Five-character poetry is a genre of China's traditional poetry, which belongs to the category of modern poetry. This poetic style originated in the period of Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasties, and its prototype is Shen Yue's new poetic style which pays attention to rhythm and antithesis. In the early Tang Dynasty, it was basically shaped by Shen Quanqi and Song Dynasty, and matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The whole article consists of eight sentences, each with five words. There are two basic forms: ascending and descending, and the two couplets in the middle must be couplets. Representative works include Li Bai's Farewell to Friends, Du Fu's Spring Hope, Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, and Xin Mao's ci of visiting the Second Palace.
Genre evolution
Five-character rhythmic poetry, referred to as five laws for short, is a kind of rhythmic poetry. Five-character and eight-sentence poems that conform to the standard of metrical poems are five-character metrical poems and belong to the category of modern poems.
Five-character rhyme inherits the basic characteristics of five syllables per sentence, two sentences in a whole article and even number of sentences, and at the same time adds the rules of duality and levelness; And these rules are borrowed from parallel prose; Parallel prose came into being from Chu Ci to Han Fu; Therefore, in the final analysis, the five laws are the product of the grafting of the five ancient times.
There are three types of physical metrical poems in Qi and Liang Dynasties: comparison (referring to the metrical form in which all poems are not adhered to each other), adhesion (referring to the metrical form in which all poems are adhered to each other) and mixed rhythm (referring to the metrical form in which all poems are adhered to each other), but comparison is the main one, which is far from perfect modern poetry. Among them, from the middle and late Liang Dynasty to Chen, there are some works by Yin Keng, Yu Xin, Xu Ling and others. It is very close to the regular poems of the Tang Dynasty. Su Yang, Lu Sidao, Xue Daoheng and others in the Sui Dynasty, combined with the gorgeous ci works in the Southern Dynasty and the fresh and vigorous atmosphere in the northern region, created some beautiful and healthy poems, which pointed out the direction for the development of poetry in the transitional period.
Since the early Tang Dynasty, the phenomenon of semi-ancient and semi-rhythmic poetry in the process of legalization of poetry has been improved by the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty, and their five-character poems have been sharply reduced. At the same time, some modern poems failed to coordinate the rhythm, leaving more traces of the transitional stage. The following article, four friends (Du, Li Qiao, Cui Rong, Su Weidao), Shen Quanqi, Song, etc. The preliminary achievements and practical achievements of the four outstanding poets in bringing order out of chaos since the early Tang Dynasty have shown a trend of further consolidation and promotion. It can be said that at the end of the early Tang Dynasty, the antithetical works of the Five Laws had disappeared, thus completely bidding farewell to the antithetical structure of the Yongming style; The conformist works also showed a sharp decline trend, while the conformist works increased greatly and occupied a dominant position, which showed that the poets in the early Tang Dynasty had found the goal of pursuing temperament and made great achievements: the five laws of conformism were determined. In particular, poets such as Shen Quanqi and Song summarized the achievements of new-style poetry since the Southern Dynasties, fixed a relatively mature form, and finally completed the task of "avoiding pronunciation and keeping sentences accurate", which formalized the five methods in their creation. The Complete Tang Poetry contains nearly 200 poems by Song San and over 50 poems by Shen Quanqi in three volumes/kloc-0, most of which are metrical poems. Hu Yinglin in Ming Dynasty said in "Poetry": "Five-character law is a sign from Liang Chen. In the early Tang dynasty, the four sons were ashamed of each other, but sometimes they were clumsy, not as good as in the early Tang dynasty. The dragon returns and stands out from the crowd. "
Five-character rhythmic poetry was formed in the early Tang Dynasty and finally matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Du Fu's works can best represent the achievements of the Five Laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Hu Yinglin's Poem says, "Only the work of the Ministry of Industry is magnificent in weather and large in scale. When they come to mind, they are complicated, unreal and untraceable. There is only one person to repay through the ages. " The evaluation is extremely high. The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty contains more than 300 poems by Du Fu 19 1300, of which modern poems account for the vast majority. Among them, there are more than 0/00 five-law masterpieces such as Spring Watch, Moonlit Night, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Climbing Yueyang Tower, Going Abroad One Night, Jianghan, On the River, etc.
Li Bai's achievements in five laws are also very high. Li Bai's specialty has a natural charm in the Five Laws. Hu Yinglin's "Poetry" said: "Taibai's elegance is superior to others." It was later literati who robbed immortals, and the flow rate was easy. "This fully affirmed the achievements of Li Bai's Five Laws. Li Bai's five laws, like his Taoist ideological foundation, are very elegant and natural, such as Farewell to Friends, Night Sleeping in Niuzhu, Farewell to Friends at Jingmen Ferry, and Qiudeng Xuancheng Xie Tiao North Building. And there are no traces of embellishment and carving, they are all natural. It is difficult to write well without comprehensive knowledge and talent.
Besides Du Li, Wang Wei's five laws are the best. The Complete Tang Poetry contains more than 380 poems by Wang Wei in four volumes, of which the most important is the Five Rhythms. Wang Wei's ideological foundation is mainly Buddhism, and his poems are also full of Buddhist "Zen" artistic conception. His five famous methods include Mountain Living in Autumn Night, Going to Frontier, Letter from My Cabin in Wangchuan to Pei Di, Returning to Wangchuan, Sitting Alone in Autumn Night, Looking at Jianghan and so on.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there are numerous famous works of the Five Laws, such as Meng Haoran's Offering Prime Minister Zhang in Dongting Lake, Passing the Old People's Village, Watching the Boat, Chang Jian's Zen after Breaking the Mountain Temple, and Berthing at the North Fort Mountain.
Liu Changqing and Wei Zhong's five-character poems in Tang Dynasty are slightly better, and there are occasional masterpieces such as Ten Talents in Dali. In the period of Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, the Five Laws saw ZTE again.
In the late Tang Dynasty, the realm of Li Shangyin's five-character poems directly followed Du Fu, with a slight echo, and achieved above the middle Tang Dynasty. His famous works include Drinking at Night, Falling Flowers and Pei Mingfu's Residence. Besides Li Shangyin, Wen, Xu Hun and Ma Dai also have their own characteristics. Ruwen's "Good Morning Tour" is praised by later generations.
The highest achievement of Five-character Rhyme gradually declined after the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the middle Tang Dynasty, and almost no one mentioned it in the Five Dynasties. In Song Dynasty, modern poems are mostly seven words, but the achievements of five laws are not high, and there are not many excellent works, especially famous ones. Only Poor Shore by Mei, Miscellaneous Poems after the Chaos, Sending My Nephew to Cheung Chau after the Chaos by Wang Zao, Hunger Recommended by Gengzi, Dead Tree by Lin Jingxi, etc.
In Yuan Dynasty, Tang poetry was advocated, and the artistic achievement of five-character rhythmic poetry was higher than that of Song Dynasty. Famous poets and works include Wu Cheng's Sending Ice Clothes to Beijing, Hu Bingwen's Tomb of the King of Yue, Chen Shen's On the River, Wei Fu, Tongling Wusong Mountain Middle School, Cheng Yuanchang's Fu Linquan Min, Fu Ruojin's Night Walk in Jinling, and Taibuhua's Night Walk in Jinling, etc.