Chen is a famous poet at the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. His poetry creation can be divided into two periods: before and after the invasion of the Central Plains by Jin Bing. The early poetic style was lively, with few allusions, and the poem Mo Mei was appreciated by Huizong. After moving to the south, he experienced similar experiences with Du Fu during the An Shi Rebellion and switched to Du Fu. Different from Jiangxi poets, he only started with words, but integrated his own experience with the fate of the country, with a wide range of themes and a sense of sadness, and became one of the most successful poets in the Song Dynasty to study Du Fu.
Chen had contacts with him, but his "Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society" was not listed. Some people in Song Dynasty said that he worshipped Chen Shidao, but most people thought that he was closer to Du Fu. In Yuan Dynasty, Fang Hui called Du Fu the "ancestor" of Jiangxi School, and was also called "three schools" with Huang Tingjian, Chen. Chen is not from Jiangxi, and his poems are tempered. Although it is similar to Chen Shidao, it emphasizes artistic conception and is good at painting, which is quite different from Huang Tingjian's skillful use of allusions and should not be included in Jiangxi Poetry School.
Chen's poems are the closest to Du Fu's. For example, one of the stories of climbing Yueyang Tower, The Book of Baqiu, Re-climbing Yueyang Tower with Love and Poetry, Beyond the Night and so on. , magnificent, emotional. Five-character poems, such as Rain and Except Night, are well carved and clear. Five-character ancient poems are similar to those of Xie Lingyun and Liu Zongyuan. For example, the scenery written in the middle of "Summer Collection on a True Pool" reads: "Fish swim underwater, while birds stay in the forest. Speaking of the Yu Ri Pavilion in the afternoon, the shadows of trees are all in a moment. ... microwaves like to shock people, so just wait. " Careful observation makes language work. Seven-character quatrains focus on interest, and their styles are elegant and graceful, such as Zhang Guichen's Five Musts of Mo Mei, Two Poems on Spring Day and Two Poems on Zhongmou Road. , are usually very innovative and intriguing.
Chen is also good at writing poems. In Linjiang Fairy, famous sentences such as "In the thin shadow of apricot flowers, the flute sounds until dawn" and "After the peach blossoms bloom, I am in a hurry" are all told by people, and Hu Zai, Huang□ and others also speak highly of him. Generally speaking, his poems are elegant and beautiful.
One episode of Chen Yu was originally edited by his student Zhou Kui, with a volume of *** 10, which was long lost. In the first year (1 190), Hu □ annotated 30 volumes of "Poems on Zhai" (attached with "Five Bamboo Poems" 1 volume), and made four copies accordingly, and published Yuan Edition of "Poems on Zhai". 1982 "Chen Ji" published by Zhonghua Book Company is the blueprint.
Chen was smart and studious since he was a child. He was able to write poems and was respected by his peers. The book "History of Song Dynasty" said that he was "gifted, literate since childhood, famous in the world, rich for generations, and did not dare to compete with him". For three years (1 1 13), Hui Zongzheng worked as a professor in Kaide House (now Puyang, Henan), moved to Dr. imperial academy, and was promoted to Fu Baolang, who was in charge of the Emperor's Babel and the National Jeff. He was soon demoted as the wine tax supervisor in Chenliu County (now Qixian County, Henan Province).
In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), in April, the nomads from Jin attacked Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Chen went to Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Chen is an old minister. Knowing his loyalty, Emperor Gaozong appointed him Assistant Minister of Rites. Soon, I got a bachelor's degree from Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang) in Huizhou Pavilion. Call for something, participate in discussing political affairs, copy and distribute chapters, and check violations when consultants respond. He also promoted Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province) peace concept with Xianmoge straight bachelor, and turned it into China calligraphy straight bachelor school. In November of the sixth year of Shaoxing (1 136), he obtained a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. In the first month of seven years, he taught political affairs (deputy prime minister), only the teacher assisted the court with morality, and respected the Lord and made great efforts to govern.
