Learn the article "In the Center of the Desert" to understand the writer's works, so as to better understand the ideological connotation of the text. Clarify the order and clues of text narration and perceive the content of the text as a whole. Grasp the author's psychological change process, taste the meaning of key sentences and understand the author's excellent quality. Learn how to use psychological description to shape characters and express their personalities. In addition, appreciate the meaning of life and cultivate your strong will and quality in the face of setbacks and failures.
Use text notes and reference books to read two short passages and accumulate some classical Chinese vocabulary; Correctly grasp the pause in the sentence; Understand and master the main content and central idea of the article; Experience the desire and will of ancient working people to explore and conquer nature, and cultivate students' exploration spirit and innovation ability.
Cat is Zheng Zhenduo's famous work. The author tells the story of three times of raising cats in simple words, which is profound, implicit and gloomy. Clarify the sequence and clues of text narration, perceive the content of the text as a whole, and understand the thoughts and feelings of the article and the philosophy of life contained in it. At the same time, learn from the writing characteristics of the article.
Second, the induction and interpretation of key knowledge
In the middle of the desert
1, master the basic knowledge
(1) Phonetic mastery
(gè) radiation (fú) chaff (shāi) concerto (xié) share (lí)(huá)
Choke (yē) body (qū) umbilical cord (q ē) true meaning (d ē) insect (zhi ē) ether (m ē)
(2) Explanation of words
I feel uncomfortable or hurt when touching something that stands out.
To tremble with fear or cold.
True meaning or truth.
Insects: bugs. Generally refers to insects and small animals. Metaphor is mediocrity.
Make a comeback: a metaphor for regaining power after failure.
Describe a meaningful and valuable death.
Sentient beings: Buddhism refers to all sentient beings, and is generally used to refer to many ordinary people.
2. Introduction to the author
This article is excerpted from The Land of Man by the French writer Saint Exupery. His masterpieces include Night Flight, Air Force Pilot, The Little Prince and so on.
The author Saint Exupé ry was born in a declining aristocratic family in France on 1900. When he was young, he was smart and active, writing poems, fiddling with machinery, daydreaming, and his lessons were mediocre. When I was young, I joined the air force in military service and worked in an airline after demobilization. Under primitive conditions, we worked with pioneers in aviation history, such as Meir Inz and Guillaume, to develop French-African-South American airline routes. Living among hostile Arab tribes in Western Sahara, providing support and support for forced landing of aircraft; Interview Spain during the Civil War and the Soviet Union during Stalin's time as a special correspondent; Go deep into Germany and observe the noisy Third Reich of the Nazi Party. Obtained the aviation science and technology invention patent 13; When I was an air force pilot, I experienced the French 1940 rout; At the age of 43, at the age of eight, he insisted on going into battle and flying a reconnaissance plane over enemy lines. On July 3 1, 65438, 0944, it took off from Borgo in the northeast of Corsica, where the allied forces were stationed, and disappeared after drilling into the clouds.
3. Text analysis
The text describes that Saint Exupery and his companions crashed in the desert of Libya during a flight. It is just an illusion to expect the plane to find two black spots among thousands of black spots from the desert at a depth of 3 thousand kilometers. However, they have not given up their expectation of life. They run around in the barren desert, confused by a mirage, looking for traces in the sand, pinning their hopes on dew, and expecting a swaying camel team to rescue them in the vast sand sea.
The difficulties I encountered after the crash were:
(1) Deficiency of qi and blood, poor circulation, chills and thirst;
(2) The cold wind blows harder and harder, blowing people around;
(3) feel difficulty breathing;
(4) There is no water, not even dew.
In these difficulties, "I" physical discomfort are:
(1) produces phantom;
(2) Feeling tired and confused;
(3) difficulty breathing.
Structural layout:
The first part (1-7): the scene and psychological activity of struggling in the desert.
The second part (8- 19): the quiet psychological activity of burying oneself in the sand.
The third part (20-2 1): Return to reality and go on.
The author's psychological change process:
Pain-despair-optimism-calmness
Central idea:
Heart of the Desert describes my psychological process from "pain and despair" to "optimism and calmness" in the desert. Through the description of the wonders of the desert and my inner monologue, I show my firm belief in overcoming difficulties and getting out of the desert, as well as my love and desire for life.
