First of all, ancestors
1. Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor of Du Fu, was a famous soldier in the Western Jin Dynasty and the author of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period. He respects Confucianism and writes poetry, which is Du's family style. "Obey Confucianism, guard officials, and never fall into a vegetarian business" ("Entering the Carving Form"), "Poetry is my home" ("Zongwu Shengri").
Du Fu's grandfather Du Shenyan is famous for writing poems. Wu Zetian was the foreign minister when she was in the food department.
The finisher of the five-character poem: Song. Du qiyan's poems.
3. Father Du Xian, Sima Zhou, finally became the magistrate of Fengtian (now Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province).
Second, Du Fu's life: Du Fu's life and creation are closely related to the turbulent times in which he lived. His life can be divided into four periods:
(1) Reading roaming period (before the age of 35): In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's personal life history was the most enjoyable stage.
In the past 14 or 15 years, I have traveled in the field of calligraphy. Sven Cui Wei is like a believer and treats me like Bunyan.
At the age of seven, I thought I was strong. I sang Phoenix. Nine-year-old books have big characters, and some of them have been made into schoolbags. ……
The dissolute Zhao Qi and Qiu Ma are quite crazy. Haruka Congtai, beside the winter hunting castle peak.
Summon eagles and soap into the forest and chase wild animals, clouds and snow-capped mountains. Shoot away, lead the arm down. ()
Get to know Li Bai and Gao Shi in the third roaming.
Bai Ye's poems are invincible, full of thoughts, fresh and refined, and Jun Yibao joined the army.
Spring trees in Weibei and dusk clouds in Jiangdong, when a glass of wine, re-examine the paper. ("Spring Memories of Li Baitang")
(two) ten years in Chang 'an (35 to 44 years old):
Tianbao took the exam for another six years. This time, under the control of the traitor Li, no one came out and all lost. Li also said on the table that he "has no inheritance".
At the door of the rich, dusk carries the dust of fat horses. There are broken cups and cold roast everywhere. (Twenty-two Rhymes for Wei Zuocheng)
Ling Du has cloth, but the boss has turned his back on himself. It's silly to make a promise, but it's better than stealing chickens and dogs. ……
If you are poor, you will worry about Li Yuan, sighing for intestinal heat. It's fierce to make fun of classmates. ……
The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones. Prosperity and decline are very different, melancholy and indescribable. ("Sing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian")
(3) The arrested thief becomes an official (45 to 48 years old)
This is the most intense year of An Shi Rebellion. In November of the fourteenth year of Tianbao, there was a rebellion and the Tang Dynasty was in jeopardy. After Du Fu learned about this, he settled in Qiang Village, Zhangzhou and went to Lingwu alone. Unexpectedly, he was captured by rebels on the way and taken to Chang 'an. In the rebel-occupied capital, Du Fu witnessed the tragic scene of the demise of many countries.
In Fuzhou, far away, she is looking at the moonlight, looking at it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is.
Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . (Moonlit Night)
Du Fu's exile was tempered by the war, and his poetry creation was further sublimated. Although this period was short, his poetic achievements were the highest and the peak of realism in Du Fu's History of Poetry.
(4) Wandering southwest (from 48 years old to the end of life)
This is a period of continuous decline in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu came to Chengdu at the end of his second year in Gan Yuan. The following spring, with the support of my friends, I built a thatched cottage in the western suburbs of Chengdu, and my life was relatively stable.
In less than two years in Kuizhou, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for almost three-tenths of the complete works. This is the harvest period of Du Fu's poetry creation. In the third year of Dali, Du Fu missed his hometown, took a boat out of the gorge, went to Jiangling, Hubei, transferred to the police, and then went to Yueyang. He has been drifting on the boat, "borrowing rice from every family hungry and worrying about collecting cups everywhere" and living in poverty. In the fifth year of Dali (AD 770), Zang Jun made an insurrection in Tanzhou, and Du Fu fled to Hengzhou. He wanted to go to Chenzhou to go to his uncle Cui Wei, but when the river surged, he had to return to Chenzhou. In late autumn, I left Tanzhou and returned to Yueyang in the north. This winter, Du Fu died of illness during his journey.
Third,
1. On the value of water in rivers like the sea;
Du Fu's attitude towards poetry creation is extremely serious. His grandfather Du was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Fu proudly said, "Poetry is my family's business", and he regards writing poetry as Du Jia's career and strives for perfection.
