The emergence of modern literature in China.
In the sense of structuralism, the starting and ending time of China's modern literature is well defined, that is, it takes more than 30 years from the May 4th New Culture Movement to the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).
Therefore, some textbooks on the history of modern literature are simply called Thirty Years of Modern Literature in China. (Peking University Qian Liqun, Wen Rumin, etc. )
In addition, these thirty years clearly show three stages, namely:
The first decade (1917-1927): the May 4th Enlightenment literature dominated;
The second decade (1927 ——1937): the main trend of left-wing revolutionary literature;
The third issue (1937 ——1949): War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the various literary forms in different regions during the War of Liberation.
But in recent years, the academic circles have noticed the "transition" and "leading" process of modern literature and traditional literature, which are completely different. That is to say, the modern literature in China took off during the May 4th New Culture Movement, but this run-up process was a series of changes and improvements since modern times. This process is called the occurrence of modern literature.
China's modern literature was formed in the long and complicated process of China's literature gaining modernity in the 20th century. In this process, all kinds of cultural, political, worldwide, local, realistic and historical forces other than literature itself have an impact on the modernization of literature. These external factors have influenced its initiation and rise, literary movement, literary debate and literary creation, resulting in various rapid and diverse changes in China's modern literature, which constitutes a colorful history of China's modern literature that can reflect all aspects of history.
In recent years, several textbooks on the history of modern literature in China attach importance to the occurrence of modern literature. For example, the History of Modern Literature in China edited by Guo Zhigang and Zhongtian Sun, the History of Modern Literature in China edited by Cheng Guangwei, and the History of Modern Literature in China edited by Zhu Donglin, Ding Fan and Zhu Xiaojin all use one chapter or one section to discuss this issue.
Our class will also start from here.
The first part is the starting point of China literature modernization.
The roots can be traced back to the Opium War of 1840.
As we know, China, as one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, once had the world's leading material civilization, which became the abundant capital that China people talked about in the future.
In the Qing Dynasty, after the so-called "prosperous period", there were signs of prosperity and decline, but China people still felt good about themselves.
1840 Opium War broke the paradise dream of China people. Especially during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 (1894), Japanese self-esteem and self-confidence were completely destroyed. We have no reason to say that we are the center of the world. We can't bully others, and we are bullied by others at any time. Not only the western powers, but also the Japanese pirates in the East.
The Opium War from 1840 to 1842 produced two interrelated consequences in the history of China: First, politically and economically, China was increasingly trapped in a semi-feudal and semi-colonial tragic situation, and the contradiction between the people of China and feudalism and imperialism became increasingly acute and intense; Second, foreign imperialism opened the door of China's closed door with fierce shelling, and foreign cultures, mainly those of western capitalist countries at that time, began to be imported into China. The integration of Chinese and foreign cultures in the collision has promoted the development of modern culture in China.
The sense of national crisis had an immeasurable influence on the cultural psychology of China people in the 20th century, which led to the opposition between modern/traditional, old and new ideologies and values.
Among some sensitive intellectuals, it led to the requirements of the era of radical change. There are several changes:
First, the change of the role of intellectuals.
There is a kind of "people who look at the world with their eyes open".
Wei Yuan, who was called by Lin Zexu as "the first person to see the world with his eyes open", put forward the slogan of "learning from foreigners and mastering their skills". Learn their technology before conquering westerners. Although the word "Yi" itself shows the mentality at that time, foreign countries are disrespectful, and my brother-in-law provides women, but after all, I have to learn from others)
This is the predecessor of the Westernization Movement.
Zhang Zhidong's "middle school is the body, western learning is the use", "middle school is the internal learning, and western learning is the foreign learning; Middle school is the master of body and mind, and western learning is the thing at that time. "
For such a process, Liang Qichao wrote "An Introduction to the Evolution of China in Fifty Years" in 1922, which is roughly summarized as follows:
"In the past 50 years, the people of China have gradually realized their shortcomings. ..... The first stage, first of all, feel inadequate from the implements. ..... In the second stage, we felt inadequate from the system. ..... The third problem is that I don't feel enough from the fundamental culture. "
These three steps actually correspond to the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the literary revolution.
Westernization Movement
First, buy advanced weapons.