4. Discussion on the problem
(1) What is the reason why the author can change from pain and despair to optimism and calmness?
The author thinks that his death was caused by human endurance, not his fault. If he can go back, he will make a comeback. His adventure is to find his own truth and a sense of responsibility to mankind. He thought that dying for the fate of mankind was a fair death, so he didn't complain.
(2) Is the author's adventure for personal benefit? So what did he do?
The author loves his life, but the happiness of human beings lies not in freedom, but in the commitment to a responsibility. This responsibility is to be responsible for the brand-new construction cause of mankind and to do a little bit of responsibility for the fate of mankind. It is worthwhile and noble to take risks for this.
5. Sentence appreciation
(1) "My blood circulation is blocked due to lack of water, and there is a chill, but it is not only cold at night."
The low temperature and severe water shortage in the desert at night make me feel unbearable cold, and the danger of death makes me feel desperate, which is a true portrayal of the danger I face.
(2) "The cold wind came at me like a cavalry on the plain, and I had to turn around to avoid its attack."
Through the use of metaphor and personification, the harsh desert environment and the feeling of "I" are vividly expressed. The tone is not heavy, but rather funny, showing the calm and optimistic spirit of "I"
(3) "We look forward to dawn just like farmers look forward to spring, we look forward to stopovers just like looking forward to a blessed land, and we look for our own truth among the stars."
Precious dew only appears at dawn, which represents the hope of life, so "I" said that looking forward to dawn is like farmers looking forward to hopeful spring; The midway station sustains the life of the pilot, so "I" said that looking forward to the midway station is like looking forward to a blessed land. These two sentences reflect my love for life. "Stars" represent nature, and "seeking truth among stars" is to realize the value of life in the struggle with nature. This sentence embodies the pride of "I" in pursuit.
(4) "I have no regrets. I struggled, but failed, which is often the case with people in our industry. However, I finally breathed the sea breeze. "
The author thinks that his career is meaningful, and he has realized the value of life without wasting it, so even if he fails or even sacrifices his life, he has no regrets.
(2) "Two Essays"
1, mastering classical Chinese knowledge
(1) Ancient and Modern Different Meanings
Kuafu and Japan are marching away (ancient meaning: running; Modern meaning: refers to the feet of people or birds and animals moving forward interactively)
Drinking in the river and Wei (ancient meaning: Yellow River; Modern meaning: the general term for rivers)
(2) Polysemy
2. About the source of myth and related works.
Myth is a story about immortals or deified ancient heroes, and it is the simple explanation and beautiful yearning of the ancients for natural phenomena and social life. Myths are mostly created orally. Its content is about the creation of heaven and earth and the origin of mankind; It is related to the sun, moon, stars and everything in nature; About floods and tribal wars. These myths explain the origin of the universe, the sun, the moon and the stars, mountains and rivers, vegetation, human beings and nations in many ways, and show the naive and beautiful artistic imagination of the ancients. Ancient myths in China are recorded early and have many categories, and they are still circulated among the people.
Kuafu Day by Day is selected from Shan Hai Jing. Shan Hai Jing is the oldest existing geography book in China, which mainly records the geographical knowledge in ancient legends, among which many ancient myths are preserved.
"* * * * Workers can't touch the hills when they are angry" is selected from Huainanzi. Huainanzi, also known as Huainan Lie Hong, is a work written by Liu An, King of Huainan in the Western Han Dynasty, and his disciples.
3. Text analysis
Day after day in Kuafu.
Kuafu in the daytime is one of the earliest myths in China. In this myth, Kuafu, the giant, dared to race against the sun and finally died of thirst. His walking stick became a peach garden. This wonderful myth shows Kuafu's unparalleled heroism and reflects the strong desire and tenacious will of ancient people to explore and conquer nature.
