It has great significance and far-reaching influence on the trend and evolution of western aesthetics in the twentieth century.
First, aesthetic judgment and the turn of western aesthetics in the twentieth century. Western beauty before Kant
There are two camps in learning, either firmly believing that beauty is the root of aesthetic feeling or emphasizing that aesthetic feeling determines beauty. Kant borrowed
It is helpful for the transcendental synthesis method to put forward the view that aesthetic judgment is the same origin of beauty and aesthetic feeling.
The understanding of beauty and aesthetic feeling is based on people's subjective ability, which realizes the humanistic displacement. but
This great change in aesthetic thought directly influenced the turn of western aesthetics in the 20th century. this
It is manifested in three aspects: (1) Western aesthetics in the 20th century criticized Hegel's objective subjectivity.
Righteousness, inherit Kant's humanism and establish their own aesthetic system. Croce and Coe
Linwood takes Kant as his theoretical pioneer and regards subject emotion, imagination and intuition as production.
The root of beauty and aesthetic feeling has established the full publicity of modernist art in the twentieth century.
Expressionism aesthetics with great influence. Husserl and Mikel Dufrenne learned from Kant's Transcendentalism.
Methodology has been inspired, creating the beauty of research and thinking in pursuit of noumenon and thinking essence.
Phenomenological method of feeling. On the other hand, Heidegger linked phenomenological method with Kant's transcendental method.
Degree of synthesis, the establishment of existential aesthetic research methods. In Sartre, Camus, Jaspers
With the joint efforts of others, the 20th century aesthetics has existed for 40 years.
Aesthetic thoughts of justice. (2) The integrity of aesthetic humanism in the 20th century under the influence of Kant.
The tendency is irrationalism. Irrationalism was born in western aesthetics in the twentieth century.
Kant's humanistic displacement different from Kant's. Kant regards the root of beauty and aesthetic feeling as judgment.
Beauty judgment and the externalization of judgment are an empirical phenomenon, and its essence is human freedom. oneself
Beyond perception is the transcendence of beauty as a free form.
However, humanistic aesthetics in the twentieth century tried to understand and explain this subtle beauty, because
We can only grasp the noumenon of beauty from the aspects of will, intuition, subconscious and existence, and form it.
The irrational nature of aesthetics is discussed. Irrationalism actually shows western humanism in the twentieth century.
Yi aesthetics has a unique aesthetic view and aesthetic sense, and focuses on the realistic relationship between beauty and people.
It has certain positive significance in the history of aesthetics. (3) Actively explore and expand with humanistic aesthetics.
Kant's aesthetic thoughts are different, and the orientation of western analytical aesthetics in the twentieth century is Kant's analysis.
The transcendental analysis method used in the relationship between beauty and aesthetic feeling extends in the opposite direction of semantic analysis.
Analytical aesthetics holds that beauty and aesthetic feeling should be self-sufficient if they are meaningful.
The entity of the foot. In fact, beauty and aesthetic feeling are not entities, so there is no meaning of existence.
Justice, beauty and aesthetic feeling are just metaphysical fictions. Wittgenstein, the father of analytical aesthetics, insisted that
The basic belief of "meaning is usage" holds that aesthetic activities are produced by the interaction between subject and object.
Complex dynamic activities, the whole activity is determined by the aesthetic ability of the subject. Thanks to god
The aesthetic ability of the body is different, and the specific beauty and aesthetic feeling are not unified but just similar, just like
There is no consistency between various games, only similarity. It can be seen that analytical aesthetics puts Kant's
Transcendental analysis method is applied to the extreme in the direction of semantic analysis, which completely denies beauty and aesthetic feeling.
Relationship. Although this is extreme, it is because art has become the protagonist of contemporary aesthetics.
Routine and artistry have removed many theoretical and methodological obstacles.
Secondly, the aesthetic process and tendency of western aesthetics in the 20th century. Kant believes that aesthetics
The reality of judgment is externalized as an aesthetic process. The aesthetic process has neither utility nor concept, only nothingness.
