Lv Simian said: "The study of pre-Qin philosophers was not in the late Zhou Dynasty, but suddenly rose. It used to be thin and sluggish and stored for a long time. At this point, the situation has been encountered, but it is like a fleeting time, and many factions are contending; Like flowers, exotic flowers are in full bloom. Over time, the power of venting will be great and the impact on people will be profound. " (Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning, page 4)
According to Lu's summary, there are two reasons for the rise of hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period: First, Wang Guan was one of the holdouts, and the official was separated from the teacher, so "hundred schools of thought came from Wang Guan". Second, the disadvantages of self-help. In fact, the contention of a hundred schools of thought is the direct result of economic, social and political changes and the result of the inherent requirements of political and social changes. In short, it is the result of meeting the challenge. For example, Han Zhi said, "There are ten philosophers, but only nine are impressive. All this began with the decline of kingship, when the princes were in power and the world was public, they liked each other and disliked each other. It is based on the skills of nine families, and the bees come out and do it. Each of them leads one end, worships its goodness, and wins the princes by preaching. "
contention of a hundred schools of thought
Various schools of thought have sprung up.
Seven countries compete for hegemony, and the world is in chaos. All countries are trying to seek the strategy of enriching and strengthening their soldiers. The change of society makes culture go to the people. In the face of violent and turbulent society, lobbyists take saving the world as their own responsibility and put forward their own political opinions. They may lobby the country to pay tribute to the monarch; Or lecturers give lectures and write books; Or degenerate, expressing concern for the secular in a critical form; Or help the government defend the country to govern the world. Caused a hundred schools of thought to contend. In addition to Confucianism, there are Mohism, Taoism, Buddhism, Yin and Yang, and famous artists. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended mostly with the style of study of independent thinking, and never disagreed with others, thus realizing great ideological liberation. The so-called "hundred schools" is only a summary of many phenomena in the school at that time. Among many schools of thought, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism and Yin and Yang are the most important.
The theories of pre-Qin philosophers were discussed in some documents at that time. One is "Zhuangzi Tianxia" and the other is "Xunzi Fei Twelve Children"; As for the middle of the text, there are many places. Summative exposition first appeared in "Preface to Taishi" by Sima Tan, the "father of moving the capital". Liu Yizhi said: "Zhuangzi generally called hundred schools of thought (Yi Case: Tianxiapian has" those whose numbers are scattered in the world and located in China, hundred schools of thought's learning is sometimes praised "), but did not refer to a certain family's learning as a certain family; Han Sima Tan's "Six Classics" has the name of legalist, famous and Taoist. " Sima Tan's "Hundred Schools" with a total score of * * 100 before him were six schools (or six schools) of Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Fame, France and Germany. Feng Youlan thinks that Sima Tan was the first person who later tried to classify the "hundred schools". Since then, he has inherited the theory of Xin, benefited from vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture and novels, and went to novelists, also known as Nine Streams, collectively known as "Nine Streams and Ten Schools", and traced back to the source (benefit case: tracing back to the source with Xiang and Xin and his son as the main contributions, see the previous literary theory "All philosophers are from Wang Guan"). In fact, Lv Simian thinks that the three strategies of "numerology", "Ji Fang" and "Military Strategy" in Hanshu can also be called one of the pre-Qin philosophers, so it can be estimated that there are twelve schools, namely, the soldiers and the doctors, who benefit from it.
There are six "Zhuangzi Tianxia Articles": one is Mo Zhai and the other is Bird Slip; Second, Song Shuo and Yin Wen; Three Meng Peng, Tian Pian and Shen Dao; Yin Siguan and Lao Dan; Wuzhuangzhou; Hui Shi, Huan Tuan, Gong Sunlong.
There are six schools in Xunzi Fei Shi Er Zi: one is arrogance and Mou Wei; Second, Chen Zhong and Shi Qiu; Third, Mo Zhai and Song Shuo; 4. Shinto and Tianpian; 5. Hui Shi and Deng; Liu Zisi and Monk.
Laozi: The year of birth and death cannot be examined in detail. Lao Dan, if any, was born about 580 years ago. But there is no clear reason why Laozi and Laozi are involved.
Guanyin: At the same time as Laozi.
Confucius: Born in 55 1 year BC and died in 479 BC.
Sun Tzu (Sun Wu): About the same age as Confucius.
Mozi: Mo Zhai, the date of birth and death is unknown, probably in the early Warring States period, after Confucius.
Zi Zisi: A student of Confucius, contemporary with Mozi.
Yangzi: Yang Zhu. Because the records of different schools are different, it is extremely difficult to determine. It should be at the same time or later than Mozi, but before Mencius. Feng Youlan's A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy holds that some hermits, represented by Yang Zhu, are the first stage of Taoism, but Lao Tzu has no exams and should follow them, so Lao Tzu's theory can only be called the second stage of Taoism.
Chen Zhong: A disciple of Qi Mo Zhai.
Song Shuohe (hereinafter referred to as Song and Yin): The date of birth and death is unknown, which is roughly the same as or slightly earlier than Mencius. Born in the Yin family of Zhou Dynasty, or lived in Yan Zhu, he was in GongSunLong with Song Ming, Tian Pian. There are 18 articles recorded in Hanshu by Song Zi and one by Yin Wen Zi, both of which have been lost. Today, Yin Wenzi survives and Wei is divided into two parts, so Sui Zhi is divided into two volumes. It is a work that future generations rely on. At present, the important materials about Song and Yin are mind, white heart and internal strength in Guanzi, which are basically consistent with the records in Zhuangzi Tianxia, Xunzi, All Things Wrong and Lv Chunqiu. Song and Yin Zhixue,
Mencius: About 372-289 BC, about 100 years from Confucius.