Kuafu is a very magical figure. He is a giant who is good at running. He drove away from the sun. He is dying of thirst. Although I drank the Yellow River and Weishui successively, I still couldn't quench my thirst. He rushed to osawa and finally died of thirst before drinking the water from osawa. The walking stick left behind has become a peach forest, which can also benefit mankind. Kuafu dares to compete with the sun. He can gallop the world, drink all the rivers and turn into a peach forest by crutches. It is really extraordinary in spirit and superb in skill. Kuafu, a mythical figure, has surreal imagination and exaggerated romantic charm.
This myth has a great influence on later generations. People often use "Kuafu's pursuit of the sun" or "Kuafu's pursuit of the sun" to describe people who have great ambitions or great strength and courage. For example, in Tao Qian's Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas, there is a sentence "Kuafu's birthday is ambitious, but it is a race with the sun", and in Liu Zongyuan's Difficult Travel, there is a sentence "Didn't you see Kuafu peeping at the Yuyuan Garden every day and jumping over the Kunlun Mountain in the North Sea"? Sometimes Kuafu Daily is used to describe overreaching, but this is a negative understanding of this myth, which is not in line with the positive significance of Kuafu Daily as a myth in essence.
"* * * workers' anger can't touch the island"
"The anger of workers can't touch the hills" is a fairy tale. * * * The reason why workers are angry and can't move Zhoushan is to "fight for the emperor", that is, to compete for the position of tribal leaders. His angry touch seems to contain the anger and unwillingness of failure, and it seems to be mixed with the idea of mutual destruction. Of course, it also embodies the great momentum of * * *.
The legend about * * * Gong contending with Zhuan Xu for the throne and bumping into Zhoushan without fighting, has been circulating for more than two thousand years. At that time, our ancestors didn't know how to explain various natural phenomena, didn't understand and master the laws of nature, and were so powerless in the face of nature, so they attributed all kinds of doubts to the existence of God, and natural forces were visualized and personalized. So we created myths and legends, praised the heroes in our minds, and created legends such as Pangu, Nuwa and Huangdi.
Although they are all characters in myths and legends, their heroism and spirit of benefiting the people are worth learning.
4. Discussion on the problem
(1) What do you think of Kuafu's pursuit of the sun?
Kuafu is a hero in ancient mythology. He did not yield to nature, dared to fight against it, and even devoted himself to it. What is even more touching is that after his death, his walking stick will turn into a peach grove, continuing his tenacious life. The precious spirit of being brave in exploration, not afraid of sacrifice and benefiting mankind makes this myth have a great influence on future generations.
(2) What do you think of Kuafu's daring to "drive away from Japan"?
Positive significance: It shows Kuafu's great ambition, great strength and boldness, and heroism.
On the negative side: metaphor is exaggerated. However, this understanding does not accord with the positive significance of Kuafu Daily as a myth in essence.
(3) What personality characteristics does the word "Anger" in Anger Touches the Sick Mountain show? How to understand the meaning of the ending?
The word "anger" shows the heroism and courage of workers; It also reflects his temper and fortitude. "The anger of workers can't touch the hills" is a fairy tale. It reflects the struggle between ancient tribes and involves the theory of covering the sky in ancient astronomy. Obviously, ancient humans could not explain why the sun, moon and stars moved and changed. The best explanation for this phenomenon is to explain the phenomena of "the sky is northwest" and "the land is dissatisfied with the southeast" with the help of myths and bold imagination and exaggeration. The magical legend is full of realism.
(4) What are the characteristics of Kuafu and workers?
Kuafu: A hero who dares to race against the sun will never forget to benefit future generations even though he fails. He is a hero who would rather sacrifice himself than explore the road to success for his successors.
* * * Workers: brave, strong, dare to challenge authority, willing to sacrifice themselves to transform mountains and rivers, with fearless heroism.
Induction:
1) Kuafu and * * * workers are brave and strong, dare to challenge authority, dare to race against the sun, and * * * workers dare to compete with Zhuan Xu for the emperor.
2) Kuafu and * * * workers are willing to sacrifice themselves to transform mountains and rivers. After Kuafu's death, he abandoned his staff and turned it into a peach grove to quench his thirst for future generations. * * * Workers built water conservancy and developed agriculture for the benefit of the broad masses of people, and sacrificed their lives.
They are all heroes in Chinese myths and legends.