We must invite people who operate advanced weapons.
There are also some schools in China that study western science and technology.
Send people out to study in large quantities in the future.
Not only children but also adults are sent abroad.
Not only natural science, but also social science.
Send people not only to the west (Britain and America), but also to the east.
There are not only official international students, but also private students who study at their own expense.
For a time, the upsurge of studying abroad was formed.
(Modern critics, Hu Shi, Chen Yuan, Xu Zhimo, etc. Are studying in Britain and America)
(Guo Moruo, Cheng and Yu Dafu, the "Big Three" of the Creation Society, all studied in Japan)
Lu Xun is very representative. He was born in 188 1 year and left his hometown in 1898. I have been exposed to some western things for some time. Because the "five-port trade" began at that time, Ningbo was very close to Shaoxing where Lu Xun lived; 1898 (18 years old), Nanjing, navy division, land division), the main course of these two schools is Sound and Photoelectricity, which is called "evil learning" by some people, but it has a great influence on Lu Xun, who will become a great thinker in the future. 1902 went to Japan, 1909 returned to China. (Germany)
Moreover, during Lu Xun's Japanese period, China students were everywhere, official and folk, with "Mount Fuji" and beef stew everywhere.
Secret telegram in Qing Dynasty: Almost all of them became revolutionary parties.
Groups of outstanding talents were sent out and returned after their studies, making various contributions to the country.
Scientific Zhan Tianyou, statue of Qinglong Bridge, pioneer of railway industry.
What's more worth mentioning is that the publication of Yan Fu's Theory of Evolution (1853— 192 1) brought the idea of evolution to China, which had a great influence on modern intellectuals in China.
Yan Yan's popular translation of Evolution (several western books introduced some major ideological trends of the West19th century to China, and Huxley's original work Evolution and Ethics brought the idea of evolution to China, claiming to be a dog fighting in front of Darwin) (propaganda is the idea of evolution. The theory of evolution was praised by Engels as one of the "three great discoveries" with decisive significance, which had a great influence on modern intellectuals in China.
Changed people's thinking. It used to be "not as good as before", for example, the ancients, but the theory of evolution made people face the future;
It provides a new perspective: to look at the fate of the Chinese nation from the historical development height of all mankind and the whole world. Because the law of evolution is the survival of the fittest, in the face of fierce competition, the weak China is in danger of being eliminated, thus creating a historical requirement for change;
People can see clearly that if it is not destroyed, the country and nation will be strong.
The strength of a country and a nation depends first on the strength of its people, who are mostly in a state of ignorance. Therefore, the task of enlightenment is enormous.
Liang Qichao's Xinmin
Lu Xun reformed the national character. (Lu Xun studied in Nanjing, bought a book and watched it with Zhou Zuoren all night, and his thoughts opened a door. )
The task of enlightenment was originally to enlighten the masses by intellectuals.
However, many intellectuals themselves are in ignorance and are being enlightened.
Therefore, this time was dominated by the Enlightenment for a long time until modern times.
Qian Liqun "Under the influence of western modern thoughts, advanced intellectuals summed up the experience and lessons of social changes since the late Qing Dynasty, and realized that if China wants to transform into a modern society and establish a veritable democracy and system, it must completely oppose feudal ethical thoughts in the ideological field, especially in the field of values, and repel the increasingly arrogant trend of respecting Confucius and retro countercurrent after the Revolution of 1911."
Second, the change of cultural mechanism.
In this historical stage, seeking the change of social organization structure will inevitably touch culture, bring about the change of cultural mechanism, and thus affect literature. Its influence is reflected in:
1, the basic guarantee of law for literary activities and the prosperity of newspapers and periodicals.
Although the Qing Dynasty under the control of Cixi swayed from side to side in the New Deal measures, and later suppressed the "disorderly party" and imprisoned the emperor, the Outline of the King James Constitution 1908 ostensibly stipulated the freedom of speech, writing and publication of its subjects.
The Provisional Constitution after the Revolution of 1911 also stipulated that "the people have the freedom to express their opinions and works".
In this case, the number of newspapers and periodicals has soared.