Chen is heavy-hearted, unsmiling and modest. There are many officials he recommended for promotion, and he never revealed to outsiders, nor confessed to those who were recommended for promotion, let alone made any demands. So he has a high prestige in the literati class. Courtiers are more willing to confide in him or ask for correction. At that time, Prime Minister Zhao Ding said in the court: "Many people say that the Central Plains has the potential to make money, so it is appropriate to join the army, so as not to blame him for missing the opportunity today." Gao Zong said: "To this day, Zi Gong, Empress Dowager and Sheng Yuan have not been returned. If you don't make peace with Jin, there is no return. " What the Prime Minister means is that most people advocate returning to Bianjing and recovering the Central Plains. If not, I'm afraid they will be investigated and lose their chance in the future. Emperor Gaozong, on the other hand, believed that the second emperor, together with the Empress Dowager, concubines and ladies-in-waiting, was captured by the Jin people, so it would be difficult to go back without consultation. Hearing this, Chen agreed to the Prime Minister's use of force and opposed the emperor's suggestion. He said diplomatically: "if peace is reached, it will be wise to use the army;" If nothing happens, it is inevitable to use soldiers. " Gaozong said, "Of course." Theoretically speaking, Chen's words are right, but in fact, he is willing to favor Jiang Zuo in order to survive. Chen was disappointed to see that he had no intention of recovering the Central Plains. He resigned on the pretext that he was ill. The imperial court studied Huzhou with a bachelor's degree (awarded the title of Prime Minister) and was promoted to Dong Xiao Palace in Lin 'an (now southwest of Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, and whoever came here with the minister of slaughter in the Song Dynasty was awarded the title of Dong Xiao Palace). Shaoxing eight years (1 138), died in November, aged 49.
Yu Yi's main contribution in his life was in poetry. When he was young, his poems were well written. The Book of Song Dynasty says that his poems are "vivid and clear, holding high and horizontal, between Tao (Yuanming), Xie (Lingyun, Cyst), Wei () and Liu (Yong)". He once wrote a poem "Mo Mei", which was rewarded by Song Huizong, so he was taken seriously. He specializes in Du Fu and is a representative writer in the later period of Jiangxi Poetry School. He studied Du Fu, but he didn't stick to Du Fu. He learned from the works of sages and was good at change. He also highly praised Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao, but he did not stick to the rules, but he was able to integrate the strengths of various schools and create his own style. The language of his works is simple, the syllables are loud, the images are rich, the quotations are few, the works are lively, and the spoken language is slightly dull. Therefore, no matter from the ideological content or artistic skills, it has made greater achievements than other Jiangxi poets, and it is worthy of being a reformer in Jiangxi poetry circles.
Early poetry
Chen's early poems mostly express personal life interest and are far away from the real society. For example, Xiang Zhong is about a boat trip in spring, which shows lingering scenery and indifference to reality, but the words are bright and sincere. During this period, he wrote many such poems. After Nandu, the country was devastated and displaced, especially after Liu Chen went to Lin 'an for more than three years. A scholar has neither sufficient expenses nor other people to take care of him, and his hardships can be imagined. However, this long journey has played a great role in his ideological changes. Along the way, he has widely contacted all walks of life in the real society, which has aroused his patriotism and consciousness of love and hate. This is a leap in his thoughts and a watershed in his poetry creation. His poetic style changed from personal life interest to melancholy and tragic, and he hated the invasion of the southern nomads, but he was helpless in the imperial court, worried about his home country and lamented the current situation. Such as "Wounded Spring", "Posting" and "Two Rhymes" all belong to this kind of works.
