Chloroplast: the outer membrane is double-layered, the basal particles are like cakes, the pigment is on the top, and the enzymes in the cyst are on the bottom.
Germ layer differentiation: the outer surface is attached to inspiration, the inner surface is free from breathing and pancreas and liver, and the others come from mesoderm.
The important period of metaphase mitosis: the equator is homogeneous, with clear shape and quantity.
Essential amino acids: one or two pigments are inherently weak.
Isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, valine.
Basic laws of living matter:
Water and inorganic salts, form determines function.
Sugar and lipid, the energy source of cells; Variety and function have also changed.
Nucleic acid protein, unit is the key.
Amino and carboxyl groups are dehydrated into peptide bonds; Five-carbon sugar phosphate base, * * * together form nucleotide.
Amino acid classification:
Asparagus Valley, Laijing Group, Styrene-acrylic cheese fragrance. Cross-strait poetry and books are half-shouldered, and dry cakes are limited.
【 Note 】 Asparagus and millet are acidic, while Lai, Jing and Zu are alkaline. Phenyl propyl, color and cheese have benzene rings. Silk, perilla, cysteine, egg, asparagine and glutamine are polar, while sweet, propyl, valerian, bright, bright and preserved are nonpolar.
Papaya, Chrysanthemum and Papaya (with connected milk tube)
Rhododendron walnut, Sang Lan plum grape (endophytic mycorrhiza)
1 Chapter 1 Memory of Cell Membrane in Cell Structure
Linear leaf pair (mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes)
Ruthless sugar (centrosome and ribosome without membrane structure)
2. Differentiation memory of easily mixed single-celled organisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes: Chlamydia (Chlamydia) Clam (Mycoplasma) Sperm (Bacteria) Blue (Cyanobacteria)
Eukaryote: A group of (Chlamydomonas) yeasts (bacteria) are moldy (bacteria).
Prokaryotes have unique organelles: prokaryotes have nuclei (ribosomes).
3, the role of mineral elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)
Eggs are (n) yellow (leaves turn yellow when nitrogen is lacking) and (p) showers (green) (meaning leaves are dark green when nitrogen is lacking).
(k) Hepatitis A (stem) (meaning that when potassium is deficient, stem is strong)
4. Identification of symptoms when various hormones are deficient or excessive in the growth and development of organisms.
First, symptoms of growth hormone deficiency or excess
A raw (auxin) pig (dwarfism) was dishonest and saw off its acromegaly (gigantism).
B, the role of two kinds of cells in insulin
A (a) Auntie is very tall-that is, insulin A cells produce glucagon.
5. The content and proposer of five-realm classification: Prokaryote (biological) original (biological) taste (Wittke) true (bacterial) beauty (beauty)-The five-realm classification proposed by Wittke in the United States and its contents include prokaryotes, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants.
6. Biological evolution
(1) There are four stages in human evolution: hardship (Australopithecus) ability (Homo erectus) ambition (wisdom-Homo sapiens).
(2) Humans found among Homo sapiens in the early and late stages of human evolution.
Maba Dingcun ate jujube (early Homo sapiens) mud (Neanderthals, referred to as Neanderthals).
There is a Cromanon bowl (Late Homo sapiens) (Neanderthals) in the cave.
7. Genetic diseases and various genetic diseases in eugenics.
Fairy (dominant inheritance) single (single gene) is not enough (rickets) to eat soft (achondroplasia) cake (syndactyly)
Albino (albino) Dragon (congenital deafness) Stupid (phenylketonuria))
Teenagers (diabetes) with anencephaly (children) have a lot of complaints about cleft lip (polygenic inheritance) (essential hypertension)
There are many things to learn and remember in the section of environmental protection.
Endemic species in China (giant panda, baiji dolphin, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, argyrophyllum argyrophyllum): extremely large mercuric chloride.
Ancient species: Laoguyang (alligator sinensis) hits Mulan (Liriodendron chinense).
Precious animals: Xiong Ni nurtures baiji, and Chinese alligator climbs ashore and gets lost (giant panda, giant salamander and baiji are mammals, while Chinese alligator is a reptile and gets lost-elk). It is important to remember that giant salamanders are amphibians, Xiong Ni is a famous swimmer, and people can swim, so as to remember amphibians, Chinese alligators are reptiles, and baiji dolphins are mammals. )
Rare plants: gold and silver fall, pigeons arch out the quilt (Pinus bungeana, Ginkgo biloba and Cryptomeria fortunei are gymnosperms, Davidia involucrata, also known as dove tree, is a kind of scorpion-tailed plants).
Extinct animals: Wild horses in rivers and lakes are extinct (Xinjiang tiger wild horses are extinct)
Plants that can absorb sulfur dioxide: June beauty drinks chrysanthemum, chews apricot and Sophora japonica (Cryptomeria fortunei, rose, canna, chrysanthemum, clove, ginkgo and Sophora japonica).