Sun Tzu (Sun Bin): At the same time as Mencius.
Bird Slip: A native of Lu, contemporary with Mencius.
Zhuangzi: At the same time as Mencius.
Hui Shi: Born in about 370 BC, he died in 3 18 BC. He was once the prime minister of Wei and was the actual organizer of the alliance. At the same time as Zhuangzi, Zhuangzi died first. Often argue with Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi's theory of "the son is not me", that is, with Hui Shi. Zhuangzi said, "Hui Shi has many books and five cars, and his words are not correct." Hui Shi's ten propositions are scattered in the works of pre-Qin philosophers (mainly Zhuangzi Tianxia): 1. The smallest is nothing, called the small one. 2. Nothing is accumulated over a long period of time. 3. The heaven and the earth are humble and the mountains are flat. 4. If the Japanese call names (anti-pronunciation, squint, oblique), things will live but not die. 5. Similarity but small difference means small difference; Everything is the same but different, which is called the same. 6. The South is infinitely poor. 7. Today is better than the past. 8. Serial can be solved. 9. I know the center of the world, with swallows in the north and Yue in the south. 10. Universal love of all things, the integration of heaven and earth.
Mou Wei: Wei Gongzi, later in Zhuangzi, was contemporary with Gongsun Long (Qian Mu's The Year of the Department).
Gong Sunlong: Born in about 325 BC, he died in 3 15, slightly later than Hui Shi and about the same time as Zou Yan. Zizibing, a native of Zhao, once made a guest appearance. There are fourteen books recorded in Hanshu, six of which have been preserved to this day, and five are basically reliable. "Gong Sunlong argued with words, so it is inseparable and separated from the truth." ("Huainan Ziqi Su Xun")
Xia Ji scholars Chunyu Kun, Shen Dao, Yuan Huan, Jie Zi, Tian Pian and Zou Yuan: Biographies of Historical Records of Mencius and Xun Qing: Zi Yan, et al., followers of Chunyu Kun, Shen Dao, Jie Zi, Tian Pian and Li Yi, each wrote a book to deal with chaos and take charge of the world. Chunyu Kun, Qi people also. Learn with your heart, learn with your heart. His admonition said that he admired Yan Ying as a person, but devoted himself to observing color. The guests all saw Liang and Xu sitting around and saying goodbye alone, but they were speechless. Hui Wang rebuked the guest so that he could say, "My son is called Mr. Chun Yu, but he can't manage and judge. After seeing me, I didn't either." I said evil is not enough? Why? "This guest is called Qiu. Kun said, "Gu Ye. I have seen the king, and Wang Zhi is expelling him; When I saw the queen again, I lost my voice and said, "I am silent." The guest reported to the king with furniture. The king was frightened and said, "Mr. Chunyu is a saint! Before Mr. Chun Yu came, someone offered a good horse, but I didn't see it, so I let Mr. Hui come. When Mr. Hou comes, some people will present gifts, but Mr. Hou comes first and then tries. Although I screen people, I am selfish. "After seeing you in Chun Yu Kun, I walked tirelessly for three days and three nights. Wang Hui wants to respect it, but he is grateful for it. Therefore, I sent him an ambulance, silk and jade, and gold. Never be an official. Shen Dao is from Zhao. Tian Pian, Jie Zi, Qi Ren. Yuan Huan, a native of Chu. They all learn the moral skills of Huang Lao, because they invent something. So, Shen Dao wrote twelve chapters, and Yuan Huan wrote two chapters, covering the fields and the fruits. Scholars are all scholars, and they also write articles with the art of divination. So the king of Qi, Jia Zhi, exempted Chunyu Kun, and ordered doctors to go public, so as to make way for getting rich first and honor doctors. Looking at the princes and guests in the world, words can also communicate with the sages in the world.
Historical Records Tian Jiazhong: Seventy-six disciples, including Chunyu Kun, Tian Pian, Shen Dao and others, all won the first prize and died for being a doctor. As a result, Miracle's bachelor's degree was restored, with hundreds of people. "Historical Records" said that the following scholars were headed by Zou Yan (there were three Zou Zi in Qi, Zou Ji was the first, and Mencius was the first; Then Zou Yan, then Mencius; Then Zou Xuan), "Talk about Evolution and Carving Dragons". Tian Pian, Shen Dao and Meng Peng often talk, saying that "Qitian Pian is easy to talk about, so Qi people call it Tiankou Pian" (citing "Qilve" in textual research), which is a Taoist saying. Shen Dao, in this case, belongs to the criminal name. Xia Ji School has inherited most of the thoughts of Taoism, Confucianism and Mohism, and is different from other schools and has its own characteristics.
Most irregular
Although the era of a hundred schools of thought contended was one of frequent wars in the history of China, it was the freest, most open and most incredible era in the history of China. Especially for academic development and the dissemination of ideas, it is indeed a golden age. During this period, the most far-reaching ideological and academic school in the history of China was born. In the later dynasties, it is almost impossible not to be influenced by the thought of a hundred schools of thought contending in this period. Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, Militarism, Yin and Yang, Militarism, Farmhouse and so on all have an influence on later generations. There are so many ideas in this period that we can't surpass them. Imagine, after them, are there any greater educators, thinkers, philosophers and military theorists than them?
It can be said with certainty that if there were no schools of thought contending at that time, China's later thought and culture would not be colorful.