Liang Qichao's "Introduction to the Evolution of China in Fifty Years" said: "The style of writing in our country thrives on newspapers. For a change ... "During the 20 years from 192 1, the number of newspapers and periodicals has increased by about ten times, and the modernization of literature has more sufficient external conditions.
According to Peking University's statistics (Chen Pingyuan's The Transformation of Narrative Style in China's Novels), during the period of 1902- 19 17, there were 27 magazines named after "novels". These newspapers and periodicals pursue the influence on ordinary people in column arrangement, theme selection and theme design to ensure their best-selling and stimulate the development of literature.
The prosperity of newspapers and periodicals goes hand in hand with the decline of feudalism in politics and the modernization of literature.
Newspaper editors pursue the influence on ordinary people in columns, genres and themes to ensure their best-selling and stimulate the development of literature. The prosperity of newspapers and periodicals goes hand in hand with the decline of feudalism in politics and the modernization of literature.
Actually. The 20-year period from 1873 to 1894 was a period when the practice of modern newspaper industry in China was initially established and became increasingly active. Circular Daily and its editor-in-chief Wang Tao advocated the political proposition of "reform and self-improvement".
1May, 895, during the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao successively established Chinese and foreign periodicals (1August, 895/Beijing, formerly known as World Bulletin) and strong periodicals (1June, 896, 65438+/).
Liang Qichao wrote in "On running a newspaper is beneficial to state affairs" ... After ten years, the atmosphere will gradually open up, the national system will gradually be established, and talents will gradually emerge. Ten years later, the size of the newspaper can also be prepared. "
Zhixin newspaper (established in Macau on February 22nd, 1897), Hunan Daily (established in Changsha on April 22nd, 1897), Chinese newspaper (1established in Tianjin on October 26th, 1897), box.
With the development of newspapers and periodicals, the modern publishing industry is also developing.
Since 1904, the focus of publishing has shifted to private publishing. (Historical Materials of Modern Publishing in China, edited by Zhang, Volume 6, p. 384, published by Zhonghua Book Company 1959).
Different from government-run and church-run publishing, private publishing industry is developing in the direction of industrialization, subject to the invisible hand of "market". It keeps in touch with the needs of the public, which determines the popular and popular democratic characteristics of modern publishing industry and ensures the opportunity to realize the modernity of literature.
This publishing situation continued until 1949, maintaining a consistent mechanism for 50 years.
3. The division of labor in modern society took the lead in realizing the literary creation team.
1905 abolished the new policy measures of the imperial examination, throwing a group of scholars into the desperate situation of free intellectuals, while another group of intellectuals withdrew from officialdom and turned to the ranks of free writers. (I used to learn to be an official, from "scholar" to "official", imperial examination, and adult. There is a golden house in the book, and there is a female Yan Ruyu in the book)
The formation process of modern cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin provides space for freelance intellectuals, and some people who have received new education are active in the field of literature together with the above two intellectuals.
There is a certain standard for the remuneration of manuscripts, and "thinking" and "writing" are the means to make a living.
Be close to the lower class and stand on the people's side.
Liang Qichao, Xu Nianci, Huang Mosi and Zhou Brothers, the chief editors and main contributors of the four novel magazines in the late Qing Dynasty, are among them.
4. Cultivate the audience. The recipient is just new.
Section 2 Changes in Literary Concepts
(Style concept and language concept)
First, the concept of style change.
In the process of modernization of China literature since the late Qing Dynasty, the change of ideas was first attributed to Liang Qichao. Guo Moruo said: "As a representative of the early literary revolution, we should push Liang to the public.".
Liang Qichao (1873- 1929), with outstanding words, is named Ren Fu and Ren Gong, and his pen names include The Owner of the Ice Room. He is a native of Xinhui, Guangdong, a politician, thinker, writer and scholar. He won a scholarship, and Bai Kang Youwei studied the theory of practical application as a teacher, helped launch a "bus book" and joined the reform activities. He edited and founded Chinese and Foreign News, Current Affairs, Literary and Art Newspaper, Xinmin Congbao and New Novels, and created a "new style" that widely introduced modern western cultural trends and publicized ideological enlightenment.
1, poetry revolution
China literature developed into Qing Dynasty, characterized by orthodox poetry and prose, and ancient people restraining modern people.