Purpose fits purpose. In the aesthetic process, beauty and aesthetic feeling correspond to each other, and * * * exists alive. suffer
Under the influence of this aesthetic thought, western aesthetics in the 20th century showed an obvious aesthetic tendency.
The tendency of aestheticism is particularly prominent in expressionist aesthetics. Expressionism aesthetics holds that,
Art is not a utilitarian activity. True intuition and performance never pursue perceptual happiness and utilitarian purposes.
Art is not a moral activity, and intuition has nothing to do with the practice of the subject. Therefore, expressionism
Completely inherited Kant's interpretation of aesthetic process, but moved this theory to literary theory.
Theoretically, it is used to explain artistic problems. The Kantian interpretation of art by expressionism is artistic.
Independence and self-sufficiency provide a theoretical basis. Western modern art is largely on the table.
Developed under the guidance, care and encouragement of modernism. Expressionism in art, the master of the future
Schools such as righteousness, cubism and activism can be regarded as different at different levels and angles.
Methods of explaining and confirming expressionist aesthetics. In this sense, Kant
It brought the initial theoretical fire to modernist art.
Third, pay attention to art and the reconstruction of western aesthetics in the twentieth century. Kant talked about human freedom and trial.
Based on aesthetic judgment, this paper makes an in-depth study of art and defines art as human freedom and rights.
Confirmation of aesthetic ability. It can be said that making art the first basic theoretical direction of aesthetics.
The person in the research field is Kant. This practice influenced Hegel and Marx, and several times.
Almost influenced the western aesthetics in the whole twentieth century. Western aesthetics moved from metaphysics to metaphysics in the 20th century.
One of the characteristics of the world is to pay attention to realistic artistic problems. Many contemporary influential beauties.
All academic thoughts establish a theoretical system for the mainland with artistic research. Aesthetics of life intuition,
Naturalism aesthetics and expressionism aesthetics revolve around the relationship between artistic creation and artistic works.
Art research is established under the construction of concepts such as intuition, imagination, emotion and happiness.
Their respective theoretical systems. Both psychoanalytic aesthetics and anthropological aesthetics are based on the understanding of artistic motivation.
Established a theoretical framework with the nature of art psychology and art history. Formalism aesthetics,
Analytical aesthetics, structuralism aesthetics and deconstruction aesthetics are all studying the meaning composition of art.
Completed the theoretical construction. Phenomenological aesthetics, existential aesthetics and western Marxist aesthetics.
Pay more attention to the function of art and take the social value of art as the construction of aesthetic theory.
Core. Interpretation aesthetics and reception aesthetics provide the world with a way to explain the value of artistic works.
This method has established its own theoretical authority. In a word, because Kant critically explained art,
Make art the center of western aesthetics in the twentieth century, and beauty will move towards daily life and artistry.
Realism, experience, aesthetics and art have become indispensable parts of contemporary human humanistic spirit.
Less support.
George William Friedrich Hegel, a famous objective idealist philosopher, aesthetician and dialectics, was born in Stuttgart, Germany. After graduating from Hegel University, I worked as a tutor in Switzerland and Frankfurt for many years, and as a lecturer in Jena University for 180 1 year. During this period, he co-authored the magazine Philosophy Review. He used to be a newspaper editor, principal of Nuremberg Middle School and professor of Heidelberg University. 18 18 was hired as professor and president of philosophy department of Berlin university. Hegel's works are numerous, including Phenomenology of Spirit, Logic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Principles of Philosophy of Right. After his death, he published Philosophy of History, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion and Aesthetics. His aesthetic theory is mainly found in Aesthetics, which is an "aesthetic lecture" he gave during his stay in Heidelberg University and Berlin University, and was compiled and published by his students.
Hegel's philosophical system was established on the basis of criticizing Kant's agnosticism. His objective idealism inherited Plato's theory of "idea", and its core is that idea develops everything. It is divided into three parts: one is logic, the other is natural philosophy, and the third is spiritual philosophy. He classified aesthetics, history, religion and law as spiritual philosophy. This is the position of his aesthetics in his philosophical system.