"Today's people love the ancients, and the beautiful words and sentences in Qing Dynasty must be neighbors", "the rhyme is getting older and thinner" and "changing new poems into long songs"
2. Du Fu's poetic language is dignified and solid, such as alchemy, and every word carries weight.
The breeze rippled on the grassy coast, through the night, and blew to my still mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river.
I hope my art can bring me fame. Guan Yinglao, flying around, flying around, what am I like, just a sandpiper in the vast world! . ()
The fragrant rice pecks at the parrot, and the old phoenix branch in Wu Bi ("buttonwood") → the parrot pecks at the fragrant rice, and the old phoenix branch in Phoenix.
Green wind breaks bamboo shoots, red flowers bloom in the rain, and plum blossoms are fat (Part V of He Shanlin with Ten Generals) → Wind breaks green bamboo shoots, and rain makes plum blossoms fat.
Fourth,
1. Realistic spirit
2. Detailed description, subtle description
3. Depressed style: The so-called "depressed" refers to the deep depression of thoughts and feelings in Du Fu's poems, and "frustrated" mainly refers to the sharp change of meaning and the ups and downs of momentum.
4. The language is concise, deep and vigorous, and makes good use of spoken language and dialect: Du Fu is good at using folk spoken language and dialect slang. He introduced some "vulgar" words such as "goose" and "fat man" in his poems, which was particularly vivid and cordial.
5. The rhythm of poetry changes with the change of content.
6. Be good at learning traditions and have both public and physical abilities.
Epitaph of Du Jun and Yuan Wailang by Yuan Shikai, Ministry of Industry in Tang Dynasty;
"As for the beauty of the child, the so-called thin wind and coquetry are all covered, while Shen Song (Shen period, Song Dynasty) was the ancient Su Li (Su Weidao, Li Qiao), swallowed Cao Liu (Cao Cao, Liu Bei), and covered Yan Xie's solitary (Xie Lingyun was called" Yuanjia hero "by Zhong Rong, and he was also called" Yan "?
Preface of Sun Wei's Reading Du Gongbu's Poems;
"Poetry of the public, backed by six factions, Meng Jiao's arrogance, simplicity, Yao He's elegance, Jia Dao's strangeness, Du's heroism and Lu Guimeng's support are all out of proportion. 」
The above two comments mainly focus on which comment on Du Fu (a) the history of poetry (b) there is no word without origin (c) it is an anthology (d) I have never forgotten you for a meal.
Fifth, the theme of poetry.
1. Showing the feelings of Confucian benevolent people;
Du Fu was born in a family of "respecting Confucianism and guarding officials", and worshiping Confucianism and taking saints as teachers.
2. Show the spirit of realism:
Three Officials and Three Farewells specifically express the author's inner conflict. On the way to Luoyang, Du Fu saw violent police forcibly recruiting young boys and lonely old people. He accused these people and condemned those officials, but thinking of the current shortage of able-bodied men and the current enemy, he changed his tone and said a few words of comfort or encouragement to the conscripts as much as possible.
3. Write real life experiences
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged. (Up the Mountain)
4. Express leisure and happiness:
A flower flew away, but it was spring, and the wind was so sad. And look at the flowers and eyes, don't hurt your lips.
Emeralds are nested in the small hall by the river, and unicorns lie on the edge of the garden. If we push physics carefully, there will be eating, drinking and having fun, so why not go this way as a floating glory.
Go back to spring clothes every day and go home drunk every day. Alcohol debt is common, and he is 70 years old.
Pierce the butterfly deeply, and the dragonfly flies leisurely with the water. The scenery of the message is flowing, which is not contrary to the temporary reward.
Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently.
The wild path is dark, and the river is bright. Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy. ()
Six, stone
First, in the spring of the second year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (AD 759), nine envoys, including Guo Ziyi, surrounded Yecheng, where An Qingxu was stationed. Due to the disunity of command, the whole army was defeated by Shi Siming reinforcements. In order to supplement the troops, the Tang Dynasty forcibly arrested people from Luoyang West to Tongguan as soldiers, and the people were miserable. At this time, Du Fu is returning to Huazhou from Luoyang via Tongguan. From what I saw and heard along the way, I wrote "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Shihao official is one of the "three officials". The theme of the whole poem is to reflect the sufferings of the people in the Anshi Rebellion by describing "officials arresting people at night".
Second, "Three Officials" is about Du Fu's personal experience. Everything he saw and heard has the author's own figure and voice. "Three Farewells" have their own protagonists, telling their own life experiences with their confessions. Du Fu himself did not appear, but simply became a "director".