Common sense of literature in song dynasty 1. Common sense of ancient literature
1. Cultural knowledge 1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu. 3. Four classic works: A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West.
4. Four folklores: The Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and White Snake. 5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O'Henry.
6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called Su Huang. 7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is regarded as the originator of Qiu Si.
After ten years' study, Cao Xueqin created Dream of Red Mansions, the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels. After its publication, it was widely circulated, loved by people, and some people studied A Dream of Red Mansions, which has now become an important topic in the study of world literature. 9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is known as a marshal poet. Cang Kejia is regarded as a clay poet, because most of his poems are about rural areas. In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the drummer of the times.
10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum. 1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.
12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings. 13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.
14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji. 15, The Book of Songs has six meanings: style, elegance, ode (classification), fu, comparison and xing (expression).
16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels. 17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.
18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. 19, The Four Books and Five Classics are the main classics of Confucianism: The Four Books are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.
20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong; Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun. 2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.
22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty. 23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.
24. The eight methods of permanent characters mean that permanent characters have eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift. 25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.
26. Three religions and nine streams: three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Nine streams: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Famous Masters, Mohism, Military Strategist, Miscellaneous Family and Peasant Family. 27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties): ① childbirth examination, also known as childbirth examination, is called childbirth examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called childbirth. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong) in order to take the imperial examination.
(2) After the provincial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examinations were held in the provincial capitals every three years, and the scholars took part. The person who passed the exam is called Jie, and the first person who passed the exam is called Jie. (3) Examination: The Ming and Qing Dynasties held an examination every three years in Beijing. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy Guo Jian students could take the examination, and 300 students were admitted as Gong Shi, and the first one was named as a member.
(4) the palace examination, is the highest level of the imperial examination system, the emperor in the palace, to try to admit Gong Shi, ask yourself, in order to make a first-class merit. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively awarded the titles of Jinshi and Ji, the first place in the champion (Dingyuan), the second place in the second place and the third place, collectively called the third-class tripod; A number of dimethyl, given the title of Jinshi origin; A number of the top three, given the title of Jinshi origin.
Second, the most 1 and the earliest collection of poems in China literature is The Book of Songs; 2. The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan; 3. The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; 4. The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty; 5. The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty; 6. The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty; 7. The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty; 8. The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty; 9. The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty; 10, the patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty; 1 1. The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty. 12, the most famous historical novel in ancient times is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the early Ming Dynasty; 13. The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. 14. The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty. 15. The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty. 16, the most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty; 17, the earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius; 18, the earliest recorded history book in ancient times is Zuo Zhuan; 19, the earliest biographical history in ancient times is Historical Records; 20. The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in the Tang Dynasty; 2 1, the greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun; 22. The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun; 23. The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream. 3. Commonly used metonymic words 1, Mulberry: hometown 2, Taoli: student 3, country, Xuanyuan: country 4, Nanguan: prisoner 5, classmate 6, bonfire: war 7, woman 8, bamboo: music 9, man 10. History: Chronicle 13, husband and wife 14, Ding Bai, Buyi people 15, yellow hair: old man 16, mulberry mother: farming 17, support, overlooking: children/kloc.
2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as Liu Han, were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. 3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as Su Xin; Graceful lyricist: Li Qingzhao (poetess). 5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu.
Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu. 6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He created a new poetic style of Chu Ci and created our country.
2. Common sense of China ancient literature
As for the appreciation of ancient poetry, the examination notes position it as a "preliminary" appreciation of the image, language, expression skills and ideological content of poetry. However, in the actual exam, the score rate of poetry appreciation questions has been low, and many students regard it as an insurmountable gap, which makes them daunting, so that they follow their feelings in a daze and unfortunately lose their due scores.
To solve this problem, we should train from two aspects: on the one hand, we should accumulate extensively and master as many ancient poems as possible. Being knowledgeable will definitely help solve the problem. On the other hand, we should learn appreciation skills, which is an important means to cope with the exam.
The combination of these two points is the strategy of "accumulation+skill". The following author mainly talks about skills: First, pay attention to the accumulation of background knowledge of ancient poetry, mainly including the poet's life experience, thoughts and feelings, artistic style and so on. Mastering these contents, we can make a condescending analysis when we appreciate poetry.
For example, Du Fu's life of worrying about the country and the people, and his depressed and frustrated style; Li Bai's cynical life, fresh and elegant style; Xin Qiji's "The Great Cause Against Song Jinfu" is not only magnificent in theme, but also tactful in technique. Other poets, such as Wang Wei, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Lu You, etc. We need to make a research summary in our usual review.