"Wounded Spring" is about "the difficulty of Jingkang", the invasion of Jin Bing, Gao Zongnan's flight, personal vagrancy, powerful rape and wrong country. "There is no way to calm down in the temple and sit and let the spring light shine late." Write that there is no one in the country, and courtiers eat their salaries for nothing. "At the beginning, I heard the horse and looked at the dragon in the sea. The lonely minister frost sent three thousands of feet, and the fireworks weighed ten thousand every year. " Write that the emperor fled and fought alone. "Changsha extends to the map, and I am a little happy that tired soldiers dare to commit dog and sheep peaks." Write a picture (word extension) to resist the nomads from Changsha. The whole poem satirizes the imperial court with humor and acrimony, especially the contrast between the emperor and the solitary minister, which forms a sharp contrast and has a strong whipping power. All this stems from the condemnation of the "temple", the hatred of the minister who made mistakes in the country, the anxiety of the country and the hope of national rejuvenation in the future.
At the beginning of "Journey to Juyi", I wrote: "You can know happiness in troubled times, and you can feel the Central Plains more when you live in righteousness." This is a cry of loving peace and opposing war. Among them, he wrote: "There are many anti-strong men's mourning in the world, and the war is unresolved." That is to say, since the nomads from the invasion, the emperor has bent his knees, committed adultery and flattery, and tried his best to make peace, while people with lofty ideals only feel cold and sad. I wanted to wait for an opportunity to win the central plains, but those in power are keen on peaceful coexistence, so I'm afraid there is no hope for us to wait until we die of old age. "God has no regrets and harms his grandson, and a gentleman is cautious about the classics." May the court change its course and make up its mind to recover its homeland, so that people of insight can come in handy and be loyal and filial to the country and the people; Otherwise, scholars who studied hard in the Spring and Autumn Period and generals who had both knowledge and courage were useless. Still advise the Lord to summon up courage and have a glimmer of hope for recovery.
Yin Qianqing's Second Rhyme is a work of Jian Yan period, which was released by Assistant Minister of Ritual at that time. Nomads from the Huaihe River, approaching the Yangtze River, Lin 'an is also in danger. As an emissary, Chen has no right to participate in state affairs and can only express his wishes. The whole poem is not long, and the record is as follows:
Hu Er looked around at Huai Chun again and lamented that he was still a state-owned person.
Can make Yu Zhou Cuihua, who holds bai ling?
Five years of endless things, Wan Li Jianghu.
* * * says Jinling is a dragon and tiger, but I am gone.
The country is in danger, the emperor is covered with dust, the mountains and rivers are broken, and the country is not guaranteed. Who will be "calm"? Only "Jinling Dragon and Tiger Spirit", no one can change the humiliating status quo. Chen said he was "lost", but he was sober. Only sober people will say lost words to beat the bad king and make themselves confused. The implication is to urge the imperial court to dispatch troops and organize troops to recover lost ground in order to get rid of the shame of Jingkang.
The poet also wrote many works that miss his hometown of Luoyang, such as Young Mermaid (peach blossoms in full bloom under the pavilion, long and short sentences sung). "Luoyang has an east wind, and peach blossoms may not be as red as they used to be." "Linjiang Xianzi" (going to the kiosk at night and reminiscing about the past) "Recalling drinking on the bridge at noon yesterday, sitting on many people. ..... more than 20 years like a dream, although this body is shocked. " "Young Beauty" wrote that although it is spring ("east wind"), the peach blossoms in Luoyang may not bloom as brightly as in previous years. The reason is that even the flowers were trampled by the war, which cast a shadow of shame on Luoyang. "Linjiang Fairy" was written in Wuqiao, Luoyang to meet and drink, and all the students and teenagers present were heroes. At that time, Chen was only in his twenties, and he was the top scholar (a 24-year-old Jinshi and a Jinshi). More than 20 years have passed, like a nightmare. Although I am still alive, I am really worried day and night. The reason is the corruption of Korean platform and the social unrest caused by war. Another example is "Going home far" in the Guide to Driving by Law. "I don't understand the local accent, but I'm afraid people will think of me" in Dianjiang Lip (Ziyang Cold Food). In "Magnolia Slow", "Returning to the north is not old, happy as ever, with a southern crown". Wait, it's all nostalgia for my hometown. It's a long way home. There must be weeds. I can't find it. I can't get it if I want to return it. Even if I go back, what will my parents think of me because I have been away from home for a long time? I'm not too old (I was only 49 when I died), and I still love northern clothes, but now I'm wearing southern clothes. Reading between the lines, these poems all show nostalgia for their hometown, and anyone who wanders to other places will have a * * * sound after reading them.