Plants that secrete antibiotics and have bactericidal function: orange lemons (Sabina vulgaris, black walnut, French phoenix tree, bell wood, orange and lemon) are hung in a round dark room.
In a relaxed and humorous atmosphere, middle school students quickly mastered some confusing knowledge. They no longer regard learning as a burden, but as a kind of happiness, so that they can remember quickly and deeply. Moreover, students have learned how to try to remember homophones while using them, and also exercised their innovative thinking.
(B) borrow poetry proverbs to help understand
Clever use of poetry proverbs in biology classroom teaching will deepen students' understanding of biological knowledge and improve their interest in biology. For example:
As you sow, you reap-this shows the heredity of living things.
A mother gives birth to nine children, and these nine children are different-which explains the variability of organisms (gene recombination)
Rooting-vegetative propagation
Unintentionally inserting willow into shade-vegetative reproduction
Stress and phototaxis of moths to fire
Two tigers are not allowed in one mountain-intraspecies struggle
The wolf has a winning game when the shepherds quarrel.
Eat small fish, big fish, shrimp, predation.
Struggle between snipe and mussel-interspecific struggle
In April, the world is full of beautiful scenery, and the peach blossoms in the mountain temple begin to bloom.
Oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei-the influence of temperature on biology.
Insufficient Spring Breeze —— Influence of Altitude on Biology
A single spark can start a prairie fire-indicating that grassland ecosystem is easily destroyed.
Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze-this shows that the grassland ecosystem is easy to recover.
Self-restraint —— Explain the relativity of adaptation
Once bitten, twice shy-conditioned reflex
Looking at plum to quench thirst-conditioned reflex
Flowers, not Fruits —— Effects of Mineral Elements on Biology
Characteristics of Cruciferae, Leguminosae and Compositae Plants in Plant Teaching;
Cruciferae, four strong stamens bear pods.
Butterfly corolla is a leguminous, dimorphic pod.
The flower head is compositae, and polyandry stamens have achenes.
The heart of birds and mammals:
The atrium is above and the ventricle is below.
Atrial vein (heart) ventricular connection (pulse),
Left ventricular systemic artery (pulse), right ventricular lung (artery),
Remember the staggered cycle.
Blood composition change song:
Heart arteries and veins remain unchanged, and organs should be exchanged.
Static (pulse blood) changes (pulse blood) flow through the lungs,
Other organs become static (pulse blood).
Four kinds of chlorophyll, the chromatographic order is: Hu Ye? A, B also. (carotene, lutein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b)
Bio-trace elements: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, green molybdenum and copper (iron enters new green barrels)
Essential amino acids: one borrowed (Valeriana officinalis) one (different) benzene blue (brilliant) color book (Su).
Mitosis:
Intermittent replication plus synthesis,
In the early days, there were two eliminations,
Mid-term queuing equatorial plate,
The rear end is opposite to the front panel wall. (Reverse: just the opposite of the previous period; Plate: a cell plate is formed at the position of the equatorial plate, and then a cell wall is formed)
About the formation of urine:
The tubule is curved and long, with a renal capsule at the end;
There is a glomerulus in the capsule, in which arterial blood flows;
Blood flows through this filter, resulting in the original urinary tubule;
Renal tubules are so greedy that useful substances are absorbed;
Waste salt and a small amount of water form urine and send it to the stomach;
The small belly is full of urethral secretions, and the internal environment is balanced and healthy.
Animal individual development
The inner layer has two glands and two layers of skin (liver, pancreas, respiratory tract and digestive tract epithelium)
Mesoderm and three systems (dermis, muscle, circulation, excretion and reproduction)
External sensory nervous system (sensory organs and nervous system)
There are also epidermal appendages (epidermis and accessory structures)
5、4、3、2、 1。
5 refers to five elements, namely c, h, o, n and p.
4 refers to four deoxynucleotides, namely adenine deoxynucleotide, guanine deoxynucleotide, cytosine deoxynucleotide and thymine deoxynucleotide.
3 refers to a deoxyribonucleic acid, which has three components: phosphoric acid, deoxyribose and n bases.
2 refers to two main chains formed by the polymerization of deoxyribonucleic acid.
1 DNA molecule is a polymer compound composed of the above components.
Characteristics of aging cells:
Cells contract and wrinkle,
Decreased enzyme efficiency leads to gray hair,
Pigment accumulation senile plaque,
Permeability change nuclear enlargement
Characteristics of plant cell mitosis in different stages;
Early stage: two solutions and two changes are showing great changes.
Mid-term: Two points on the chessboard are clear.
Late stage: split in two and move the poles.
At the end of the term: both disappear and a new wall appears.
Essential trace elements for plants:
New iron shed containing green copper (zinc, iron, boron, chlorine, copper, molybdenum and manganese)
Can distinguish blue birds.