The literary revolution in the late Qing Dynasty was to break this pattern. Liang Qichao put forward the slogan of "revolution in poetry". "... unless there is a revolution in Zhina's poetry circle, poetry will be finished. "Think (poetry if not revolution, will come to an end, come to a dead end. )
There are three standards for poetic revolution, two of which have the word "new": "one is new artistic conception, and the other is new sentence."
The new artistic conception is "ideal depth". (Get rid of Confucius and Mencius and connect with the world)
New sentence, a noun term from Europe, expresses a new trend of thought.
It is Huang Zunxian who really advocates the poetry revolution as a poet. He wrote a famous sentence in 1868' s Miscellaneous Feeling: "I wrote my mouth by hand, how can I stay in the past?" That is to say, if I publish an outline; Five thousand years later, it's amazing. " These sentences directly use vulgar words.
My Handwritten Mouth advocates writing poems with common sayings, and at the same time, it uses new ideas and new materials to "what the ancients didn't have, what they didn't have", which has a great influence on 19 18' s "new poetry movement" in concept and method.
Zhu Ziqing's summary of "Poetry Revolution" in "Introduction to China's New Literature Series and Poetry Collection" is: "Tan Sitong and others in Xia Cengyou in the late Qing Dynasty had already had the desire of" Poetry Revolution ",but they chose some new terms to express their differences. Only Huang Zunxian went further. He advocated writing poems with proverbs-so-called "I write by hand"-and using new ideas and new materials-so-called "what the ancients didn't have, what the ancients didn't have". Although this' revolution' failed, its influence on the new poetry movement of Chi Min (19 18) was conceptual, not methodological. "
2. Literary Revolution
Liang Qichao once called himself "Chen Guang" in the media in his letter to Yan Fu. He put forward the slogan of "literary revolution", borrowed the ideological content and language form of "Ouxi" and tried "new style".
These political articles have unprecedented pioneering and innovative spirit, novel ideas, words between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese, "relaxed and fluent, sometimes mixed with slang rhyme and foreign grammar", "clear organization" and "writing often carries feelings", which has a strong drum power.
The slogan of "literary revolution" was put forward by him in 1899, and his "new style" was transformed by learning the ideological content and language form of "ou".
In his travel notes "Khan Manlu", he commented on the famous Japanese political commentator Dezhimi Suo: "His literary talent is bold and quick, and he is good at transforming western thinking into Japanese. He is really a literary pioneer, and I love him very much. If there is a literary revolution in China, it will also start. "
He deliberately broke Tongcheng ancient prose, absorbed the eloquence of western Greece and Rome and the miscellaneous styles of modern Britain and France, and combined with the liberal articles of Wei and Jin Dynasties to liberate ancient prose from "meaning, textual research and rhetoric". The concrete content of Liang Qichao's "literary revolution" is to replace the sage meaning of classic chapters with modern western thoughts, to make textual research in the form of rich historical breakthroughs in world evolution and change, and to enrich the expression of articles with proverbs and loanwords.
(To "Tongcheng Fallacy")
The "literary revolution" has played a great role in the development of China's prose.
In the first decade after the May 4th Movement, the greatest literary achievement was essays, which could not be traced back to the foreshadowing of various political styles during that period.
Prose in this period covers all aspects of politics, thought and culture. The article reflects the strong sense of hardship, change and criticism of a new generation of intellectuals, and also reflects the rise of the initial scientific and democratic enlightenment thought in that period and the renewal of various concepts under the theme of enlightenment and racial revolution.
3. "Novel Revolution"
The highest reputation.
The change of China's novel concept began with the origin of the print narrative department of our library published in 1897 Tianjin National News. The authors Yan Fu and Xia Cengyou said: "The prosperity of narrative department is deeply rooted in people's history, and the customs of people all over the world are inevitably controlled by narrative department", and they also said that "it is also famous in Europe and America." In view of the fact that novels in the "Four Great Novels" can only be attached to books and history, they emphasized that "novels are the root of official history" from the perspective of creating people's hearts, which changed the traditional practice that novel critics attached to classics and placed novels above classics.