(3) cats
1, master the basic knowledge
(1) Phonetic mastery
Dirty (se)(líng) Disappointed (chàng) Cursed (zǔ) Encouraged (sǒng yǒng).
Curl up (quán), punish (chéng), entertain (yú), be commensurate (ché n), and be depressed (yú).
(2) Explanation of words
Astringent: It means that the text is not smooth.
Curl: Bend over and lie down.
Proportion: in line with; Match.
Encourage: Encourage others to do it.
Disappointment: An unhappy look.
2. Introduction to the author
Zheng Zhenduo (1898 —— 1958) is a famous modern writer and literary historian. Pen names Xidi and Guo Yuanxin are from Changle, Fujian. Participated in the Beijing Student Movement during the May 4th Movement, 192 1 organized literature research associations with Shen Yanbing and Wang Tongzhao, and 1923 later edited the Novel Monthly. 1927 After the failure of the Great Revolution, Zheng Zhenduo traveled around Europe. 1958 went abroad for a visit and died in a plane crash on the way. He is the author of a collection of short stories, Arresting Letterman, Illustrated History of China Literature and History of Popular Literature in China. Editor-in-chief: Atlas of China Printmaking History and China Ancient Opera Series. Zheng Zhenduo's collected works were published in 1959.
3. Text analysis
The story of raising a cat was written three times in the article. Accordingly, the article can be divided into three parts.
The first part (1-2): Write the story of the first cat.
Part II (paragraph 3- 14): Write a lively and lovely story about the unfortunate death of the second cat.
The third part (paragraph 15-34): Writing about the death of the third cat made me sad and blamed myself.
Illustration:
origin
appear
trend
Status at home
Final results
The impact on me
The first one (white cat)
From next door.
Gray hair, very lively, like a snowball with dirt.
Very lively
pet
die of illness
A pungent wisp of acid
The second one (little yellow cat)
Mom brought it back.
Quanhuang
Too lively.
pet
Be caught by passers-by
Curse passers-by with disappointment and resentment
The third (ugly cat)
pick up
The coat is gray, but it doesn't look good, and it is very thin. It looks even uglier after burning a few hairs.
Not lively
melancholy
lazy
Fuzzy
Nobody likes it very much
Don't pay attention
I got a good beating.
Sudden death.
More sad
Never keep a cat.
4. Discussion on the problem
(1) Why isn't the length of writing about two cute cats as long as that of writing about an ugly cat? What terrible thing happened?
The "hibiscus bird" incident.
(2) On what basis can I judge that the ugly cat ate the hibiscus bird?
① The white cat seems to pay special attention to the pair of yellow birds, and often jumps on the table and stares at the birdcage.
② "It is lying on the balcony basking in the sun, with a serene posture, and seems to be eating something."
(3) Is the above evidence conclusive? What am I thinking and doing in this situation?
Not decisive. "I think it must be eating the poor bird's leg. At that time, it was very angry, picked up a stick leaning against the stair door and chased it. ..... angrily, thinking that the punishment is not enough. "
(4) What is the truth about hibiscus birds being eaten?
It was eaten by a black cat, not an ugly cat.
(5) Why am I "much more sad" about the death of the third cat than the death of the first two cats?
Because of the death of the third cat, the responsibility lies with me. I subjectively assumed that it killed the bird. In a rage, "I" hit it with a wooden stick. It was wronged and had nowhere to plead, and finally died on the roof next door. I think I killed it, and this mistake is irreparable.
(6) After the second cat was lost, the author wrote: "Since then, my family hasn't had a cat for a long time." After the death of the third cat, the author wrote: "From then on, my family will never keep a cat again." What is the difference between the thoughts and feelings contained in these two sentences?
After the second cat was lost, the sense of loss lingered in my heart for a long time. The wicked are so annoying that people hate them and can't get rid of them. Cats are happy, but the pain of death is even worse, so I don't want to keep them right away.
I am responsible for the death of the third cat. "I" did not judge clearly and jumped to conclusions. Later, the cat died, so this mistake is irreversible. Because guilt can never be eliminated, seeing a cat will cause pain to my soul, and I will never live up to this life, so I have the idea of never owning a cat.
