I. Language content
(1) From the content, poetic language can be divided into: image language, emotional language, symbolic language and allusion language.
1. Image language (words): pine, bamboo, plum, chrysanthemum and other things are endowed with specific symbolic meanings, symbolizing people's noble character, and poets often use them to express some thoughts and feelings. For example, Lu You's "Bu Operator" takes Mei as a metaphor, which shows his character of not interacting with people who are vying for favor and inviting flattery, the flattery of Ayu, and his clank and pride that he is not afraid of slander and self-control. Other common images, such as peach blossom symbolizing beauty and bird symbolizing freedom.
2. Emotional language (words): Words such as "sadness" and "loneliness" can directly express feelings, such as "I came from three thousand miles away. Sadness follows autumn today "(Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain); There are also indirect revelations, such as "I can't bear to grieve for the past, but I am forced to look for the old spring in the cup" (Li Yi's "Answer the slogan of Xu Wuduan Gong immediately"), "I can't bear to look back on the good times of the poet's youth, but I can only recall the old things through the glass to convey my inner desolation and depression.
3. Symbolic language (poetry): Some poems have certain symbolic meanings, and some poems are often inferred through specific things, that is, inferential poems. For example, Yu Shinan's Cicada emphasizes that a person who stands tall and clean can be famous far and near without some outside support. "Flowers and willows are selfless if the mountains and rivers are waiting" (Du Fu's "After Traveling"), and the flowers and willows written about mountains and rivers are waiting for people to appreciate, which is used to illustrate the truth that nature has a selfless heart.
4. Allusions (words or poems): For example, "autumn water" refers to the eyes, and "stealing springs" often refers to ill-gotten gains [see "Corpse": "(Confucius) is thirsty and does not drink, and his name is also bad." ], "Hongyan" refers to letters (see Hanshu which records that Su Wu returned to Han). Most of them come from historical allusions, which require students to strengthen extracurricular reading, accumulate historical knowledge and improve their cultural literacy. For example, in "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia", Huo Qubing's story of "sealing the wolf in Xushan and Zen in Gu Yan" was used; Bai Juyi's "Farewell Pavilion" poem "Tears dripping from the sleeve are wetter than Sima Qing's shirt".
(2) From the perspective of grammar, we should pay attention to quantifiers, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
The refinement of successful words is closely combined with the refined meaning. To refine Chinese characters is to concretize, visualize, deepen and aestheticize the "meaning"-the author's subjective feelings and the life expressed in his works. Only by extracting concrete and vivid words with aesthetic content and enlightening function can "one" have the power to infect people.
There are certain rules to follow in refining Chinese characters. For example:
① The second word is refined from five words: "The laundry girl returns in bamboo, and the lotus leaf bends before the fishing boat." "The sea is dark and three mountains are raining, and the flowers are bright and five mountains are spring." ② The third word is extracted from five words: "A stream sings on the winding rocks, and the sun is reconciled by pines." "Shan Gong San Fu, the door is closed in Kyushu." ③ The fifth word is extracted from five words: "The moon is near the window and the Tianhe River is low." "Grass grows public houses, and flowers fall into court." (4) The second and fifth words are extracted from five words: "The cold spring sounds bitter, and the leaves in the mountains are withered." "Until the ebb tide, the river bank widened, and there was no wind blowing my lonely sail." (5) The second word of the seven-word refinement: "The mountain enters Baijiasha Garden at dusk, and the tide gives birth to a wild pond in the sea." "Lonely sails on the sunset river, green grass and love in Wan Li, Hunan." The fifth word is extracted from seven words: "My road is full of petals-I haven't cleaned it for others, and my thatched cottage door has been closed-but now it is open for you." "The waves between the river and the sky are rough, and the clouds are covered with fog." ⑦ Seven words refine the seventh word: "The breeze river is far away, and there are several old trees on the edge of White God City." "The spring boat sits in the sky, and the old flowers are like fog." ⑧ Seven words refine the twenty-fifth word: "Xue Ji Mountain Gate welcomes Ruiri, Yunkaishui Temple and other dragonflies." "The fish contains the moon shadow and moves with the clouds, and the birds spit flowers and send them to the trees for leisure."
Generally speaking, there are two aspects in refining words in classical poetry: refining real words and refining empty words.
1 quantifier
For example, in Yu Xin's Xiao Yuan Fu, "one inch and two inches of fish, three poles and two poles of bamboo", the predecessors called it "indulging in reading".
2. Nouns: Some image nouns can be used to understand the author's thoughts or feelings because of the uniqueness or representativeness of images, especially when multiple nouns are used together, the combination of images will create a certain artistic conception. Images such as willow, wine, moon, geese and buildings often appear in poems with feelings of farewell to acacia. For example, in Zhao Huan's Cold Pond, "Homesickness is infinite, and a wild goose crosses the South Tower", the sadness accumulated in the wandering heart is triggered by autumn and turned into endless homesickness; Lonely geese fly over the south building, and the shrill cry makes homesickness even more sad. Scenes blend, implicit and intriguing.
3. Verbs
For example, Li Bai's "Dai Tian visits Taoist priests": "In the barking of dogs, peach blossoms are thick. See the deer when the tree is deep, but don't ring the bell at noon. Wild bamboos are green and misty, and flying springs hang blue peaks. No one knows where to go, I am worried. " Neck knot, neat antithesis, beautiful artistic conception, wild bamboo meets clouds. This is a still scene, but the poet uses the word "fen", which means movement. It reminds people of the scene that clouds move slowly with the mountain and constantly float out of wild bamboo. A line of spring water, flying in the air, was originally a moving scene, but the poet used the word "hanging", which changed from dynamic to static, making people want to see the precipitous peaks and the drooping of mountain springs.
4. adjectives
For example, the third and fourth sentences of Wang Wei's Hunting: "The grass is withered and the eagle eye is sick, and the snow is light." These two sentences * * * have four subject-predicate phrases, namely dryness, illness, fatigue and lightness, all of which are predicates. "Dry" and "exhausted" are common predicates, while "sick" and "light" are refined words. After the grass withered, the eagle's eyes could see more clearly. The poet says "fast" (illness) instead of seeing clearly. "fast" is more vivid than "clear" After the snow left, horseshoes walked faster. The poet does not speak fast, but "light", which is more vivid than "fast".
5. Adverbs
In classical poetry, adverbs, after proper tempering, can dredge the literary spirit and open and close the echo.