As early as 1897, Kang Youwei thought that novels played a great role in developing people's wisdom. "Only those who can read, some don't read classics, and some don't read novels, so the Six Classics can't be taught, and they should be taught with novels; Official history cannot enter, novels must enter; Quotations cannot be compared with novels; Statutory law cannot be cured, and novels must be cured. " Understanding Japanese Bibliography
Liang Qichao even boasted passionately about the social function of novels, and raised the modest style that has been a road since ancient times to an "incredible" height.
On the relationship between novels and group governance (1902);
"If you want the people of a new country, you must start with the novels of the new country. Therefore, if you want new morality, you must have new novels; If you want a new religion, you must have a new novel; If you want new politics, you must have a new personality; If you want new customs, you must have new novels; If you want to learn new skills, you must learn new novels; Even if you want a new heart and a new personality, you must create a new novel. Why? Novels have incredible power to dominate mankind. "
I am interested in novel enlightenment and the instrumental role of new people.
Liang Qichao's "novel revolution" did not bring the novel concept of pure literature, and a number of works with the theme first, idealization and conceptualization appeared.
Liang Qichao's account of the future of new China illustrates his political views.
Fifty years later, China defeated the Russian Federation and organized a world congress. )
No sense of art
But many of them touched on China's problems: women's foot-binding, breaking superstition, constitutionalism, South China University of Technology, anti-imperialism, etc.
(May 4th Movement: Sacred Labor)
After the "revolution" in which the social function was infinitely improved, the novel concept had its own spontaneous revision. 1908, Xu Nianci published his novel view in Xiao Shuo Lin, pointing out that "in the past winter, it was hard to avoid being too strict to bake a person's mind, treat novels with poisonous mold and prevent children from tasting their tripod; Now that the translated books have been sold, the so-called customs have improved, people are evolving, and salty novels have become dependent, but they are inevitably over-respected. " Valuably, he also pointed out that "novel and life are inseparable", which is the origin of the proposition that writers of the May 4th Literature Research Association put forward literature for life. Xu Nianci emphasizes the aesthetic value of novels, and his novel view is between Liang Qichao's view of social function and Wang Guowei's independent values. It is said that Zi was the first to introduce Hegel's aesthetics.
The translation of western novels also has an influence on China's novel concept. Lin Shu does not have the aesthetic concept of novels like Xu Nianci, nor does he have the enlightenment concept like Liang Qichao. He even mistakenly compared Dickens' novels with Historical Records and Hanshu in the history of China. But he also tells the successful experience of Dickens' realistic novels with his own understanding, and summarizes some artistic experiences of western novels in several translation sequences.
4. Renew the concept of drama
Chen Duxiu is a representative who advocates the renewal of drama concept.
1905 He wrote in "The Reasons for the Opening of Anhui Daily" that "the theater is a university hall for the whole people, and the actors are the teachers of the whole people", and illiterate people can also open up the atmosphere by watching plays.
Going to the theatre is no longer just a game, and actors are no longer inferior.
He also pointed out that drama improvement is not as convenient as novels and newspapers, and illiterate people can also open up the atmosphere by watching movies.
This year, Chen Qubing and Liu Yazi, leaders of Nanshe, founded the earliest drama magazine "The 20th Century Grand Stage" in China. 1906, Li Shutong and Zeng Xiaogu initiated the establishment of the Spring Willow Society in Tokyo, and soon Ou Yangyuqian and Lu Jingruo also participated in the activity, with the aim of "studying old and new operas and taking Wing as the forerunner of the improvement of Chinese art circles." (Ou Yangyuqian's Memories of Spring Willow) Their first plays were La Traviata (Act III) and The Black Slave Record. Wang Zhongsheng, a cutting-edge dramatist, initiated the establishment of Chunyang Society in Shanghai to perform "The Record of Black Slaves Calling Heaven". 1908, with the help of Ren Tianzhi who came back from Japan, he performed a drama of the same name in the name of Tong Jian School, which was adapted from the English novel The Biography of Cain translated by Andy Skell and Bao. The drama has got rid of the characteristics of Beijing Opera, which marks the germination of new domestic operas. According to records, on 1899, students from Shanghai St. John's College performed a new drama on current affairs, The Ugly History of Officialdom. (Zhu Shuangyun, History of New Drama). . . . . . . . . . . .
Please refer to the following
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