His aesthetics is based on objective idealism and dialectics. If Kant is the founder of German classical idealism aesthetics, then Hegel is the master of this aesthetics. His greatest achievement is the comprehensive application of dialectics to aesthetics, but his dialectics is limited to spiritual dialectics, not natural dialectics. He said that the purpose of his study of aesthetics "is not to stimulate artistic creation, but to scientifically understand what art is". He believes that absolute spirit (that is, idea) knows itself intuitively in art, visually in religion and conceptually in philosophy. His aesthetics is divided into three parts: first, the aesthetic principle, second, the history of artistic development, and third, the artistic type, which makes aesthetics a complete and systematic historical science.
The core content of Hegel's aesthetic thought is "Beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas". Idea is an absolute spirit and a concept. Also known as "God", "Almighty" and "Implication", it actually refers to the ideological content of art, with infinite thoughts and limited artistic images. Art is to show infinite universal truth in the perceptual image of limited things, and to achieve the harmonious unity of universality and particularity, generality and individuality, objectivity and subjectivity, and rationality and sensibility. He pointed out that artistic creation is to inject ideological content into life, externalize one's thoughts and feelings into works, become one's own opposite (works), and know oneself from the opposite. He pointed out that artistic beauty is higher than natural beauty, and artistic beauty is the combination of nature and ideal. "Nature" refers to social reality, and "ideal" refers to the thought embodied in the image. Therefore, he proposed that there should be ideals first, and then find nature to embody them, which is called idealism; If we see an ideal from nature and produce an ideal from nature, it is called realism. He asked to turn ordinary subjects into extraordinary subjects. It requires shaping a typical figure, showing universal significance in this typical figure, and realizing the dialectical unity of the individual and the whole. He believes that there are three factors that determine personality: one is "world situation", that is, social background; The second is the "situation", that is, the specific environment; The third is "passion", that is, the ideals, attitudes and feelings of the characters. Personality is produced and expressed in the conflict between situation and passion, which requires shaping a typical personality in a typical environment, so that personality has three characteristics: richness, distinctiveness and consistency. For an artist, he needs imagination, genius and inspiration, as well as unique style and originality.
He divided the development of art into three periods: the oldest is symbolic art, which symbolizes ideas with symbols, and "material factors exceed spiritual factors", followed by classical art, such as sculptures and statues in ancient Greece, which achieved the unity of spiritual and material factors; The third stage is romantic art, which refers to western modern art, which is different from romanticism, but the spiritual factor exceeds the material factor. It is believed that romanticism will be destroyed if it develops to the extreme pursuit of ideals and passions, and finally art will give way to philosophy, so there will be no art for mankind. He believes that the development of art is the result of spiritual and material struggle.
He also distinguished the types of art according to the different functions of the concept of expression. It is considered that architecture is the lowest art and represents symbolic art; Sculpture goes further than architecture and represents classical art; Painting, music and poetry are all advanced arts, representing romantic art. He believes that poetry is the highest art, and poetry is the perceptual manifestation of real ideas. When he said poetry, he meant poems, novels and essays, which were called "beautiful literature". The opposite of "beautiful literature" is "hard literature", including science, philosophy and history. It's called prose. He distinguished poetry and prose from three aspects: cognitive method, thinking form and language application, that is, the difference between art and philosophy and science. He also divided poetry into three types: epic, lyric and dramatic poetry, and discussed their respective characteristics. He thinks that epic is objective, its style is cold, while lyricism is subjective and its style is hot. Only when the drama achieves the combination of subjective and objective, cold and hot, is the peak of poetry. Then he divided drama into tragedy, comedy and drama.
Hegel's aesthetic thought accords with realism. He refuted all kinds of formalism, decadence and pure art theory, and applied dialectics and historical viewpoint to the aesthetic field, which greatly broadened the aesthetic world. Based on his absolute spirit, later generations developed aesthetics.