Writing background: This article is the last letter written by the author in Nanjing prison to his biological mother Lu and his aunt Sheng after he was arrested in the fourth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1647). The letter expresses both loyalty and family affection, which is deeply thoughtful and affectionate, and contains awe-inspiring righteousness in its lingering feelings.
Thoughts and feelings: Contempt of death, justice, fearless heroism