Step 5 understand the theme
(1) takes "I" as the focus of description. The theme of this article is:
Show the spirit of "I" being strict with myself. I am a kind, fair, introspective and conscientious intellectual. ) or "the truth of being a man": people should treat others equally and fairly, and should not make subjective guesses and jump to conclusions, thus hurting the innocent.
(2) Focusing on the unfortunate experience of cats, the theme of this paper is:
Reveals the causes of misfortune in life.
6. Writing characteristics
(1) The plot is tortuous and the structure is rigorous. The article tells three stories around the center, each of which takes the death of a cat as a clue and has relative integrity. The three stories are arranged in a string in chronological order, which constitutes a tragic history of family cat raising: getting a cat-raising a cat-dying-getting a cat again-dying again-getting a cat again-dying again, never raising a cat again. The plot is three ups and downs, and it is promoted layer by layer.
(2) the beginning and end echo and foreshadowing settings. The connection and echo are as follows: at the beginning, I explained the ending of raising cats several times and threw clues, always getting the full text. The ending is "My family will never have a cat", which opens up a profound meaning and echoes the beginning. There is a transition between these three stories. The foreshadowing is set as follows: the first cat suddenly loses weight, which indicates its death; Write that the second cat is running in the street, indicating that it has been caught; Write the third cat staring at the birdcage, indicating that it was killed unjustly. Therefore, all these have played a role in threading the needle and connecting the three stories and the plots between them into an organic whole, which is natural and seamless.
Summary:
This article is about cats, but the author skillfully uses things to express his feelings, twists and turns, expressing sympathy and love for the weak. The characteristics of the organizational materials in this paper are consistent and coherent from beginning to end, and the structure of the article is seamless and clear.
Third, the analysis of difficult knowledge
(1) How should we understand the spirit and significance of myth today?
Myth shows people's understanding of natural phenomena and their desire to transform nature. The reason why these myths can be circulated and widely read is mainly because they show the values and morality of our Chinese nation. Myth is an excellent educational resource to carry forward national culture and national spirit, which has great cognitive value. The spirit of self-improvement of the Chinese nation embodied in the myth in the text still has important positive significance.
(2) How to understand the ending of Kuafu Day by Day: "Abandoning his staff and turning into Deng Lin"?
Kuafu died of thirst and "abandoned his staff and became Deng Lin". So, what is Deng Lin? "Denglin" has its place, at the junction of Henan, Hubei and Anhui provinces near Dabie Mountain. According to Bi Yuan, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, the sound of "Deng" is similar to that of "Tao", and "Deng Lin" means "Tao Lin". There is no contradiction between the theory that "boarding" is a place name and the theory that "boarding" is a "peach forest" We can think that "boarding" is not only a place name, but also a "peach forest", and the place name "boarding" is named according to the meaning of "peach forest" in "boarding". In addition, "staff" and "peach forest" are both wood, and they are similar in image; Kuafu's thirst is in full swing, which is consistent with the "peach forest" that provides sweet and juicy fruits and patches of shade. Kuafu's walking stick turned into a peach grove, which, with poetic imagination, enriched the connotation of the myth Kuafu and the image of Kuafu day by day, showing a spirit of brave pursuit, unyielding death and being willing to benefit mankind, making the whole myth more romantic.
(3) How to understand the spirit of challenge in "workers' anger can't touch the hills"?
The cruel war described in this myth shows that the society at that time was in the period of the collapse of primitive society. After the primitive society entered the patriarchal clan system, due to the development of productive forces and the emergence of private ownership, clan nobles appeared. The big chieftain allied with the tribes kept waging wars to plunder and oppress the weak tribes, and the workers were unwilling to oppress them. So he challenged the powerful Zhuan Xu. He was furious and couldn't touch the top of the mountain, which made the sky break and the earth crack, and even the movement of the sun, the moon and the stars changed. Mao Zedong wrote in "The Fisherman's Passion Against the First Great Encirclement" that "the red flag does not fall at the foot of the mountain" and praised that "* * * workers are heroes of victory ... Is he dead? Didn't say. It seems that there is no death, and the * * * workers have indeed won. " Whether winning or not, the challenging spirit of * * * workers has left people with a lot of thoughts.