Chen has many poems about the country and the people. These poems are often meaningful, beautiful in language and vivid in image, and are mostly written for physical objects and patriotic nostalgia. For example:
Outside, the son-in-law has not stopped crying, and the mountain village dreams all night.
There are no soldiers and horses in the old country, and there is still a period of sorrow when returning.
-"Send people back to the capital"
There are songbirds on the trees in Chaolai Pavilion, and red and green help spring to go to the distant forest.
Suddenly there are good poems, and the arrangement syntax is hard to find.
-One of Two Songs in Spring
These poems are often full of feelings, with feelings of sadness, irony and sustenance. They belong to fresh and beautiful works and express strong dissatisfaction with reality. The language is simple but not plain, and the word formation is exquisite but not rough, which beautifully expresses the author's deep meaning. The Summary of Sikuquanshu once commented on him: "Chen is the most outstanding poet, but his Excellence is not his structure. As for the exile in Hunan, after the Bianjing Bandang, it was often more than the ancients, because it was sensitive to the times, generous and rewarding, and entrusted with far-reaching intentions. " He is indeed one of the great masterpieces of this generation. Chen Yuan was a member of Jiangxi Poetry School, but he later saw that Jiangxi Poetry School was weak, lofty and isolated from the world. Although I studied Du Fu, it was quite effective. However, because he didn't approach the people as widely and deeply as Du Fu did, and he didn't have Du Fu's honest and positive ideological character and sober and keen realistic social vision, there were not many patriotic poems and poems that Chen shouted to share his worries for the country and hated unjust reality, and his poetic tentacles were not as deep and broad as Du Fu's, lacking the spirit of active efforts and sacrifice for the country.
Linjiangxian
I remember drinking on the bridge at noon yesterday, and most of the people sitting inside were Hao Ying.
Long ditch Ryutsuki was silent.
In the thin shadow of apricot flowers, I played the flute until dawn.
It has been like a dream for more than twenty years, although I am shocked.
Go to the pavilion to see the new sunshine.
How many things in ancient and modern times, fishermen sing the third.
Climb Yueyang Tower (1)
Dongting East Jiangxi, the curtain is quiet and the sunset is late.
Deng Wu and Shu divided the land horizontally and migrated the lakes and mountains to dusk.
Wan Li road is still long, but it is more difficult than three years.
In the ancient wind and frost, the old wood is infinitely sad.
The first couplet "Dongting Dongjiang River is in the west, but the curtain is quiet and the sunset glow" vividly illustrates the geographical position of Yueyang Tower, and depicts a quiet and desolate sunset into the mountains from far and near "the curtain is quiet and the sunset glow" and from "the curtain is quiet" to "the sunset glow". Faced with such a landscape,
The couplet "Going to Wu to Divide Land" introduces Yueyang Tower from a historical perspective. This sentence imitates the majestic artistic conception of "Southeast Wu Chu" in Du Fu's poems and reminds people of the war-torn Three Kingdoms era. How can we not let people "migrate" between mountains and rivers? In such a beautiful Yueyang Tower, the poet simply can't appreciate the mountains and rivers, so he can only "migrate".
The necklace was born out of Du Fu's "a frequent visitor in the autumn of Wanli, who has been worried with me for a hundred years and climbed this high alone", but it is not mechanically copied. "Wan Li" and "Three Years" explain the poet's long journey and specific time of escape, and appropriately express his wandering life away from home.
The scene of couplets is very harmonious. "Wind and frost" not only refers to the thick autumn colors, but also sets off one's own "bald head", implying the seriousness of the political situation at that time. "Old and pale" refers not only to the real scene in front of us, but also to the author's haggard, sad and weather-beaten self-portrayal. This desolate charm is just like "endless falling flowers and rain" and "frost temples for good and bad" in Du Fu's poems. The same is true of the country.