Here, the author has a simple summary: For example, The Book of Songs is the source of realism, and The Songs of the South is the source of romanticism. The ancient poems of Han Dynasty have a sad color, while the poems of Three Caos (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) are desolate and vigorous.
Wang Wei's poems are implicit and vivid, while frontier poems (represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can) are magnificent and extraordinary. Li Bai's poems are cynical, fresh and elegant; Du Fu's poems pay attention to the life of the country and people, and have a gloomy and depressed style.
Bai Juyi's poems appeal to both refined and popular tastes, Li He's poems are grotesque and changeable, Li Shangyin's poems are beautiful and elegant, and Du Mu's poems are subtle and graceful. A group of "Huajian School" poets (Wei Zhuang, Ouyang Jiong, Li Xun, Sun Kexian, etc. ), represented by Wen, has both a rich, mellow and soft side and a fresh and elegant side. Li Yu's ci is decadent, sad and delicate and touching.
Ouyang Xiu's poems are beautiful and affectionate. Fan Zhongyan's ci is desolate and solemn, Yan Shu's ci is clear and sparse, Su Shi's ci is vigorous and bold, Liu Yong's ci is touching and sad, Huang Tingjian's ci is fluent and natural, Qin Guan's ci is sincere and sincere, Li Qingzhao's ci is graceful and sad, and Yang Wanli's ci is fresh and lively.
Lu you, known as Xiao Taibai, is bold and unrestrained, clear and smooth; Xin Qiji's ci style is not only a majestic theme, but also many works are euphemistic. In addition, Jiang Kui is a metrical poet, whose characteristics are nuanced, simple and elegant ... These poetic styles have always influenced the poetry circles in Ming and Qing Dynasties, so it is not difficult to find the influence of ancient poetic styles in Qiu Jin's poems.
It should be emphasized that a preliminary understanding of the author's style will bring us some convenience. But we should also see that the so-called style refers to the main theme of the poet's writing, and it is not without exception.
Everyone needs to use it flexibly according to the situation. Second, pay attention to the implied information of poetry, such as title, background prompt, notes and so on.
These are all important, and some of them may be the key to understanding poetry. Please look at the following poem: Try Zhang Shui's Zhu Qingyu's bridal chamber. Last night, he put out the red candle and waited for Tang Xiao to visit his menstruation.
Make-up, low eyebrow asked her husband, is it deep thrush? Looking at the content of this poem alone, it seems that it is written about the psychological state of a newly married wife when she is preparing to meet her in-laws for the first time. After reading the title, the author Zhu Qingyu compared her in-laws to examiners and the groom to her good friend Zhang Shuibu, showing her anxiety and hoping that Zhang Shuibu would help her pass the test. Let's look at the following poem: Zhang Xushan made a guest appearance in the mountains, making a light gesture of spring glow, and planning to return for the light spirit.
Even if there was no rain in Mystery, the clothes were dyed deep in the clouds. If you don't read the title of this poem, you may misunderstand that the author's writing purpose is to praise the beautiful scenery in the mountain or persuade people to stay and enjoy the beautiful scenery in the mountain.
Only by reading the title of the poem can we understand the writing intention of this poem. Third, with the help of all kinds of knowledge and information, analyze the feelings and scenery of poetry. Poetry is the best lyric form in literary works, which has been the case since ancient times.
When we appreciate poetry, we should savor the feelings expressed in it. Because the emotion in poetry is implicit in various descriptions, it is not straightforward, which requires us to have a clear purpose and analyze various skills of poetry from various angles.
For example, 200 1 national topic: farewell to Li Zhou and Wei in the night rain, is it all the way across the river to Chu? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly.
The Yangtze River flows into the distance of the Yangtze River, and the trees are full of rain. Farewell to my old friend, I love infinity, and tears fall down on the river.
The title of this song is farewell theme. Since ancient times, poets have been sad about parting, and when the author expresses his feelings of parting, he puts his feelings in the scene and sets off his feelings with the scene, which has produced excellent results. You see, in the light rain, in the twilight, the sails are heavy, the birds are flying slowly, "the deep ocean gate is invisible", the future is uncertain, "only the big branches of Pukou are newly dripping", and even the trees on the Yuanjiang River are immersed in the affectionate rain, let alone the people who bid farewell? People are naturally "similarly, because of our great love, there is a line of water on our faces".
