Qi Diao" is a brave Ren Xia who is unwilling to be an official. It belongs to the Ren Xia School of Confucius, which advocates that human nature is good and evil, and Mi Zibian, Gong Sunzi and Shi Shuo are the main members of this school. Qi Diao Zi and Mi Zi are recorded in Hanshu Literature and Art.. In addition, in The Ugly History of Mencius, it is said that Si, who is good at "nurturing courage", should also belong to The Scholar and Meng's Textual Research on Gu Zhiru. It can be seen that Qi Diao's thought is divided into three aspects: knowledge and wisdom; Benevolence, love the people; Brave, resolute, brave. Look like a chivalrous man.
6. Zhong Liang's Confucianism
Among the eight schools of Confucianism in the Warring States period, this school cannot be tested. According to Guo Moruo's speculation, "Zhong Liang Confucianism" may be the Chen Liang School mentioned in Mencius Teng Wengong. According to Mencius, "Born in Chu, I liked the Duke of Zhou and learned from China in the north. Northern scholars failed to be the first, also known as heroes. " Chen Liang's disciples are Sean and Chen Xin. Later, he appreciated the theory of farmer Xu Xing and was severely criticized by Mencius. It is speculated that "Zhong Liang's Confucianism" may be the Zhong School in The Book of Rites on Business, and Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty called it Lu people. "On the Book of Rites Tan Gong" Zeng Zi said: The corpse is not decorated, so the hall is covered, and the curtain is small and transparent. Zhong yue: the couple are chaotic, so the curtain hall is small and transparent. "In addition, Zhong's language is quoted in Shi Mao Biography, which originated from it, so this school may have both the learning of Zeng Shen and the learning of it (see Note on Learning from Everything is done wrong).
7. Confucianism in Sun Shi
The academic circles generally believe that "Sun Shi Confucianism" is a school represented by Xunzi. Xunzi was the main representative of Confucianism in the late Warring States period. He inherited the Confucian academic tradition and was one of the main disseminators of Confucian classics. In political thought, he developed Confucius' "etiquette" and advocated both etiquette and law; Philosophically, it advocates "the separation of heaven and man" and "the destiny belongs to it and uses it"; It holds that "human nature is evil, but its goodness is also false" and emphasizes the importance of learning the day after tomorrow. In "Sun Shi Confucianism", Han Fei and Li Si are all famous except those disciples who inherited Xunzi's Confucian classics, but they all broke through the boundaries of their teacher Xunzi's Confucianism and became representatives of Legalism.
8. Le Zheng's Confucianism
Among the eight major schools of Confucianism in the Warring States period, this school also failed the examination. According to Guo Moruo's speculation, "Confucianism of Lezheng" or Mencius' disciple Ke is therefore a series of "Confucianism of Mencius". According to Chen Qiyou's speculation, the "Learning of Lezheng's Family" may be Ceng Zi's disciple Lezheng Zichun, so he should preach the learning of Ceng Zi (see the collation of Chen Qiyou's "Learning of Ji's Family").
There is another Confucian in Xia Zi. The most important thing in Xia Zi's research is the ritual system, and the strengthening of the ritual system is the so-called legal system. Macroscopically speaking, Xia Zi is one of the founders of Legalism.
In short, the Eight Schools in the Warring States Period were the schools that emerged internally in the "contention of a hundred schools of thought" at that time. Their views are quite different, but they all think that they represent the orthodox Confucianism of Confucius. Judging from the later historical development, Mencius and Xunzi had great influence.