① Tao Yuanming
Tao Yuanming (365-427), a native of Chaisang in Xunyang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi), was a great poet in the history of China literature. He was born in a bureaucratic family. His great-grandfather Tao Kan was a Fu, and his grandfather Tao Mao and his father Tao Yi were both governors. An official like a county magistrate. Grandfather Meng Jia was a general of the Western Expedition. But by the time he arrived, his family had declined, so he lived a poor life all his life. He was in the Jin and Song Dynasties, and the darkness of politics, the sharpness of class struggle and the intensification of ethnic contradictions all deeply influenced him. He was ambitious when he was young, but this idea changed when he came into contact with the dark reality. Middle-aged, hungry and cold, worked as a small official several times. In his later years, he lived a life of complete farming. Tao Yuanming's works include 120 poems, 6 essays and 2 poems. Among them, the poems describing rural life, the so-called "pastoral poems", are very successful. These poems reflect his lofty ideals, interests and Geng Jie's character. He despises fame and fortune, hates dirty reality and loves simple rural life. As Lu Xun said: "It can be seen that he has not forgotten and is indifferent to the world" ("Wei and Jin demeanor and articles and the relationship between medicine and wine"). He has both the side of "leisurely seeing Nanshan" and the side of "King Kong glaring". He praised the heroes who failed and did not give in in history and myths and legends, and praised those who died heroically. Of course, his works also clearly reveal the negative thoughts of being happy and know life and the impermanence of life, and also reveal some decadent feelings. His poetic style is simple and natural, his language is concise and implicit, vigorous and full of artistic conception, which is unique in the history of ancient poetry in China. The earlier annotated edition of Tao Yuanming's works today is Li Gonghuan's Notes on Tao Yuanming's Collection, a towel box edition published in the Song Dynasty. In addition, the most popular book is Tao Shu's Collection of Mr. Jingjie.
(2) Wang Wei
Wang Wei is a representative of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He inherited and carried forward the landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, which was unique and reached the peak of landscape achievements, occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Wang Wei also has excellent works in other aspects. Some reflect the life of the army and the frontier fortress, some show chivalry, and some expose the shortcomings of the times. Some small poems that bid farewell to relatives and friends and write about daily life, such as "Farewell to Yuan Er Shi Anxi", "Acacia", "Thinking of Shandong Brothers in the Mountain" and "Farewell to Shenzifu Jiangdong", have been passed down from ancient times to the present. These poems are all five-character poems or seven-character poems, which are sincere, unadorned, simple and profound, comparable to Li Bai and Wang Changling, and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His poems, which should be written, sung and preached to Buddha, are occasionally famous, but they are not enough. Wang Wei has the highest attainments in five laws, five unique skills and seven unique skills, and he is also good at other aspects, which is very prominent in the Tang Dynasty poetry circle. Its seven methods, either vigorous and gorgeous, or beautiful and elegant, are all imitations of the seven sons of the Ming Dynasty. The seven ancient forms are neatly arranged and the momentum is erratic. Prose is quiet and meaningful, full of poetry, such as The Mountain and Pei Xiucai's Book. Wang Wei enjoyed great fame both before and after his death, and was known as "the literate sect in the world" and "Shi Fo". Have a great influence on future generations.
It is precisely because he often looks at everything with the eyes of a Zen master that his poems have a kind of beauty of tranquility, openness and quietness that other poets can't reach. In particular, the dynamic images in his description of nature in A Moment are so pure and quiet and full of Zen, such as: "People are idle with osmanthus fragrance, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty." When the birds are startled in the moon and the springs are singing. ""Bird-watching Creek ""In the autumn rain, shallow pomegranates shed. The jumping waves splashed from themselves, and the egret was shocked. Famous phrases such as "Luan family color", "Moonlight in pine forest, crystal stone in stream" and "Autumn night in deep mountain" often purify readers' hearts and give people endless quiet reverie.
(3) Meng Haoran
Poets in Tang Dynasty. Xiangyang Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) Xiangyang is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. In the first half of my life, I mainly stayed at home to study and adapted my own poems. Once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. When you are forty, you should travel to the capital and return to Xiangyang. I made friends with Zhang Jiuling and Wang Wei when I was in Chang 'an. There is a poem title. After roaming in wuyue, the landscape is extremely poor, so as to solve the frustration of official career. He died of overeating. Meng Haoran's poems are mostly five-character short stories with limited themes. He writes more about landscapes, pastoral areas, seclusion and travel. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of a poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei also said that although his poems were not as broad as Wang's, they had unique artistic attainments, and he was the pioneer of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty after Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. Meng Ke's poems are unpretentious, cordial and true, full of life breath and wonderful and complacent interest. Such as "Autumn Boasts Send Zhang Wu", "Passing the Old Village" and "Spring Dawn", which are light and elegant, integrated and elegant. Meng's poems are based on broad-mindedness and broad-mindedness, but there is also a vigorous and free spirit, such as Dongting Lake Newspaper, Clouds and Clouds, and Yueyang City Trapped, all of which are vigorous and free, overlooking everything. But this kind of poem is rare in Meng's poems. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin, and it is inevitable to be embarrassed by the length. Meng Haoran's Popular Collection contains 263 poems, but some of them are the works of others.
"Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend. You entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I will come back in chrysanthemum time. " . Green trees, green hills, cottages, nurseries and Sang Ma blend harmoniously. This is a beautiful and quiet rural scenery, emitting a fresh earthy atmosphere. There is a strong atmosphere of life here. Here is "too light to see poetry" (Meng Haoran in Wen Yiduo's works), but there is no lack of artistic beauty and simple life beauty that are deeply integrated into the whole poem. Meng Haoran seems to have found the feeling of conversion here. The poet finally forgot all the setbacks and gains and losses of fame and fortune in his political pursuit, and even completely abandoned his lonely and depressed mood in seclusion. Finally, the mind is relaxed, and even the poet's movements are very flexible, which naturally shows its conquest here.
"In the spring morning, I woke up easily, and birds were singing everywhere. But now I think of that night, that storm, I don't know how many flowers were folded? " These four poems are works in which Meng Haoran's artistic realm and spiritual realm have changed. But now I remember that night, that storm, I wonder how many flowers were broken? Wang Guowei's evaluation of Li Yu's words "implies that Sakyamuni Christ bears human sins", and Meng Haoran's two poems also contain a great and profound feeling. "His feelings and feelings for all things have a * * * sound", and he has a deep sympathy for the universe and life. This poem expresses the highest metaphysical heart and the greatest romantic feelings. This is the most natural poem, and it is heavenly. Meng Haoran is happy. He changed the realm of life from utilitarian realm to heaven and earth realm, and from having me to not having me. Although I suffered hardships during the period, I finally endured it.
(4) Fan Chengda
Fan Chengda (1126-1193): Most of the works of poets in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect rural life. The pastoral variety of the four seasons is his masterpiece. Two of his "Four Seasons of Pastoral Miscellaneous Interest" were included in the interesting units in the sixth grade Chinese textbook of Beijing Normal University.
Fan Chengda (1 127- 1206) was called a Shi Hu layman. Han nationality, Pingjiang, Wu Jun (now Wuxian, Suzhou). Poets in Southern Song Dynasty. Shi Wenmu. Starting from the Jiangxi School, he studied the poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, inherited the realistic spirit of poets such as Bai Juyi, Wang Jian and Zhang Ji and the new Yuefu, and finally became his own family. Simple style, fresh and charming. Poetry has a wide range of themes, and the works that reflect the content of rural social life have the highest achievements. The representative work that reflects rural life is "Four Seasons Pastoral Fun", with 60 songs, which describes the rural scenery in spring, summer, autumn and winter and the life of farmers, and also reflects the exploitation and hardships of farmers. This is one of them, which describes a scene of rural summer life. Twelve songs in four seasons. Together with Yang Wanli, Lu You and You Mao, they are also known as the "Four Masters of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty.
(5) Xie Lingyun
Xie Lingyun (385-433) was born in Yang Xia (now Taikang County, Henan Province) and lived in Huiji (now Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province). Grandson of Xie Xuan, Prime Minister of Eastern Jin Dynasty. After Xie Xuan's death, Xie Lingyun attacked the 18-year-old Duke of Le Kang because he thanked Le Kang. In 420, after Liang Wudi replaced the Jin Dynasty, Xie Lingyun demoted Qi Huangong to Hou, and successively served as Yongjia magistrate and Linchuan literature and history. He "claimed that he could only take part in power", but he was not reused, so he was dissatisfied with Liu Song. Xie Lingyun is arrogant and extravagant. He always cares about mountains and rivers, not politics, and banquets day and night. Yuanjia was killed for treason for ten years.
Xie Lingyun was a famous landscape poet in Jin and Song Dynasties. He is good at describing the tour experience and natural scenery in rich and delicate language, and has many beautiful sentences with vivid images and beautiful artistic conception. But judging from the whole article, it often falls into the old pattern of metaphysics and Buddhism at the end, with negative and decadent emotions and lack of social content. And sometimes the language is too elaborate, so it is often obscure. However, Xie Lingyun made great efforts to create landscape poems and began to reverse the style of metaphysical poetry since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which had a certain impact on the development of poetry in the Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty. Author of Xie Ji (Ming edition). Xie Shi Hua is compiled and annotated according to this poem.
(6) Meng Haoran
Meng Haoran (689─740), whose real name is Hao, was born in Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province). In his early years, he lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain near Xiangyang, his hometown, reading behind closed doors and entertaining himself with poetry. He traveled all over the Yangtze River and left footprints in Bashu, wuyue, Hunan and Jiangxi. When you are forty years old, you should travel to Chang 'an. When Zhang Jiuling was in Jingzhou Town, he worked for Jingzhou. Soon, he died of gangrene at the age of 52. He is one of the main writers of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Poems such as Wang Wei, Wang Meng. Every time, his poems are unintentional, clear and extraordinary, unexpected, long and shallow, with its own spring sound on the rocks and the wind coming to Panasonic. There is Meng Haoran's collection.