There are two key points in the description of scenery here: "sail weight" and "distance", which are not only descriptions of natural scenery, but also descriptions of people's feelings. From the analysis of the above poems, we can see that when we appreciate ancient poems, we should pay attention to relevant knowledge and information, such as the title, author, background materials, final dialogues, keywords in lines, etc.
Fourth, master some necessary allusions and common allusions in ancient poetry, and the use of allusions can get a concise and peculiar effect. The review of allusions should strive to avoid being difficult to understand, but we must pay attention to mastering what we have touched and common sense as much as possible.
For example, Blue Sima, The Word of Cardamom, Lang Feng's Preface, Guanhe, Sanshan and Loulan. For example, read the following Song Ci and answer the following question: If Meng Ling (Yanrui) Road is a pear flower, is it an apricot flower?
The white inside is red, especially the oriental taste. I once remembered that people were slightly drunk in Wuling. This song poem uses a famous allusion. Whose work is he from? From this, we can see what this song ci is about. What feelings are you expressing? Looking back at Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, we can know that the phrase "people are slightly drunk in Wuling" uses the allusion of "Wu Lingren", and thus infer this point.
3. Some literary knowledge about Song Ci, such as writer's style.
Song ci is another literary school after Tang poetry, which is basically divided into two categories: graceful school and wild school.
Representatives of graceful and restrained school: poets in Song Dynasty: Li Qingzhao, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, etc. Representatives of the uninhibited school: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, etc.
Nian Nujiao's Red Cliff, nostalgic for Su Shi's River of No Return, is a romantic figure through the ages. To the west of the old base, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang.
The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.
Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. Feather fan nylon scarf, talking and laughing, lost in the smoke.
I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, and a bottle returns to the moon.
On March 7th, Su Shi was caught in the rain on Hu Sha Road, with rain gear first. My colleagues are in a mess. I don't know yet, so I pretend nothing. Don't pay attention to the beating rain in the forest. Mei sings a long whistle and walks leisurely.
Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time.
Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny. The butterfly love flower Su Shi's flower withered, and the red apricot was small.
Swallows fly, green water people go around. There are fewer branches blowing willows, but more grass on earth.
The layman in the wall, the beauty in the wall laughs. Laughter dies in silence, but passion is mercilessly annoyed.
Ginger went hunting in Mizhou, and the old lady Su Shi talked about juvenile madness, holding yellow on the left and green on the right. Golden hat, mink and fur, thousands of riding rolls and leveling posts.
In order to repay the people of the whole city for following my generous hunting proposal, I will shoot this tiger myself like Sun Quan. I drank wine, my mind was broadened, my courage was more heroic, and my sideburns were slightly white. Why not? When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun.
On the 20th day of the first month of the first year of Mao Yi in Jiangchengzi, Su Shi was born and died for ten years. Never think, never forget.
A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.
When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed.
Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines are expected to break the heart, and the moon and night are short and loose.
Su Shi's ci poetry, the second rhyme of water, looks like a flower and looks like a non-flower, and no one regrets falling behind. Throwing it on the side of the road seems heartless, but it is full of affection.
It was she who was injured, euphemistically confused, trying to open her mouth but closing it tightly. To go with the wind, to find a loved one, but also by the relentless call of the oriole.
I don't hate this kind of flowers falling completely, but I hate the West Garden, which is full of withered flowers. Where are the traces when it rains? A pool of ping is broken.
If the spring scenery is divided into three parts, two of them become dust, and the other part disappears when it falls into the water. In detail, it seems that it is not a small flower, but a drop of tears.
When will Su Shi, the head of Shuidiao Song, have a bright moon? I take my glass from a distance. I don't know the palace in the sky, and I don't know the month and time.
I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance and enjoy the shadow of the moon, which is in the world. The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self.
The moon should not have any resentment against people. Why is it round when people are gone? People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon has yin and yang, and there are gains and losses. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away.
Lu You, who is keen, sought for a seal in Wan Li, and guarded Liangzhou with his horse. Now the military life of defending the frontier fortress can only appear in dreams, but I don't know where I am in dreams. Dust covered the old mink fur.
The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. In this life, who knows, my heart is in Tianshan, and I am always in Cangzhou! Hairpin phoenix swims in red crisp hands, yellow wine, and spring willows in the city.
The east wind is evil, and the feelings are thin. A sad mood, a cable that I haven't seen for years.
No! No! No! Spring is the same, people are empty, and tears are red and sad. Peach blossoms fall.
Leisure swimming pool hall. Although Meng Shan is here, it is hard to trust Jin Shu.
Mo! Mo! Mo! On the way to Tasha, Qin Guan lost his tower in the fog, the moon was in the maze, and Taoyuan was nowhere to be found. The lonely pavilion closes the moon in Joan Hinton, and the cuckoo sounds in the setting sun.
