One or two four-character ballads-an ancient form of poetry
According to legend, the yellow emperor's ballad "playing songs" says: "break bamboo, continue bamboo, fly soil and eat meat."
"Zhouyi Tunliu II": "Tunru, as fast as; Riding a horse, like a spot; Hey, get married. "
Transition to four words: The Book of Songs.
Second, Sao Style-a new poetic style of Chu State
After the Book of Songs, a brand-new poetic style-"Chuci" appeared in Chu State. Represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao, it is also called "Sao Poetry".
Features:
The sentence pattern is flexible, breaking the stereotype of four fonts and transitioning to five or seven words.
A large number of Chu dialects have been absorbed into poetry, and the language is gorgeous and colorful.
The length is lengthened and the content is increased.
Since then, the Songs of Chu and the Book of Songs * * have formed two schools in the history of China literature, coquettish (realism and romanticism).
Third, from Han Yuefu to Five-character Poetry-the basic form of ancient poetry.
1, Yuefu
Yuefu is the name of the permanent music management department and institution in the imperial court. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yuefu was expanded and developed. Yuefu not only organized literati to create songs and poems for the use of the court, but also widely collected ballads from all over the country. Later, these songs and poems created and preserved by Yuefu were called Yuefu poems.
The essence of Yuefu poems in the two Han Dynasties is folk songs. Features: "Feeling sad and happy, all out of things".
From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, literati imitated Yuefu and created many new poems by borrowing old topics. (Cao Cao's Howdy Li Xing, Bao Zhao's Hard Code) Since Du Fu, I have started a new topic of writing practical things. Such as: military vehicle shop, second supply road, etc. Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi's "New Yuefu Movement". Although music and topics no longer exist, they are closer to Yuefu spirit.
Guo Maoqian collected and edited Yuefu poems in Han and Tang Dynasties.
2. Five-character poems
Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars have absorbed the nutrition of Yuefu folk songs and created five-character poems. It made poetry creation out of the predicament and produced a mature five-character poem, Nineteen Ancient Poems. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, "five characters soared into the sky".
The main advantages of five-character poems are: the rhythm of four-character poems is monotonous and prosodic; Five words, which can accommodate monosyllabic words and disyllabic words, have diverse rhythms and are lively.
Ancient Poems with Four or Seven Words —— Another Important Form of Ancient Poetry
The seven-character style is not later than the five-character poem, but its prosperity is later than the five-character poem.
Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing is the first mature seven-character poem.
The seven-character style really prevailed after the Tang Dynasty.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) from Yongming style to metrical style-the metrical style of ancient poetry
During the period of Qiyong in the Southern Dynasty, Shen Yue and others applied the four tones of Chinese to poetry creation, so that the poems were arranged according to the combination changes and certain rules of the tones of Chinese characters, achieving sonorous, harmonious and pleasing effects. Later generations called this kind of poem "Yongming Style". Because it is relative to ancient poetry, it is also called new poetry. It laid the foundation for the brilliance of Tang poetry.
Poetry reached the peak of prosperity in the Tang Dynasty. Especially in metrical poems. It has become synonymous with what people generally call Tang poetry. Treasure.
6. Poems in Tang and Song Dynasties and Sanqu in Yuan and Ming Dynasties-two metrical poetic styles of "defining words by songs"
1, word
Ci is a new metrical style of "determining Ci by music". Originated from the folk, it was first spread orally between musicians and geisha. In the middle Tang Dynasty, there were poets who studied and created. Zhang's Fishing Song and Bai Juyi's Memories of Jiangnan, especially Bodhisattva Man and Memories of Qin E, are said to have been written for Li Bai and reached a high artistic level.
Ci in Song Dynasty was extremely prosperous, and even regarded as the representative of Song Dynasty literature. And there are different styles and schools. There are two main schools: graceful school and unrestrained school. Graceful words have always been authentic words, but since Su Shi created bold words, graceful words have become two opposing factions.
2. quart (short for Quart)
Qu is another kind of chorus poem after Ci. At first, it was mainly sung among the people, and later it was created by literati, which became the main lyric style and became the "generation literature" of the Yuan Dynasty.
Yuanqu consists of drama and Sanqu.
Sanqu basically includes two categories: poems and sets of numbers.
Xiao Ling: A short single. Such as: Zhang's "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia".
Number of sets: composed of several tunes in the same palace tune (at least two or three, but not limited to multiple). It expands the space and becomes a form of composing poems. The famous ones are: Ma Zhiyuan's double-tune night boat, and Sui's general tune Whispering and the Return of Gaozu.
The main features of Sanqu are: First, it is popular. The tendency of colloquialism and prose culture is very prominent. Such as: Guan Hanqing's "Indulge in the East Wind Love". The second is humor. Especially suitable for writing some satires, such as The Return of the Great-Great-Emperor. Language is naturally pungent, which is its true nature.