What is the history of Putonghua? Let's go to the employment guidance network with me!
According to textual research and historical data, the origin of Putonghua can be traced back to the appearance of Chinese homophones, but this is only a foundation for the formation of Putonghua. After the founding of New China, Chinese homonyms were called Putonghua.
National homonym is a language used for communication within a nation and one of the main signs to identify an independent nation.
The origin of Putonghua: The homophony of the Han nationality was produced in the ancient Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties at the latest. At that time, the whole country was called in the same language? Elegant writing? , mainly popular in the Yellow River basin, China's first poetry anthology The Book of Songs is elegant in language. Are all ethnic groups in the Han Dynasty addressed in the same language? Tong Yu? . During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people attached great importance to the use of articles and poems? Pronunciation? (pronounced by the state). Did Han people have the same name in Ming and Qing Dynasties? Mandarin? . Did Han people use the same language in the Republic of China? Mandarin? . After the founding of New China, Han people used the same language to address them? Mandarin? .
Since ancient times, there have been dialects and homophones in Chinese. According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius said that * * * was the same as Yayan. According to the present geographical position, Confucius' birthplace is Shandong. Confucius had more than 3,000 apprentices from all over the world. There were dialects in ancient times, and students everywhere spoke their own dialects. How can Confucius make students from all over the world understand his lectures? Because there was a homonym called elegance at that time, Confucius used elegance in his lectures, so there was no obstacle to communication. It's called. Elegant writing? The same language is the origin of Putonghua.
According to historical records, in the Han Dynasty, * * * homophones developed further. Homophones were called lingua franca at that time. It is an ancient situation that people who speak different dialects in different places can communicate in a common language.
Down to the Tang and Song Dynasties, even in the north, the differences between spoken and written languages have obviously increased. Some spoken languages at that time have been adopted by the magnificent Tang poetry. Since the Sui Dynasty, Jiangnan has become the most economically developed area in China, therefore, Wuyin (Suzhou dialect) in Jiangnan has also become a lingua franca. In Song Dynasty, Chinese showed a trend of colloquialism. Genre, compiled by the disciple of the famous great thinker Zhu, basically retains the original appearance of Professor Zhu in Song Dynasty and the spoken language used in conversation. This proves that even a scholar with high cultural accomplishment like him, although still writing in ancient Chinese, can't talk about Kan Kan on weekdays or even teach Confucian classics like the northern people six or seven hundred years ago. How old is it? , but he as? A scholar? , or Luoyang dialect.
After the yuan dynasty, because the capital was mostly located in Beijing, Beijing vernacular quickly became popular throughout the country? Mandarin? Yes At the same time, Suzhou dialect of Wuyin in the south of the Yangtze River, with its strong economic strength, is still one of the popular languages in China. When Wu Yin was the most popular, someone said: The right to advance and retreat at sea. If the Sioux people think elegance, they will be elegant in all directions, and the customs will follow the customs. ? From literati to geisha, I am proud to say Su Bai. What about the official? Mandarin? Relatively speaking, the social status of Suzhou vernacular was equivalent to that of the people at that time. Mandarin? . At that time, Yue Opera, Kunqu Opera and Pingtan all used Su Bai as the standard sound, and even Peking Opera used Su Bai at the beginning.
By the end of 19, that is, the end of the Qing Dynasty, the situation in China had undergone great changes, influenced by western academic thoughts, especially the Japanese. Before and after the Meiji Restoration, Japan vigorously promoted Japanese homophony, and the Japanese called Japanese national homophony Mandarin. The word Mandarin was originally the name of a book in ancient China, and the Japanese regarded Mandarin as a national homophonic name. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, great changes have taken place in China's cultural life, and the word Mandarin has spread. Due to the war of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Jiangnan economy began to decline, and the five tones began to lose their status as standard tones. In this way, Beijing vernacular began to become the only standard sound. In the early years of the Republic of China, Beijing Mandarin was designated as the national language.
After the Revolution of 1911, in order to develop China's economy and culture, Putonghua was also popularized in China. The word Mandarin was recognized by the government at that time in the Republic of China and became the official title of national homophones.
However, what is the origin of Putonghua in modern times? Mandarin? This word was first put forward by Zhu in 1906, and later by Qu Qiubai and others? Mandarin? And argue with Mao Dun about the actual meaning of Putonghua. Classic? May 4th Movement? Since the vernacular movement, catchword movement and Mandarin movement, the status of Beijing phonetics has been established and consolidated.
Held in 1955 after the founding of New China? National conference on text reform? In fact, Zhang Xiruo explained in the keynote speech of the conference:
Since ancient times, there have been several versions of the same language of the Han nationality, including elegant language, common language, official language and national language of the Republic of China. The names are different, but the contents are basically the same. 1949, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and China embarked on a brand-new stage. In order to develop the culture and education of new China, we should also popularize national languages and overcome the obstacles caused by dialect differences. In the 1950s, we wanted to promote national languages. There are several different names in history. What should we call them?
We are a unified multi-ethnic country, and all ethnic languages are equal. However, during the Republic of China, Mandarin was actually the same language of the Han nationality, not the language of other ethnic minorities. In order to highlight that we are a big multi-ethnic family and to highlight the equality of languages of all ethnic groups, after in-depth research, we decided not to use the name Putonghua. If it is called Putonghua, I am afraid it will be misunderstood as putting Chinese people above other ethnic groups in China.
After research, I finally decided to call it Mandarin.
1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued the Instruction on Promoting Putonghua, which supplemented and improved the meaning of Putonghua and officially confirmed Putonghua? Take Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm? . ? Mandarin? The word began to be widely used and had a clear connotation.
The grammar of Putonghua is based on the modern vernacular masterpieces of Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Bing Xin and Ye Shengtao, and it must be in these modern vernacular works? General use case? .
At present, Mandarin is based on Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary.
Mandarin is the spoken form of modern Chinese. China has a vast territory and a large population, and there have been differences in dialects since ancient times. The existence of dialect brings inconvenience and estrangement to communication. In order to overcome the barriers caused by dialects, there must be homonyms that communicate with various dialects.
The Mandarin we speak today has a clear connotation and a scientific definition, with Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. This is clearly stipulated in the Instruction on Promoting Putonghua issued by the State Council in February, 1956. From 1956 to now, the meaning of Putonghua is just like what I just introduced. After listening to my introduction, it is not difficult to understand that the so-called Putonghua is modern Chinese. Obviously, when we enter the information network era, it is of great significance to vigorously promote Putonghua for the development of our country.
Therefore, the origin of Putonghua is a long historical process.
Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. Its position as a Chinese national homophonic is formed by history. On the one hand, Beijing dialect, as a representative of northern dialects, has spread to all parts of the country as a common language of the government for hundreds of years and developed into? Mandarin "; On the other hand? The vernacular movement? Later, writers consciously wrote in Putonghua, and a large number of typical works emerged as the standard of written Putonghua. ? Mandarin movement? It also enhances the representativeness of Beijing dialect in spoken language and promotes Beijing dialect to become the standard pronunciation of the whole nation. The special political, economic, cultural status and population advantages of the northern dialect area have established the status of Putonghua as a homonym of the Han nationality.