Plum blossoms are sent by mail, and fish live long. This hatred has no weight. Fortunately, Chen Qiang bypassed Chen Shan. Who did he get off in Xiaoxiang for?
Qin Guan, the fairy son of Queqiao, is clever, and the flying stars spread grievances, and both silver and Chinese are dark. On the seventh day of autumn dew and autumn, it is time to meet, mostly those who are together in the world, but the appearance of husband and wife.
Common complaint against acacia, tender feelings like water, meet each other as if it were a dream, when it is hard to see the bridge. As long as two people love us to the end, why covet my Heron?
The rain outside the Liyu curtain in Langtaosha is gurgling, and the spring is fading. Allred-rochow is too cold to stand.
I don't know if I am a dream guest, but I am insatiable in one day. Don't lean against the fence alone, it is infinite, and it is easier to see when you are away.
Running water is gone, and spring is gone. When is the autumn moon in Chris Lee, Yu Meiren, and how many people know its past?
The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them.
Ask how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward. When I met Huan, I thanked Chunhong and left in a hurry, but the cold rain came early and the wind rose late.
If you are heavy, you will grow up and hate water. I met Yu without saying a word and went to the west wing alone. The moon was like a hook, and the lonely phoenix tree locked the deep courtyard in the clear autumn.
Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, in order to leave sorrow, the in the mind has a special taste. Yulin Ridge is chilly, Changting is late, and the shower begins to rest.
Farewell outside Kyoto, but not in the mood to drink, reluctant to leave, the people on board have been urging to start. Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it.
Thinking about thinking, thousands of miles of smoke, dusk, chutiankuo. Affectionate since ancient times, parting hurts the body, more comparable to the cold autumn festival! Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Fear is just the edge, facing the sad morning wind and the setting sun of the waning moon.
This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. Even if there are thousands of customs offices in Qian Qian, who should I talk to? It not only absorbed nutrients from the Book of Songs, Songs of the South and the poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, but also provided nutrients for the later dramas and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
To this day, she is still edifying people's sentiments and bringing people high artistic enjoyment. In the early days, Ci was very popular in shops and restaurants, and it was a popular art form. Flower picking in the Five Dynasties clearly showed the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent of Ci, but the theme of Ci in this period was limited to describing women's feelings, singing and drinking, etc., which can be said to be very stingy.
Although artistic achievements have reached a considerable level, the level of ideological connotation is not enough. Ci in the early Song Dynasty also followed this style from the beginning, pursuing gorgeous rhetoric and delicate emotional description.
For example, Liu Yong, who once offended Emperor Renzong by writing "Enduring a superficial singing", was unhappy and spent his whole life wandering between karaoke bars and brothels, writing lyrics for geisha. The so-called "where there is well water to drink, you can sing Liu Ci."
Ci was regarded as a vulgar folk art at that time, so that Yan Shu in Song Dynasty refused to admit that he wrote it himself after he became prime minister. There were many prostitutes in Song Dynasty, whose level was rare in other dynasties. Together with the gifted scholars in the Song Dynasty, they promoted the widespread spread of Ci, a new art form, among the people.
However, with the development of Ci in Song Dynasty.
4. Common sense of literature: writing
Ci is the mainstream of literature in Song Dynasty.
The form of ci appeared in the Tang and Five Dynasties, but it matured in the Song Dynasty. The original feature of words is that they can be sung with poems and tunes.
Each word has a title called "epigraph", and the lyrics written according to the title are called "Eternal Sound". Song Ci also has the titles of Qu, Zaqu, Quzi Ci, Yuefu, Qinqu, Music Movement, Long and Short Sentences, etc.
Because of the different rhythms, it is divided into sequence, introduction, approach and slowness. Ling is still a small ling, and the slow word is also a long tune.
Word segmentation is called segmentation. In addition to monotonicity, words are generally divided into two blocks, and slow words are also divided into three or four blocks. Many literati in Song Dynasty liked to write lyrics, which played an important role in promoting the development of lyrics.
The writers, works and quality of Ci in the Song Dynasty are far ahead of their predecessors, becoming another influential literary genre after Tang poetry. The words of later generations are generally not sung and basically become a literary form.
Ci can basically be divided into two categories: graceful and unrestrained. Representative of graceful and restrained school: Li Yu. Yan Shu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan, Wu Wenying, Li Qingzhao, Nalan Xingde, Yan, Jiang Kui, etc.
Representatives of the uninhibited school: Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, Lu You, etc.